This document provides an overview of dairy products and their relationship to health. It discusses the pros and cons of dairy, controversies around bone health and acne, and alternatives to dairy. While dairy can provide important nutrients, some studies have found risks of increased mortality and cancer with high dairy intake. The relationship between dairy and bone health is complex, and adequate calcium can be obtained through other foods. Dairy may worsen acne for some due to hormones stimulating skin oil production. Overall, the health effects of dairy are mixed and controversial.

1. Dairy Products: Are They
Good For Our Health
By: Cameron Segura

2. Dietitian/Nutritionist
Fitness + Nutrition
“I want to make a positive difference in peoples lives”

3. • Dairy pros and cons
• Paleo diet
• Vegans/vegetarians/Omnivores
• Low carb/high protein
• Gluten free
• Atkins Diet
Trending Topics In Nutrition

4. What Are Dairy Products
• Dairy Products: Food produced from the
milk of mammals (most often dairy cows)
including milk, butter, yogurt, cheese, and
ice cream.

5. History
• 1600s- European dairy cows were brought to North
America.
• 1850’s- Family dairy cow
• 1862- Louis Pasteur (Pasteurization)
• 1885- Commercial pasteurization machines were introduced.
• 1930s- Milk cans were replaced with large on-farm storage
tanks, and plastic coated paper cartons were invented.

6. Harvard School of Public Health
• Declares that dairy is NOT part of a healthy diet
• High intake can increase risk of prostate cancer and
possible ovarian cancer
• Saturated fat content
• Collards, boy choy, fortified soy milk and beans are safer
choices.

7. USDA Food Plate
“MyPlate”
Harvard School of Public
Health Food Plate
“Healthy Eating Plate”

8. Controversial Research
- Bone Health
- Healthy Skin/Acne
- Disease/Cancer
- Gut Health

9. Nutrients found in
Dairy
• Calcium- Bone health
• Protein- Muscle repair (sports nutrition) + Bone Health
• Phosphorus-Bone Health
• Vitamin A-Vision, Immune Health, Growth.
• Vitamin D- Bone andTeeth Development
• B12- Energy Metabolism, Nerve and RBC Production
• Fat- Energy, Hormone Production, and Fat SolubleVitaminTransport
• Magnesium-Bone Health
• Riboflavin- Energy Metabolism
• CLA, omega-3’s- Cognitive Development, Heart Health

10. Health Claims for Dairy Foods
• Bone Health
• Muscle Repair
• Healthy Hair, Skin, Nails
• Improved Immune Function
• risk of Type 2 Diabetes
• High Blood Pressure
• Decreased PMS Complications
• Better Sleep
• Weight Loss

11. Bone Health
• Osteoporosis- (porous bones) is the
weakening of bones caused by an imbalance
between bone remodeling and bone
destruction.
• 55% (44 million Americans) >40 have or are
at risk for brittle bones
• Dairy products are essential for good bone
health.

12. Bone Health
National Dairy Council
“Consuming adequate amounts of
calcium or foods naturally rich in
calcium such as milk, cheese, and
yogurt throughout life may delay
or minimize age-related bone loss
and thereby decrease the risk of
osteoporosis”.

13. Bone Health
• Journal of Dairy sciences: Found the role of calcium intake in
determining bone mineral mass to be the most critical nutritional
factor to achieve optimal peak bone mass.
• 68 randomized controlled intervention studies:
Demonstrated that calcium intake increases bone gain during
growth, reduces bone loss with age, and/or reduces fracture risk.
• Milk and Milk products provide 75 percent of the calcium
available in the food supply.
• Conclusion: calcium is essential for bone health, has high
bioavailability in dairy foods, and is relatively inexpensive.

14. Dairy Nutrition
• Dietary Guidelines for American : Recognizes that people who consume
more dairy foods have better overall diets, consume more nutrients and have
improved bone health.
• Major Scientific Advances with Dairy foods in Nutrition and Health
: support that calcium, vitamin D, and dairy foods protects against colon
cancer, contributes to lower blood pressure (peptides in whey/casein
protein), weight loss, and decreased risk of type two diabetes.

15. Bone Health
• Current recommendations 3 servings of
dairy foods a day.
• 1000-1200mg calcium/day for adequate
bone mineral density.
• World Health Organization (WHO)-
400-500mg calcium/day.

16. Dairy Nutrition
• Improved recovery after exercise
• Hydration
• Decreased consumption of soda/energy drinks
• Potassium
• Organic milk- CLA, omega-3’s.
• Taste
• Convenient

17. 2014 Swedish Study
• 61,000 women - 45,000 men >39 years of age.
• Concluded that high milk intake was associated with higher
mortality in one cohort of women and in another cohort of
men, and with higher fracture rate incidence in women.
• Women who drank three glasses of milk or more every day
had a nearly doubled risk of death and cardiovascular disease,
and 44 percent increased risk of cancer.
• Mens overall risk of death increased by 10%.
Milk Intake and risk of morality and fractures in
women and men(cohort study)

18. Bone Health
• Harvard Health Study 1- (Male health professionals/female nurses) Found individuals
who drank 1 glass of milk (or less) per week were at no greater risk of breaking a hip or
forearm than were those who drank 2 or more glasses per week.When Harvard studies
were combined with large prospective studies, their was still no association between
calcium intake and fracture risk.
• Milk consumption during teenage years and risk of hip fractures in older adults
(2014) - Higher milk consumption during teenage years resulted in no decreased risk of
lower hip fracture in older adults.
• Researchers atYale University school of medicine (1992) - Summarized data on
protein intake and fracture rates taken from thirty four separate surveys in sixteen counties
that were published in twenty nine- peer reviewed research publications. It was found that
70% of the fracture rate was attributable to the consumption of animal protein due to
increases in acid body load.
• Exercise more critical than calcium for adolescent bone health- Penn state found a
significant association between sports exercise and young adult bone mass and strength.
• Veganism, bone mineral density, and body composition: a study in Buddhist
nuns- Found that although vegans had lower dietary calcium and protein intakes than
omnivores, veganism did not have adverse effect on bone mineral density and did not alter
body composition.

19. Harvard Professor
1
2
Mark Hegested

20. Hip Fractures Rates
A systemic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide
Total Milk
Consumption

21. Dairy foods and bone health: examination of the evidence
• Objective:To determine whether scientific evidence supports the
recommendation that dairy foods be consumed daily for improved bone
health in the US.
• Outcomes(1): Of 57 outcomes of the effects of dairy foods on bone health,
53% were not significant, 42% were favorable, and 5% were unfavorable.
• Outcomes(2): 21stronger evidence studies-57% were not significant, 29%
were favorable, and 14% were unfavorable.
• White women <30 years old are most likely to benefit
• Conclusion:“There are too few studies in males and minority ethnic groups
to determine whether dairy foods promote bone health in most of the US
population.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

22. Prevention
• Nurses Health Study - A serving of lettuce or other green, leafy vegetables
a day cut the risk of hip fracture in half when compared with eating 1
serving a week. Consuming one or more servings of broccoli, brussels
sprouts, lettuce, collard greens, or kale should include enough vitamin k of
(120 micrograms/day/men) (90 micrograms/day/women) to reduce hip
fracture risk .
• Nurses Health Study 2- Women who ate more than 95 grams of protein
a day were 20% more likely to have broken a wrist over a 12-year period
when compared to those who ate an average amount of protein
(<68grams/day).

23. Summary
- Adequate calcium intake is necessary to
reduce the risk of osteoporosis
-Vitamin D (2000IU)
-Performing regular, weight bearing
exercise is important for good bone health

24. Milk 1 cup
305 mg

25. Cheese 1 ounce
296 mg

26. other calcium sources
• 1 cup raw kale=90mg (3.5 cups) provide more than 1 cup of milk
• 1 small naval orange=60mg
• Sardines(3oz)=325mg
• Soy milk 1 cup=300mg
• 1 packet oatmeal=105mg
• Sesame seeds(1oz)=280mg
• Almonds(1oz)=80mg
• white beans 1/2 cup cooked=100mg
• Figs(2)=55mg
• Turnip Greens 1cup boiled=200mg
• Broccoli 1 cup cooked=180mg

27. Summary of Bone Health
Bone health and osteoporosis is a much more complex issue than just looking at single
nutrients found in dairy such as calcium.
The high rate of osteoporosis in the US could have more to do with excessive protein
consumption, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco/alcohol use- then a deficiency in dairy products.

28. Acne
• Today acne is something that occurs in
about 85% teenagers, 50 % adults 30 years
and above, 17 million Americans.
• Four primary studies correlating dairy
consumption with acne.

29. Studies on Acne
• Harvard Nurse Study found an association between high school dairy
intake and severe physician diagnosed acne.
• Western Dairy Association links milk consumption with acne.A recent
study collected the food frequency questioners of 281 young adults. results
show that milk consumption has an effect on acne. (moderate-severe 5.6oz)
(mild-3.2oz)(none-<2.4oz) . Recommended serving size of milk is 8 ounces
or one cup a day.
• American Academy of Dermatology found a positive association with
acne for intake of total milk and skim milk.They hypothesized that the
association was because of presence of hormones, and bioactive molecules
in milk.
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Increasing Evidence links high
glycemic index foods and dairy products to acne.

30. So why might acne occur from dairy
foods?
Dairy= leucineDairy= leucine
dihydrotestosteronedihydrotestosterone
(DHT)(DHT)
Dairy= leucineDairy= leucine
dihydrotestosteronedihydrotestosterone
(DHT)(DHT)
Cow infants growCow infants grow
40X faster than40X faster than
human infantshuman infants
Cow infants growCow infants grow
40X faster than40X faster than
human infantshuman infants
Stimulating theStimulating the
enzyme TORenzyme TOR
Stimulating theStimulating the
enzyme TORenzyme TOR
Increasing theIncreasing the
production ofproduction of
hormones produced inhormones produced in
the bodythe body
Increasing theIncreasing the
production ofproduction of
hormones produced inhormones produced in
the bodythe body
Increasing sebum andIncreasing sebum and
cell proliferationcell proliferation
Increasing sebum andIncreasing sebum and
cell proliferationcell proliferation

31. Prevention/Treatment
Plant Based Diet
Fruits + Vegetables
Natural Tor
Inhibitors
“ Early dietary counseling of teenage acne patients is thus a oppurtunity for dermatology, which will not only imprive acne but may reduce the long term-adverse effects of Western diet on more serious m TORC1-driven diseases of civilzation”

32. “ Early dietary counseling of teenage acne
patients is thus a opportunity for
dermatology, which will not only improve
acne but may reduce the long term-
adverse effects of Western diet on more
serious m TORC1-driven diseases of
civilization”
Journal of German Dermatology

33. Disease / Cancer
• Physicians health study Linked in an increase in prostate cancer (IGF-1)-
tracked 21,660 participants for 28 years, researchers found an increased risk
of prostate cancer for those who consumed >2.5servings of diary products
per day as compared with those who consumed <0.5 servings a day( low fat
milk) showing that to much dairy calcium and not just the fat associated
with dairy products , could be potential threat to prostate health.
• Prostate cancer (35 grams of dairy/day) increased risk of developing high
grade prostate cancer by 76%(2% increase for every gram of milk protein).
• Ovarian cancer (due to sugar lactose into galactose (D-galactose)
• Increased Tor stimulation by diets high in dairy have also been noted in
breast cancer tumors/pancreatic cancer, and cancers of the reproductive
system.
• Other links:Type 1 diabetes/Parkinson's disease, heart disease, autism and
COPD (mucous production).

34. Review:The impact of cow’s milk-mediated mTORc1-signaling in
the initiation and progression of prostate cancer
• “Persistent consumption of cow’s milk proteins in humans
provide highly insulintropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)
provided by milk’s whey proteins, which elevate postprandial
plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma
concentrations by casein derived amino acids- BCAA’s, insulin and
IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTOR.”
• Outcome: calcium from dairy products was positively associated
with Pca risk, but not with calcium from other foods.
Nutrition and Metabolism -2012

35. Mammalian Target of
Rapamycin(mTOR)
• Enzyme- “engine of aging”
• Rapamycin- experimental drug to extend lifespan
• mTOR is up-regulated in nearly 100% of advanced
human prostate cancers.
• Dairy consumption found to be a major dietary
risk factor
• Higher Tor associated in breast cancer

36. MTOR Mechanism
Species specific
endocrine signaling
system
mTor
Rapid proliferation for cell growth
and division

37. • Each mammalian species has
developed its own species-specific
magnitude of milk mediated mTOR
signaling.
• The strength of mTOR-mediated
stimulation of mammalian growth is
associated with the total protein and
total leucine concentrations in
mammalian milk

38. MTOR Mechanism
Persistent
abuse of
growth
promoting
signaling system
Sustained proliferative
signaling- excessive
growth of tumor
cells

39. Epidemiological association between dairy
protein consumption and prostate cancer
• “The Association between Pca and acne might
already point to over stimulated mTORC1-
signaling of the androgen-dependent
sebaceous gland and prostate gland during
puberty as the underlying common cause of
excessive signal transduction.”
Nutrition and Metabolism -2012

40. Organic Milk
prostate

41. Organic Milk
>30% increase

42. Why
• Saturated fat
• Increase in energy intake
• Hormones-15 sex steroids found in retail
milk.
• Bioactive compounds
• Protein
• D-galactose-(mice/rats) premature aging,
shortened lifespan, chronic inflammation
oxidative stress, neurodegeneration.

43. Cheese/Yogurt
• Fermented milk products showed lower
rates of fracture and mortality.
• Positive associations
- markers of oxidative stress
- decreased inflammation
- better HDL
- less insulin resistance
- lower risk of MI (heart attack)

44. “ fermented dairy diet seemed to
provide a more favorable biomarker
profile than that of a non-fermented
dairy diet”

45. Cheese
• Cheese associated with lower sperm
count/abnormal sperm shape and
movement, leading to direct testicular
damage.
• Cheese is one of the top ten contributors
of sodium in the american diet (1 slice of
cheese=468mg sodium.

46. Gut bacteria
Probiotics in the human gut were shown to
dramatically improve by 130 million with a prebiotic
diet (fruits +vegetables), while the other group of on
the probiotic yogurt diet saw little to no increase in
good gut bacteria.
group 1 group 2

47. deadened
dopamine
response in the
brain
reduction in
reward region of
the brain
mimicking a drug
addiction
regular ice
cream
consumption
dulled dopamine
response may cause
us to overeat to
achieve the degree
of satisfaction
experienced
previously

48. • The number one source of calcium for Americans
is dairy products, along with the #1 source of
saturated fat is also dairy products
• EPA estimates that approximately 35% of an adults
daily intake of persistent bio-accumulative toxic
pollutants is derived from dairy products.
• Skim milk accounted for at least 15 steroid sex
hormones found in retail milk.
• US has the highest allowable pus cell (somatic cell)
concentration in the world, 300million pus cells
are allowed in one glass.

49. Phytonutrients blocked
• Milk has been found to block the absorption of phytonutrients in chocolate.
• We learned that milk totally blocks the beneficial effects of the
phytonutrients in tea.
• Ellagic acid (phytonutrient) absorption completely blocked when eaten with
cream
• Antioxidant activity of blueberry fruit is impaired by association with milk

50. Supplements
• Calcium Intake and hip fracture risk in men and women a meta-
analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled
trails - Compared calcium supplements with a placebo showed that calcium
supplements did not protect against fractures of the hip or other bones.
• calcium supplements + vitamin D Research suggests that calcium only
supplements do not protect against fractures and may in fact have an
association with increased risk of fractures.
• For men >500mg/day was linked with increase risk of prostate cancer.
• Antacids-contain calcium but do not contain vitamin D, consider taking a
separate vitamin D supplement.

51. Milk Alternatives

52. “Our deeply-rooted beliefs
about the wholesomeness
of milk and dairy products
should be re-considered
under carful scientific
evaluation, we just
beginning to re-assess the
biological effects of milk and
dairy products as food
stuffs.”

53. • Organic raised dairy products vs. conventional
differences?
• When dairy consumption goes down, do other
beverages such as soda go up?
• Pointing out the flaws in studies that suggest
calcium isn't the primary factor in bone health
• More research on milk alternatives

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