It has been known for some years that cereal commodities can contain mycotoxins. With the gradual increase of human life expectancy, it has now been proven that these natural toxins contribute to certain forms of cancers in both humans and animals.
Mycotoxins are a major hazard to humans and animals, often being found in a wide range of food and feed samples and causing cancer as a result of ingestion of contaminated commodities.
For as long as humans have cultivated and stored grain we have been at risk from mycotoxins with outbreaks of Ergots being reported since the Middle Ages in epidemic proportions. Humans have linked the occurrence of mould with sickness since the 7th and 8th centuries and hence conducted a festival to celebrate the Roman God Robigus who was the protector of grain and trees in order to protect from rust and moulds.
The European Commissions’ Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has reported ten notifications of aflatoxin B1 found in maize of European origin since the last maize harvest in autumn 2012. That is more than in the prior harvest seasons between 2001 and 2011, where a total of nine cases of aflatoxins were reported in maize.
Mycotoxins are an underestimated threat in our food and feed production. Little data is available on their economic impact, but what data are known illustrate a huge economic impact.
Mycotoxins are a major hazard to humans and animals, often being found in a wide range of food and feed samples and causing cancer as a result of ingestion of contaminated commodities.
For as long as humans have cultivated and stored grain we have been at risk from mycotoxins with outbreaks of Ergots being reported since the Middle Ages in epidemic proportions. Humans have linked the occurrence of mould with sickness since the 7th and 8th centuries and hence conducted a festival to celebrate the Roman God Robigus who was the protector of grain and trees in order to protect from rust and moulds.
The European Commissions’ Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has reported ten notifications of aflatoxin B1 found in maize of European origin since the last maize harvest in autumn 2012. That is more than in the prior harvest seasons between 2001 and 2011, where a total of nine cases of aflatoxins were reported in maize.
Mycotoxins are an underestimated threat in our food and feed production. Little data is available on their economic impact, but what data are known illustrate a huge economic impact.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices. ... Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of mould infection of crops both before and after harvest.Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices. ... Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of mould infection of crops both before and after harvest.
Piacenza, October 14, 2011
"Innovating Food, Innovating the Law"
Conference
ALDO PRANDINI (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy)
The identification of potentially emerging food safety issues: an analysis of reports published by the European Community’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)
Video: http://vimeo.com/31452234
Aflatoxins and animal health: Case studies from AfricaILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Christine Atherstone and Delia Grace at a Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA) workshop on 'Engaging the Health and Nutrition Sectors in Aflatoxin Control in Africa', Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23–24 March 2016.
It has been estimated that 25 percent of the crops in the world are contaminated with mycotoxins. And this results in an annual loss of foodstuffs of over 1,000,000 tonnes according to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation).
Aflatoxins in the dairy value chain: A challenge for the informal market?ILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Florence Mutua and Delia Grace at the 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 13 November 2018.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices. ... Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of mould infection of crops both before and after harvest.Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices. ... Mycotoxins appear in the food chain as a result of mould infection of crops both before and after harvest.
Piacenza, October 14, 2011
"Innovating Food, Innovating the Law"
Conference
ALDO PRANDINI (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy)
The identification of potentially emerging food safety issues: an analysis of reports published by the European Community’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)
Video: http://vimeo.com/31452234
Aflatoxins and animal health: Case studies from AfricaILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Christine Atherstone and Delia Grace at a Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA) workshop on 'Engaging the Health and Nutrition Sectors in Aflatoxin Control in Africa', Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23–24 March 2016.
It has been estimated that 25 percent of the crops in the world are contaminated with mycotoxins. And this results in an annual loss of foodstuffs of over 1,000,000 tonnes according to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation).
Aflatoxins in the dairy value chain: A challenge for the informal market?ILRI
Presentation by Johanna Lindahl, Florence Mutua and Delia Grace at the 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 13 November 2018.
Over recent years several factors have led to an escalation of feed ingredient prices especially fishmeal. As a consequence, alternative commodities have been used, mainly plant protein sources. However, as a result of this trend, aquaculture feeds have a higher risk of being contaminated with mycotoxins.
This presentation highlights the commodity-wise contamination of major mycotoxins and the magnitude of contamination in commercially important agricultural crops and management practices.
Novel Protein Foods: Alternative Sources of Protein for Human Consumption Neeleshkumar Maurya
Proteins are a major macronutrient of the human diet needed for survival. Its crucial function in nourishment is to provide sufficient amounts of amino acids to the body as these amino acids work as anaplerotic substrates in the building block of the body. As the growth of population increases continuously, the demand for protein also increases over the next decades, and it is very important to search alternative sources of protein for human consumption. The present food industrialists aim to develop a cheaper, protein rich that have almost essential amino acids with highest bioavailability and more convenient food products. Single cell protein from algae and fungi, leaf protein extract and many insects could be an alternative of protein, because they have almost all the essential amino acids required for the human body for the survival.
Single-cell proteins (SCP) refers to edible unicellular microorganisms.The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteriaI. It is used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods. It is suitable for human & animal feeds. Agricultural waste are used as starter/media for microbial growth. Max Delbrück and his colleagues found out the high value of surplus brewer’s yeast as a feeding supplement for animals Single-cell proteins develop when microbes ferment waste materials. E.g - wood, straw, cannery, and food processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta. The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations, usually less than 5%. Engineers have developed ways to increase the concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation, coagulation, and filtration, or the use of semi-permeable membranes The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. PRUTEEN PROCESS - The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. SYMBA PROCESS - The symba process was developed in Sweden to produce SCP for animal feed from potato processing wastes to make it more attractive and economical. The process was developed with two microorganisms that grow in symbiotic association.
The yeast (Saccharomycosis fibuligera) which produces copious amount of amylases necessary for starch degradation, while Candida utilis utilizes resultant sugars. The process is operated in two stages. In the first stage S. fibuligera is grown in a small reactor on the sterilized waste supplemented with a nitrogen source and phosphate. At this point starch is hydrolysed.
The resulting broth is then pumped into second larger fermenter of 300 m capacity where both organisms are present. However, C.utilis dominates and constitutes 90% of the final product.
Resultant protein rich biomass (45% protein) is concentrated by centrifugation and finally spray or drum dried
Presentation 27 June - 1 July 2016. Asaba, Nigeria. Workshop organised by the PAEPARD supported consortium: Knowledge transfer towards cost–effective poultry feeds production from processed cassava products to improve the productivity of small-scale farmers in Nigeria.
Feed ingredients and feed prices are increasing; it is becoming harder to maintain the nutritional balance of the feed without increasing too much the feed price. Now, the use of ingredients from less stringent quality is likely to increase. Though plant materials are usually more reasonable in price than animal products, they can present problems through the presence of naturally occurring contaminants. Indeed, contamination of feed commodities by microorganisms and mycotoxins is the first negative factor impacting animal feed quality. Numerous researches have studied the decrease of performances with contaminated feeds.
Biotechnological applications in Food ProcessingAbdul Rehman
Deals with various applications of biotechnology in Food processing includes genetically modified food and the concept of metabolic engineering as a novel technique.
For 2016/17 (July to June), Post/New total Mexican wheat production is forecast to increase to 3.9 million metric tons (MMT). This increase of approximately 3.7 percent assumes favourable weather conditions and normal yields in the key wheat areas of Northwest Mexico (Baja California and Sonora) for the 2015/16 autumn/winter crop cycle.
The long-awaited Panama Canal expansion opened earlier this Summer with a ceremonial ship passing through the waterway. Based on extensive research including more than 100 studies on the economic feasibility, market demand, environmental impact and other technical engineering aspects, the Panama Canal expansion involved the construction of a ‘Third Set of Locks’ that will now allow larger ships to pass through the famous canal.
Family-owned Catalyst, formerly Pharm-Tech, custom formulates and manufactures feed and nutritional supplements for customers in the livestock, poultry, pet, wildlife and aquaculture industries. It operates five production plants, three in Idaho and two in Iowa. Its range of over 100 products includes digestive aids, mineral supplements and most recently Certified Organic blends and finished feeds.
Wholegrain Ingredient Producers EDME, based in England, has pioneered an innovative new category of ingredients. Michael Carr, Sales and Marketing Director of natural ingredient producer at EDME says, “We’ve identified a growing interest in sprouted foods and have developed a brand new product category to help bakers and food manufacturers meet that interest and demand.” Sprouted grains meet the demand for new wholegrain ingredients that are nutritious, soft and tender, as well as being more palatable and digestible.
Last month, we outlined the new regulations that grain processors needed to be aware of. This included the new NFPA 652 and OSHA initiatives. This month we delve into the array of options available to control combustible dust. Grain processors need to be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each before choosing the smartest approach.
Operating in 140 countries and boasting 90 service stations worldwide, Bühler has been at the vanguard of industrial process technologies and solutions for over 150 years. Contributing significantly to feeding the world’s ever-growing population, Bühler manufactures equipment for processing of maize, wheat, chocolate, rice, pasta and breakfast cereals globally. In fact, 65 percent of wheat milled around the globe is processed on Bühler grain mills and around 30 percent of global rice production is processed using Bühler equipment.
A consolidation of highly respected British brands E R & F Turner, Christy & Norris and Miracle Mills, Christy Turner Ltd is renowned for quality British engineering and innovation in the milling industry. With flaking mills operational around the globe, the leading UK engineering firm talks us through their top tips for increasing the longevity and performance of your flaking rolls.
On the 26 October this year, Milling and Grain magazine attended OCRIM’s 6th technical conference “Wheat, Flour and…” at its headquarters located in Cremona, home to violin extraordinaire Antonio Stradivari and arguably one of Northern Italy’s most picturesque historical cities. The annual event was aimed at clients, local residents, and friends in the worlds of industry, academia and politics.
CROP farmers anxiously watching prices fall to ever less remunerative levels have had further unwelcome news over the past couple of months from yet higher cereal and oilseed crop estimates across the Northern Hemisphere.
Joordens Zaden in Kessel, The Netherlands is an international specialist in the development and production of seed for green manure crops, forage crops and forage grasses. The seeds comply with the high quality requirements of ISTA and are strictly checked every week by external quality controllers from the Dutch General Inspection Service (NAK).
A leading miller since the company was founded in 1919, over the years Grand Moulins in Paris has been able to diversify its activities and innovate to maximize customer satisfaction.
With over a century of experience in the design, quality and installation of grain storage systems, Bentall Rowlands Storage Systems Limited is a leading UK manufacturer in complete storage and processing equipment for the agricultural and industrial markets.
Many in the milling and grain sector may be unaware that there is a significant new revenue stream available to progressive and forward-thinking mills. It focuses on the use of energy, and how by turning the power down for a relatively short period each year in line with National Grid’s and EirGrid’s requirements, companies can enjoy considerable and long-term financial rewards.
Calysta, the company developing and introducing a new protein source based on single-cell organisms - a bacterium called methylococcus – and destined for inclusion in fishfeeds, has built a ‘market introduction facility’ in Teesside, England, with production beginning in this last quarter of 2016.
Changes in flour quality are and will continue to be a problem for the bakery industry. Large amounts of grain are processed by the milling industry and many resources used to secure the flour produced have a consistent quality.
The Bakery Innovation Center (BIC) at the Bühler headquarters is now five years old. As a center for vocational training and further education for bakers and millers, it is very popular.
As “enlightened” as such statement by what Stanford University calls “the most influential English speaking philosopher of the 19th century” is, one could easily make an argument that when it comes to commodity market analysis the statement seems to be as useful as a bicycle to a fish.
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...Ang Chong Yi
In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
One of the top cities of India, Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana and home to some of the biggest companies. But the other aspect of the city is a huge chunk of population that is even deprived of the food and shelter. There are many people in Hyderabad that are not having access to
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
3. MILL MAINTENANCE
Understanding the threat from
mycotoxins
- A comparison of mycotoxin testing techniques,
regulations and best practices for flour and feed milling
by Clare Milligan, Product Manager, R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd
I
t has been known for some years
that cereal commodities can contain
mycotoxins. With the gradual increase
of human life expectancy, it has now
been proven that these natural toxins
contribute to certain forms of cancers
in both humans and animals.
Invasion of foods and feed by moulds
under certain storage or environmental con-
ditions, such as high moisture and/or specific
temperatures, can lead to the development
of these highly toxic components.
There are many different types of myco-
toxins, the most common and dangerous of
which are aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2).
However, legislation also exists for other
mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A, deoxyni-
valenol, fumonisins, zearalenone and patulin.
Aflatoxins are produced by the fungi
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus
and are often associated with commodities
grown in tropical regions including various
nuts, maize, dried fruits and spices.
Mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A are
found in cold to temperate climates, but can
often be found in similar commodities to
aflatoxins including dried fruits, coffee, cocoa,
cereals, herbs and animal feed ingredients.
Fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and
T-2 and HT-2 toxins are produced by vari-
ous Fusarium species and are mainly found in
maize and maize-based commodities while
patulin is commonly found in apple juice
and purees.
Surveillance plans for cereals
Due to the prevalence of mycotoxins
in cereals, cereal products and animal feed
there has been growing concern for human
and animal safety resulting in increased sur-
veillance plans for cereals and retail products
to generate data on consumer exposure to
the range of Fusarium mycotoxins in the
human diet.
Legislation is currently in place
(1126/2007/EC) for most of the Fusarium
mycotoxins including DON, fumonisin, zea-
ralenone and in March 2013 recommenda-
tions were introduced for T-2 and HT-2
(2013/165/EU). See Figure 1 for further
information on current EU Legislation in
Food.
Currently there are a wide variety of tests
available for the detection of mycotoxins.
These include ‘traditional’ methods such as
thin layer chromatography and more rapid
tests such as enzyme immunoassays or
lateral flow devices commonly known as
dipstick tests.
However, for more sensitive analysis
of mycotoxins, immunoaffinity columns are
commonly used to allow legislative levels to
be easily and accurately quantified by HPLC
or LC-MS/MS.
With the increase in mycotoxin legisla-
tion there is a growing need for fast, simple
and accurate methods for both quantifying
or screening mycotoxins, which are, not only
capable of detecting the legislative levels
but also of meeting the analytical criteria
laid down by the European Commission.
R-Biopharm have developed a complete
range of test formats including ELISAs, cards,
lateral flow tests and immunoaffinity columns
to allow users to comply with both European
and International Mycotoxin regulations.
The method of choice
Immunoaffinity columns are the standard
method of choice for regulatory mycotoxin
analysis, however, there is also the need for
columns, which can offer multi-mycotoxin
analysis in conjunction with either HPLC or
LC-MS/MS using a single extraction method.
The company has therefore developed a
number of new multi-mycotoxin immu-
noaffinity columns including AFLAOCHRA
PREP®
, EASI-EXTRACT®
T-2 & HT-2 and
AO ZON PREP®
for use in conjunction with
HPLC and the most recent additions to it’s
product line are DZT MS-PREP®
and AOF
MS-PREP®
for simultaneous detection of
mycotoxins in conjunction with LC-MS/MS
(see Figure 2).
The multi-mycotoxin columns are pro-
duced using more than one monoclonal
antibody bound to a solid support within
Figure 1: Overview of current EU Legislation in Food
Toxin Commodity
Max Level
(ppb)
Deoxynivalenol
Unprocessed cereals (excluding durum wheat, oats and maize) 1,250
Unprocessed durum wheat and oats 1,750
Unprocessed maize 1,750
Cereals intended for direct human consumption, cereal flour (including
maize flour, maize meal, and maize grits), bran as end product intended
for direct consumption and germ
750
Bread, biscuits, pastries, cereal snacks and breakfast cereal 500
Dry pasta 750
Processed cereal based baby and infant food 200
Toxin Commodity
Max Level
(ppb)
Zearalenone
Unprocessed cereals other than maize 100
Unprocessed maize 350
Cereals intended for direct human consumption, cereal flour, bran as end
product for direct human consumption and germ
75
Maize intended for direct human consumption, maize based snacks and
maize based breakfast cereals
100
Refined maize oil 400
Bread, pastries, biscuits, cereal snacks and breakfast cereals 50
Processed cereal based foods and baby foods for infants and young children 20
Processed maize based foods and baby foods for infants and young children 20
4. a column. This enables the isolation and
concentration of target mycotoxins and the
use of monoclonal antibodies makes the test
highly specific and offers improved sensitivity.
In all cases the toxins are extracted by
blending the food or feed sample with a
solvent, the extract is then filtered, diluted
and a small volume passed through the
immunoaffinity column by the analyst. If the
target mycotoxins are present in the test
sample, they are selectively bound to the
antibodies in the column; the toxins are then
released from the column using a solvent.
The eluate is then injected onto the
HPLC or LC-MS/MS system ready for quan-
tification (see Figure 3).
The advantage of these new multi-myco-
toxin immunoaffinity columns is that only
one sample preparation method is required
for quantifying all mycotoxins in a single run
therefore having greater sample throughput
and a reduction in the use of solvents and
consumables. The development of faster,
accurate tests enables easier and more thor-
ough monitoring of foods by the supplier.
If such testing is used in conjunction with
preventative measures at all stages in the
production process, contamination risk to
the consumer will be significantly reduced.
With the new recommendations in
March 2013 for T-2 and HT-2 (2013/165/
EU) Member States, should with the active
involvement of food and feed business
operators, perform monitoring for the pres-
ence of the toxins in food and feed samples.
Member States are encouraged to test
samples simultaneously for the presence of
T-2 and HT-2 and other Fusarium toxins
such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and
fumonisin B1 and B2 to allow the extent of
co-occurence to be assessed.
T-2 is rapidly metabolised in a large
Toxin Commodity
Indicative Max
Level of T-2 &
HT-2 (ppb)
T-2 & HT-2
Unprocessed barley and maize 200
Unprocessed oats (with husk) 1,000
Unprocessed wheat, rye and other cereals 100
Oats for direct human consumption 200
Maize for direct human consumption 100
Other cereals for direct human consumption 50
Oat, bran and flaked oat products for human consumption 200
Cereal bran except oat bran, oat milling products other than oat bran
and flaked oats, and maize milling products
100
Other cereal milling products 50
Breakfast cereals including formed cereal flakes 75
Bread (including small bakery wares), pastries, biscuits, cereal snacks, pasta 25
Cereal-based foods for infants and young childern 15
Toxin Commodity
Max Level of B1
& B2 (ppb)
Fumonisins
Unprocessed maize 4,000
Maize and maize based foods intended for direct human consumption 1,000
Maize based breakfast cereals and maize based snacks 800
Processed maize based foods and baby foods for infants and young children 200
Figure 2: Example
Immunoaffinity Column
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5. number of cereal products, HT-2 being a
major metabolite. It is also recommended
that if the method employed by the opera-
tor allows, that the presence of masked
mycotoxins in particular the mono and
di-glycosylated conjugates of T-2 and HT-2
should also be reported by Member States.
Masked mycotoxins just as toxic
A masked mycotoxin is a compound
who's 'parent' mycotoxin is chemically
altered into a conjugated or structurally
related form of the original mycotoxin.
Masked mycotoxins are thought to be just
as toxic as the original toxin but may behave
very different chemically and can be more
complex to analyse. R-Biopharm Rhone's
immunoaffinity columns have been tested
and have been found to cross react with
the many of the masked mycotoxins and are
suitable for use with LC-MS/MS allowing the
analysis of all toxins in a single run.
With more commodities being covered
by legislation comes the need for large and
small food companies and importers to test
for mycotoxins. R-Biopharm Rhone have
developed a range of test formats to meet
the growing demands of the market. For
those customers who require quantitative
analysis of mycotoxins, but who do not have
an HPLC or LC-MS/MS, a wide range of
ELISAs have been developed for a range of
mycotoxins.
For port health authorities and small
laboratories who need a fast, qualitative test,
there are a range of test kits that can be used
to screen cereals and cereal products. The
AFLACARD, OCHRACARD and RIDA®
QUICK tests allow for visual screening of the
samples. These kits allow users to analyse
samples quickly and easily yet be assured
that they are keeping in line with current
legislation.
Lateral flow dipsticks
RIDA®
QUICK lateral flow dipsticks are
available for screening for deoxynivalenol,
aflatoxins, zearalenone and fumonisins.
Interpretation of results is easy; a visible test
band appears for positive samples and no
line is visible for negative samples. RIDA®
QUICK SCAN is available to read the test
bands in order to give customers a quantita-
tive result (see Figure 4).
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) can also be used for screening
various mycotoxins. The RIDASCREEN®
ELISAs use the high specificity of antigen
and antibody interaction to detect and
quantify the mycotoxin of interest by pho-
tometric detection. RIDASCREEN®
T-2 /
HT-2 R3805) has been recently added
to the range and is a competitive enzyme
immunoassay for the quantitative analysis of
T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oat, corn, barley and
wheat. The mycotoxins are extracted from
the cereal samples with methanol / water
and the concentration of mycotoxin present
is determined by means of the standard
curve (range: 1 - 36 ppb (μg/kg)). The limit
of detection is approximately 30 ppb (30 μg/
kg) and the recovery in natural contaminated
cereal samples (Trilogy®
reference mate-
rial, TR-MT100) was determined to be 105
percent ± 15 percent and in spiked samples
was found to be 95 percent ± 15 percent.
The performance, stability and quality
of RIDASCREEN®
ELISA kits are validated
both internally and externally before being
officially released to the market for use.
Accreditations from recognised bodies such
as AOAC, UKAS and AFNOR are also
sought. It is important to stress that the
research and development of a product
does not end with its launch into the market.
Work continues and is carried out on a
regular basis at laboratories in Germany and
Scotland to ensure products continue to
meet ever changing legislation and the differ-
ent types of matrices that these regulations
cover. Customer feedback is very much an
integral part in ensuring that the company
continues to develop successful products to
be a leading supplier in this sector.
Drastically reducing
contamination
The development of faster, accurate tests
enables easier and more thorough monitor-
ing of foods by the supplier. If such testing is
used in conjunction with preventative meas-
ures at all stages in the production process;
this will drastically reduce contamination and
lower the risk to the consumer.
Since the formation of the company
in the late 1980s R-Biopharm Rhone has
established itself as a leading developer of
test solutions for food and feed analysis,
manufacturing test kits that offer high pre-
cision and accuracy. With over 30 years
experience in the development of various
test formats, methods and services for the
detection of mycotoxins, the company plans
to continue to develop and offer exciting
prospects in the field of mycotoxins ahead
of legislation and to provide complete myco-
toxin solutions for both large and small food
companies.
The company is well positioned to
advance the development of innovative
and versatile fast tests necessary to obtain
accurate results from a wide range of new
challenges.
More inforMation:
Claire Milligan
Product Manager, R-Biopharm Rhône Ltd
Tel: +44 141 945 2924
Fax: +44 141 945 2925
Email: info@r-biopharmrhone.com.
Website: www.r-biopharm.com
Figure 3: Overview of
Immunoaffinity Column Principle
Mycotoxins Other materials
Figure 4: Overview of RIDA®
QUICK
DON Method
GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY24 | March - April 2014
M
6. March - April 2014 | 25GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY
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What will tomorrow bring
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safe
v
Are you ready to take action against food contamination and product recall risk?
Wenger’s food safety and hygienic procedures should play a leading role in your
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• Machine designs that allow easier cleaning and
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Wenger14.SafetyFEED.210x147.indd 1 1/23/14 11:22 AM
BUILD YOUR LEGACY.
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Visit Westeel.com to begin your journey.
STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR THE WORLD’S
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North America 888-WESTEEL (937-8335)
info@westeel.com
Madrid +34 91 216 14 97
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M
8. www.gfmt.co.uk
LINKS
• See the full issue
• Visit the GFMT website
• Contact the GFMT Team
• Subscribe to GFMT
A subscription magazine for the global flour & feed milling industries - first published in 1891
INCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION
In this issue:
• Researching
and reporting:
the roller flour
milling revolution
• What is
Fumigation?
A technique of
pest control using
a toxic gas
• VIV Europe
preview
Our pull out
centre section
March-April2014
• Bread is the
foundation of
civilization
• Conserving
grains:
through drying
• Flour miller
values
weighbridge
technology on
the island of
Zanzibar
first published in 1891
This digital Re-print is part of the March | April 2014 edition of Grain & Feed
Milling Technology magazine.
Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full
online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on
the docstoc website.
Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com.
To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edi-
tion please contact our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link
adove.
INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE
Article reprints
All Grain & Feed Milling Tecchnology feature articles can be re-printed as a 4 or 8 page booklets (these
have been used as point of sale materials, promotional materials for shows and exhibitions etc).
If you are interested in getting this article re-printed please contact the GFMT team for more informa-
tion on - Tel: +44 1242 267707 - Email: jamest@gfmt.co.uk or visit www.gfmt.co.uk/reprints