Under-subscription of Shares
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This document contains information about a bank account, including notes on accounts and a balance sheet. The notes likely provide details on the types of accounts and balances, while the balance sheet shows the assets, liabilities, and capital as of a certain date to depict the overall financial position of the account.
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1) When a partner retires, the partnership is reconstituted with the remaining partners continuing the business. The retiring partner must be paid their full entitlements which includes their capital balance, share of profits up to retirement, share of goodwill, and any other outstanding payments.
2) The assets and liabilities must be revalued, reserves and profits redistributed, and a new profit sharing ratio determined between the continuing partners.
3) The treatment of goodwill depends on whether it already exists in the books. If not, only the retiring partner's share may be recorded or the full value raised and then written off to the continuing partners. If already existing, only the additional value due to retirement is recorded
Rights Issue
The document discusses the costs and benefits of rights issues versus other forms of capital raising for banks. It provides details on why banks are raising capital, including improving leverage, recapitalizing balance sheets, funding growth, and meeting Basel II requirements. It then examines sources of capital such as equity financing through placements, rights issues, and open offers. The advantages of rights issues for existing shareholders are outlined, but disadvantages like high costs and dilution effects are also discussed. Alternatives like sovereign wealth funds and asset sales are mentioned. Overall rights issues are concluded to be the best method when large quantities of capital are needed and market conditions hamper debt raising.
financial restructuring
Financial restructuring is the process of rearranging a company's financial structure to avoid liquidation. It is necessary when companies face issues like misappropriated funds, obsolete technology, inefficient resource use, or external factors causing losses. Financial restructuring can involve reducing debt, reorganizing equity capital through share issuances or buybacks, or altering share capital through consolidation, subdivision, or conversion to stock. The goals are to make a company's capitalization balanced and improve its competitiveness and efficiency. Court approval and shareholder approval through special resolution are required for financial restructuring plans involving reductions to share capital.
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The document discusses presenting financial statements clearly through balance sheets, current financial reports, forecasts, and dynamic models. It provides tips for each:
1) For balance sheets, focus on liquidity, changes in cash, timing of assets/liabilities, and key line items and ratios.
2) Current reports should include a financial dashboard and template-driven monthly reports with relevant charts.
3) Forecasts should answer "what if" questions and have the same format as reports, with assumptions driving the model.
4) Dynamic models allow real-time analysis of changes and are best for communicating forecast updates.
Forfeiture of Shares : Company Accounts
This document discusses the accounting treatment for forfeiture of shares that were originally issued at a premium or discount.
For shares issued at a premium, if the premium was received before forfeiture, the share capital account and unpaid calls account will be debited and the share forfeiture account credited. If the premium was not received, the share capital, security premium, unpaid calls, and share forfeiture accounts will be adjusted.
For shares issued at a discount, the share capital account will be debited and the discount on issue of shares, unpaid calls, and share forfeiture accounts will be credited upon forfeiture.
Any profit made upon reissuing forfeited shares is transferred to a capital reserve account through adjusting
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2. Under the equity method, the investment account increases with the investee's earnings and decreases with dividends. Income is recognized based on the investor's share of the investee's earnings.
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Valuation of shares, nature of shares, factors affecting shares, need for valuation of shares, method of valuation of shares, net asset based method, yield based method, fair value method
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Off-balance sheet items refer to assets, debts, or financing activities that are not reported on a company's balance sheet. Companies often use off-balance sheet financing to keep debt-to-equity ratios low and appear more financially stable. While tax laws allow excluding these items from financial statements through footnotes, they still represent legal obligations or risks for the company. Governments also sometimes use off-balance sheet accounting by not reporting future liabilities like oil bonds on the current year's balance sheet.
Introduction to Financial statements - Accounting
Financial statement introduction and its elements.
There are three fundamental financial statements used in accounting.
The income statement shows revenues and expenses.
The balance sheet is a listing of all asset, liability, and equity account balances that do not appear on the income statement.
The statement of cash flows shows how the company receives and spends its cash.
Redemption of preference shares and bonus issue
This document discusses the redemption of preference shares and bonus issues. It begins by defining preference shares and outlining their preferential rights over equity shares. It then describes the different types of preference shares, including cumulative, non-cumulative, participative, non-participative, convertible, redeemable, and irredeemable. The document focuses on redeemable preference shares, outlining the key provisions around their redemption according to the Companies Act. It discusses the conditions of redemption, including shares being fully paid, redeemed out of profits or fresh issue, and the creation of a capital redemption reserve. Finally, it provides journal entries for the redemption process.
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This document discusses the powers, duties and liabilities of directors and officers. It outlines that directors have the power to manage the business but can delegate some powers. It also discusses the fiduciary duty of directors to act in good faith in the best interests of the company. Directors have a duty of care to act with prudence. The business judgment rule protects directors from liability for reasonable business decisions. The document provides strategies for directors such as obtaining proper approvals, managing conflicts of interest and purchasing insurance. It also presents two case studies on improper accounting and taking a corporate opportunity.
Admission of a partner
The document discusses the reconstitution of a partnership firm. Reconstitution occurs when there is a change to the existing partnership agreement, ending the old agreement and creating a new one. This can happen through the admission of a new partner, retirement of an existing partner, change in profit sharing ratios, or death of a partner. When admitting a new partner, consent is needed from all existing partners unless otherwise agreed. A new partner has rights to share in firm assets and profits. Key points to address when admitting a new partner include setting a new profit sharing ratio, valuing goodwill, revaluing assets and liabilities, and adjusting partner capitals and reserves.
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Short term sources of finance include commercial papers and factoring. Commercial papers are money market instruments issued by companies with good credit ratings for 3 months to 1 year. Factoring involves selling a company's receivables to a factoring agent in exchange for immediate financing, with the factor taking on the risk of debt.
Long term sources include shares, debentures, term loans, venture capital and lease financing. Shares are equity while debentures are debt securities. Term loans are obtained from banks for capital expenditures. Venture capital provides early stage financing for new companies in exchange for equity. Lease financing involves leasing assets from a lessor.
Financial restructuring methods include debt-equity swaps,
Trial balance
The document discusses trial balance, which is a statement that lists the debit and credit balances of ledger accounts to test the arithmetical accuracy of accounting books. A trial balance has certain features, such as being prepared on a specific date and including all ledger accounts. It also discusses the purpose of a trial balance, which is to test accuracy, provide a summary of ledger account balances, and serve as the basis for preparing final financial statements. The document outlines different methods for preparing a trial balance and provides examples of common account adjustments that are made, such as for closing stock, depreciation, outstanding expenses, and prepaid expenses.
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
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A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
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