Land O’Lakes State of Nutrition Cost of Malnutrition Conceptual Framework of Malnutrition Farm-level pathways to nutrition Poultry Dairy Ruminant Development Approaches Field Examples Conclusion & Take-aways

1. Understanding the Livestock to Nutrition Pathway
for Better Outcomes
Carmen Jaquez,
Practice Area Manager, Dairy, Livestock & Environment

2. Presentation Overview
˃ Land O’Lakes
˃ State of Nutrition
˃ Cost of Malnutrition
˃ Conceptual Framework of Malnutrition
˃ Farm-level pathways to nutrition
 Poultry
 Dairy
 Ruminant
˃ Development Approaches
˃ Field Examples
˃ Conclusion & Take-aways

3. Land O’Lakes – Feeding the World
> DAIRY FOODS 1924
> ANIMAL NUTRITION 2001
> AGRICULTURAL SERVICES 2007
#1 in butter, deli cheese, refrigerated
desserts, dairy-based food service items
#1 feed brand in the U.S. and largest
animal nutrition research center
#1 wholesaler of crop production and crop
protection products utilizing precision
agriculture and world class technology
Three diversified businesses that can be leveraged to help the world’s poorest regions…

4. Our Vision
To be a global leader in transforming lives by engaging in
agriculture and enterprise partnerships that replace
poverty with prosperity, and dependency with self-
reliance.

5. State of nutrition
Aggregated, under-nutrition* causes the death of
3.1 million children annually, or
45% of all child deaths in 2011.
161 million
were estimated to
be stunted.
51 million
were wasted
17 million
were severely
wasted in 2013.
*Including fetal growth restriction, stunting, wasting, and deficiencies of vitamin A
and zinc along with suboptimum breastfeeding)
Source: Black et al. 2013

6. Cost of malnutrition
˃ Cost of undernutrition:
 Global: 2-3% GDP (World Bank, 2006)  US $ 1.4-2.1 trillion
 Africa: 2% -16.5% loss in GDP
˃ Cost of Hunger Study in Africa – Ethiopia, Egypt, Uganda,
Swaziland, Rwanda
˃ Cost of Non-Communicable Disease:
 US$ 47 trillion by 2035, about US$ 1.4 trillion / year
˃ Effects of malnutrition on children:
Physical
Hindered physical
stature and cognitive
development
Self Worth
Lower self-esteem,
self-confidence and
career aspirations
Livelihood
Earn 20% less as
adults than
nourished children

7. Poor water,
sanitation &
inadequate
health services
Adapted from:
FAO/UNICEF Malnutrition
Disability
Death
Inadequate
maternal &
child care
practices
Insufficient
access to food
Insufficient
access to
NUTRITIOUS
foods
Food Security Nutrition Security
Conceptual Framework of Malnutrition
QUANTITY and QUALITY of actual resources human, economic,
natural & social; how resources are controlled and by whom.
Inadequate
dietary intake
Disease
Potential resources: environment, social, technology, people

8. Animal Source Foods
Milk
Contains vitamin B12, vitamin A,
riboflavin, folate, and calcium but
is low in iron
Meat
Rich source of heme iron, zinc,
riboflavin, and vitamin B12
Eggs
Vitamin A, B12, Zinc, iron
Vitamin B12 is found only in animal-source foods, explaining the high
prevalence of deficiency in most developing countries

9. Traditional Production – Nutrition Pathway
Storage &
Consumption
 Labour
 Inputs
 Land
 Rainfall
 Disease
 Post-harvest
storage
 Individual health
 Quantity
 Intra-HH allocation
 Access to markets
 Access to finance
 Quantity
 Quality
 Type
 Price / Quantity
 Quality
Production
Sale/Trade
Food
Purchase

10. Poultry – Nutrition Pathway
˃ Direct consumption of eggs
˃ Sale of table eggs
˃ Rearing of chicks
˃ Sale of live birds
˃ Gift of live birds
˃ Direct consumption of
slaughtered birds
˃ Savings
˃ Who consumes?
˃ How much consumed?
˃ Who controls income?
˃ Mortality rates?
˃ Breed being reared?
˃ Market access?
˃ Who controls income?
˃ Who consumes?
˃ Mortality rates?
How is the income used?

11. Dairy – Nutrition Pathway
˃ Direct consumption of milk
 Fluid milk (tea/milk)
 Processed (ghee, cheese, sour/ cultured milk,
yoghurt
˃ Sale of fluid milk
˃ Sale of processed milk (ghee, cheese, sour/cultured
milk)
˃ Who consumes milk
˃ Who controls income?
˃ Mortality rates?
• How is the
income used?
• Where is milk
going?

12. Small Ruminant – Nutrition Pathway
˃ Savings
˃ Sale of offspring
˃ Direct consumption of milk
˃ Gift/Payment
˃ Mortality rates?
˃ Market access?
 Need-based sales?
 Planned sales?
˃ Who controls income?
How is the
income
used?
Viable herd
size?

13. Approaches vs Outcomes
Storage &
Consumption
Sale/Trade
• Social aspects of livestock ownership
• Ownership & control of livestock assets
• Knowledge of nutrition & hygiene
• Competing priorities
• Product transferred to urban consumers
• Purchasing power (savings, access)
• Control of income
• Competing priorities
Production
Food
Purchase

14. Addressing Knowledge Gaps

15. Whole Farm Economy

16. Farm resources management
N / R J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rains X X X X
Harvest / Consumption –
Grains/Pulses
X X X X X X X
Milk X X X X X X
Harvest / Consumption -
Other
X X X X X X X X
Fodder / Forage X X X X X / / X
School Fees X
Inputs inc. labour X X X X X X
Food X X X X X
Weddings/Graduations X X X
Household expenses X X X X X X X X X X X X

17. Integrated messaging

18. Improving Approaches
˃ Clearly define desired outcomes
˃ Appropriate approach requires hardware and software
˃ Balance market development with household wellbeing
 Mitigate for change in resource control
 Address lack of knowledge
 Farm resource management vs increased production & sales
˃ Address access to rural finance
 Village savings/lending (peer-based savings)
 Milk-based payments
˃ Value social benefits
 Improved living standards (from livestock income)
 Improved social standing (from livestock ownership)
˃ Disease related drivers of malnutrition
 Human hygiene
 Food hygiene
 Food safety (mycotoxins)

19. Three Things to Remember
Whole Farm Economy
To the farmer, livestock and livestock
products may be more valuable as income
or safety net than nutrition .
Importance of Planning
Sharing knowledge is not always
enough. Practical tools help a farmer
evaluate own resources and plan.
Household Decision Making
Engage decision maker and primary
caretaker with same but also targeted
messages.
Questions?