The document summarizes the issues with the Radcliffe Award that divided British India and established the borders of Pakistan and India in 1947. It notes that Radcliffe was given only one month to complete the boundary demarcation without local knowledge. Problems included the boundary-making procedures being biased and secretive. The resulting borders led to conflicts due to the division of the Punjab and Bengal regions without regard for demographic boundaries. Key areas were awarded based on strategic concerns like arms depots and water resources rather than communities, sowing seeds for future conflicts between Pakistan and India.

1. Unfair Boundary
Division 1947
Presented by:
Muhammad Bilal
Junaid Ather
Adil Javed
Fahad Ali Zia
Haris Najam
Syed Ahmad Zimad

2. Moth-eaten Map of Pakistan

3. The Radcliff Award
(17 August 1947)
▪ Sir Cyril Radcliff appointed by the parliament on 15 July
1947 to conduct the “free-and-fair” partition.
▪ Award Completed on 9 or 10 August and Announced on
17 August.

4. Problems
▪ Problems in the process
– Boundary-making procedures
(Not Qualified)
– Political representation
(Judges were biased)
– NO Local knowledge
– Haste and indifference
(1 month time)
– SECRECY
– Implementation

5. Demand
• Partition on
Communal
bases.
Congress
• Partition on
Majority Bases.
Muslim
League

6. Partition Idea Long Planed
▪ Mountbatten had made up his mind to divide the
Punjab and Bengal in case of the partition of India
even before he took over as viceroy. He discussed
this idea with the British Cabinet as early as March
13, 1947
(Minutes of Meeting of Ministers on Indian Questions, March 13, 1947, IOR, L/P&J/10/78 )

7. Why was there a Conflict???
East of the Sutlej canal within India's domain
instead of Pakistan's. This area consisted of two
Muslim-majority tehsils.
▪ WHY?
▪ the area housed an army arms depot
▪ contained the headwaters of a canal which
irrigated the princely state of Bikaner, which would
accede to India

8. Why was there a Conflict???
▪ Arms And Ammunition
▪ Water Head-Works
▪ Allocation of a part of district of Gurdaspur to India
provided a corridor through which it got access to
Kashmir

9. Conflicts due to the L.O.C.
▪ Border conflicts led to the events in
▪ War in 1948
▪ War in 1965
▪ War in 1971
▪ May 1998 dual tests of nuclear weapons
▪ Kargil conflict of 1999.

10. HOW AND WHY??
▪ The truth of how and why these decisions were
made may never be known, since Radcliffe
DESTROYED all of his records.

11. The Understandable Reason
Ferozpur was planned to be added to Pakistan.
Mountbatten was threatened by Maharaja of
Bikaner due to the fact that his state was irrigated
by water canals that originated from Ferozpur
district.
And the decision changed at the last moment.

12. Jazzak Allah