This document discusses sanitation challenges in difficult environments and potential solutions. It notes that over 16 million people in Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao PDR and the Philippines live in areas that make conventional sanitation difficult, such as along rivers, coasts, swamps or flood plains. Common sanitation issues in these areas include poor sanitation infrastructure, low sanitation priority from communities and governments, and higher costs for solutions. The document reviews some existing sanitation options for different challenging area types and emphasizes the need for tailored solutions, community understanding, and monitoring to disseminate effective approaches.
Around 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases which cause 1.5 million deaths from diarrhea annually; less than 1% of the world's fresh water is accessible for human use, and water contamination from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and cultural practices results in an estimated economic burden of $600 million per year in India.
The document discusses Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), which are designed to manage environmental risks from urbanization, contribute to environmental enhancement, and minimize the impact of development on water quality and quantity while maximizing amenity and biodiversity opportunities. Ideal SUDS have elements that address water quantity, quality, and amenity/biodiversity. Examples of SUDS include soakaways, swales, permeable paving. The document provides examples of SUDS implementations and highlights regulatory considerations for SUDS. It also introduces Stephen Gibson and his consulting firm Wilsham which provides civil engineering services including SUDS design.
Water Supply and Sanitation in Africa - Findings, Lessons and Good Practices ...David Akana
This document provides an overview of water supply and sanitation projects in Africa, highlighting key lessons learned and best practices. It discusses challenges in both urban and rural contexts, including uneven project results, the need for improved regulation, and constraints facing rural water service provision. Notable interventions by the African Development Bank and Islamic Development Bank are also summarized, such as efforts to strengthen urban water authorities, support innovative sanitation solutions, and promote integrated rural water resource management. Common success factors include strong government commitment, community participation, and cost recovery mechanisms, while projects facing challenges typically lacked sustainability planning. The document concludes with lessons on achieving universal access through collaborative partnerships and pragmatic solutions tailored to local conditions.
How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses strategies for reducing open defecation in rural India. It notes that open defecation is a major public health issue, killing many children through diarrhea. Though toilet construction has increased access from 22% to 31% over 10 years, 69% of rural Indians still lack access. Key barriers include lack of toilets, poor quality construction, and social norms. Strategies proposed include improving delivery of subsidies for construction, ensuring quality construction with water supply and drainage, changing social norms among men, and monitoring usage not just construction. Addressing these issues could enable rural Indians to stop open defecation and improve health.
1. The document discusses the importance of sanitation and how to bring about change, noting that inadequate sanitation leads to many health and social issues.
2. It recommends emphasizing the link between sanitation and disease, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of improved sanitation, and providing locally appropriate solutions targeted at slums.
3. Recruiting high-profile champions is also suggested as a way to promote change.
The document discusses monitoring and evaluation of a rural water supply and sanitation project in accordance with government policies. It outlines the project's objectives of improving sanitation, hygiene practices, and institutional capacity for water supply and sanitation. The document describes the methodology for developing a monitoring program, including identifying water quality issues, establishing a monitoring network, and evaluating the project's effectiveness. It also lists contaminants to be analyzed during water quality sampling and assessment.
The Last Metres (L100M): Safeguarding Potable Water Provisioning to Urban Inf...Centre for Policy Research
The document summarizes research on safeguarding potable water provision to informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It discusses a methodology called "The Last 100 Metres" (L100M) that focuses on the space between water distribution points and homes. The research aims to reduce faecal contamination of water by expanding water safety plans and addressing local sanitation issues. Key findings indicate water is relatively safe until entering slum communities, but becomes highly contaminated within homes. The document concludes improved sanitation is more effective than water quality alone, and a sustained, multi-pronged approach is needed to tackle the issue.
Around 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases which cause 1.5 million deaths from diarrhea annually; less than 1% of the world's fresh water is accessible for human use, and water contamination from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and cultural practices results in an estimated economic burden of $600 million per year in India.
The document discusses Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), which are designed to manage environmental risks from urbanization, contribute to environmental enhancement, and minimize the impact of development on water quality and quantity while maximizing amenity and biodiversity opportunities. Ideal SUDS have elements that address water quantity, quality, and amenity/biodiversity. Examples of SUDS include soakaways, swales, permeable paving. The document provides examples of SUDS implementations and highlights regulatory considerations for SUDS. It also introduces Stephen Gibson and his consulting firm Wilsham which provides civil engineering services including SUDS design.
Water Supply and Sanitation in Africa - Findings, Lessons and Good Practices ...David Akana
This document provides an overview of water supply and sanitation projects in Africa, highlighting key lessons learned and best practices. It discusses challenges in both urban and rural contexts, including uneven project results, the need for improved regulation, and constraints facing rural water service provision. Notable interventions by the African Development Bank and Islamic Development Bank are also summarized, such as efforts to strengthen urban water authorities, support innovative sanitation solutions, and promote integrated rural water resource management. Common success factors include strong government commitment, community participation, and cost recovery mechanisms, while projects facing challenges typically lacked sustainability planning. The document concludes with lessons on achieving universal access through collaborative partnerships and pragmatic solutions tailored to local conditions.
How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?Yogesh Upadhyaya
The document discusses strategies for reducing open defecation in rural India. It notes that open defecation is a major public health issue, killing many children through diarrhea. Though toilet construction has increased access from 22% to 31% over 10 years, 69% of rural Indians still lack access. Key barriers include lack of toilets, poor quality construction, and social norms. Strategies proposed include improving delivery of subsidies for construction, ensuring quality construction with water supply and drainage, changing social norms among men, and monitoring usage not just construction. Addressing these issues could enable rural Indians to stop open defecation and improve health.
1. The document discusses the importance of sanitation and how to bring about change, noting that inadequate sanitation leads to many health and social issues.
2. It recommends emphasizing the link between sanitation and disease, demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of improved sanitation, and providing locally appropriate solutions targeted at slums.
3. Recruiting high-profile champions is also suggested as a way to promote change.
The document discusses monitoring and evaluation of a rural water supply and sanitation project in accordance with government policies. It outlines the project's objectives of improving sanitation, hygiene practices, and institutional capacity for water supply and sanitation. The document describes the methodology for developing a monitoring program, including identifying water quality issues, establishing a monitoring network, and evaluating the project's effectiveness. It also lists contaminants to be analyzed during water quality sampling and assessment.
The Last Metres (L100M): Safeguarding Potable Water Provisioning to Urban Inf...Centre for Policy Research
The document summarizes research on safeguarding potable water provision to informal settlements in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It discusses a methodology called "The Last 100 Metres" (L100M) that focuses on the space between water distribution points and homes. The research aims to reduce faecal contamination of water by expanding water safety plans and addressing local sanitation issues. Key findings indicate water is relatively safe until entering slum communities, but becomes highly contaminated within homes. The document concludes improved sanitation is more effective than water quality alone, and a sustained, multi-pronged approach is needed to tackle the issue.
ch 6 community Drinking Water Source Protection.pptxMukhtarYonis1
This document discusses community water source protection. It provides information on different sources of drinking water including rainwater, surface water, and groundwater. It describes various water sources like springs, wells, and boreholes. When planning to develop and protect water sources, communities should assess needs, identify potential sources, consider water quantity and quality, and conduct sanitary surveys. Protection measures include fencing off areas, diverting runoff, and providing hygiene education to communities. Wells should be located uphill from pollution sources and can be dug, bored, or driven depending on the construction method.
WASH during Emergencies - Presented at MIT Class "Disseminating WASH Innovati...Tom Mahin
This document discusses approaches to implementing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) during emergencies such as natural disasters, conflicts, and disease outbreaks. It highlights how displacement of large populations increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Chlorinating water sources is an effective way to reduce cholera but faces challenges for rural and household use. New approaches like chlorine dispensers and tablet chlorinators aim to improve chlorine dosing of community water sources. Hygiene promotion to increase handwashing and use of treated water is also important for preventing outbreaks. The document describes Haiti's 2010 earthquake and 2011 cholera response as case studies.
Presentation of Tonya Schuetz, Volta Basin, as part of the "Simposio Internacional: El Desafío del Agua y la Alimentación en el Mundo" organized by National Authority of Water (ANA) in Peru and the Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN). June 3, 2013.
The document discusses issues related to drinking water and sanitation in India. It notes that about 70% of the population lacks basic sanitation and 226 million people lack access to safe drinking water. Some of the proposed solutions discussed include seeking new water sources, reducing demand from agriculture/industry, recycling grey water, and implementing low-cost sanitation systems with community involvement. The solutions could help provide access to clean drinking water and sanitation for many but also face challenges like social acceptance and proper treatment of wastewater. Mitigation strategies and continued education efforts are needed.
sustainability in stp plant in Rajouri.pptMalikOwais17
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) play a pivotal role in preserving the environment and public health by treating wastewater before discharge. STPs employ physical, biological and chemical processes like screening, sedimentation, and the use of bacteria to break down organic matter in wastewater. The effluent is then disinfected before being released. Dal Lake in Kashmir suffers from pollution from untreated sewage from over 1000 houseboats and other sources. Proper treatment of sewage through STPs and other measures can help prevent pollution in fragile ecosystems like Dal Lake.
The document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and sanitation in India. It outlines several proposed models, including establishing reverse osmosis plants at the community level with funding from CSR initiatives or PPPs. Desalination plants along coastal areas and household solutions like chlorination or ceramic filters are also proposed. To address open defecation, the document recommends SHG-managed public toilets, ecosan toilets, and extensive awareness programs in schools and through media. Financial support could come from CSR, communities, or the state depending on the solution. Sustainability and persuading industries are obstacles to these solutions.
Safe Drinking Water and Proper Sanitation Facilities in India discusses the poor sanitation conditions in India. Only 30% of sewage water is treated, with the rest polluting water sources. 75% of surface water is polluted, largely due to untreated sewage. Solutions proposed include low-cost water purification methods like solar disinfection, spring boxes, and ecological sanitation toilets. Improving sanitation requires raising awareness, providing affordable options, and monitoring programs.
This document discusses wastewater reclamation as a way to meet growing water demands. It explores how the process works, provides a brief history, and analyzes pros and cons. Key recommendations are to increase education efforts to overcome public perception issues and promote wastewater reclamation as an economically feasible and drought-proof water source, especially in the growing Southwest region of the US. The biggest challenge is effective public education to build acceptance of reclaimed water.
This document discusses various methods of human excreta disposal. It begins by explaining the importance of safe excreta disposal for public health and breaking disease transmission cycles. It then outlines the main health hazards of improper disposal and discusses sanitation as a barrier to disease. The document proceeds to describe different excreta disposal methods appropriate for unsewered and sewered areas, including pit latrines, septic tanks, aqua privies, and campaigns in India and Nepal promoting open defecation free communities.
ECOlogical SANitation - closing the loop between waste to food...
- Its a concept of producing food material from the waste material produced from the household ...Form of pollution management technique.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES IN WATER SUPPLY & SANITATIONRAMSIDDARTHAN .
1. The document discusses sustainable strategies for water supply and sanitation. It covers various topics including the importance of water, different water sources, the hydrological cycle, water distribution on Earth, portable water, domestic water uses, water pollution, and improving water quality.
2. It also discusses sustainability, factors affecting water source sustainability, elements of sustainability, ground and surface water harvesting systems, and a support model for selecting sustainable structures.
3. The document provides information on sanitation challenges in India, definitions of sanitation, steps to solve sanitation problems, available sanitation technologies, criteria for selecting technologies, and strategies for successful sanitation projects in developing countries.
Disinfection of drinking water is necessary to destroy microorganisms and make water safe for consumption. Common disinfection techniques include physical methods like boiling and UV light, as well as chemical methods such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and ozone addition. Chlorine disinfection is the most widely used approach due to its low cost and effectiveness, but can produce harmful byproducts and alternatives like ozonation are more expensive. The selection of disinfection method involves considerations of safety, costs, effectiveness, and other factors.
Disinfection of drinking water is necessary to destroy microorganisms and make water safe for consumption. Common disinfection techniques include physical methods like boiling and UV light, as well as chemical methods such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and ozone addition. Chlorine disinfection is the most widely used approach due to its low cost and effectiveness, but can produce harmful byproducts and alternatives like ozonation are more expensive. The selection of disinfection method involves considerations of safety, costs, effectiveness, and other factors.
DWASA WATER QUALITY SCENARIO (A case study of Mohammadpur)NelimAshfaque1
This document presents a case study of the DWASA water quality in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. Tests were conducted on samples from WASA supply points, household taps, and filtered water. The pH, color, and turbidity of the samples were within acceptable limits according to Bangladesh standards. However, the study was limited and more tests are recommended to fully understand water quality. The document suggests improvements to WASA infrastructure, monitoring, and public awareness to help ensure safe drinking water.
Roll 16,17 and 18_System Evaluation and Selection.pptxsanjaylohani8
This document presents a presentation on sustainable sanitation and ecological engineering for waste management. It discusses the history of sanitation, current status in Nepal and worldwide, and various sanitation system and technology options for both rural and urban settings. These include on-site systems like pit latrines and septic tanks, and off-site systems like simplified sewerage. It also addresses non-technical factors and provides schematic diagrams and references. The overall presentation evaluates appropriate technology choices for sanitation based on location, resources, and other practical considerations.
The document discusses various causes and solutions regarding water pollution and water scarcity issues around the world. It addresses topics like unsustainable freshwater use, water conflicts over river basins in the Middle East, and increasing water demand outpacing supply. Solutions proposed include reducing water waste, improving irrigation efficiency, protecting watersheds and wetlands, preventing point and nonpoint source pollution, and increasing water recycling, reuse and desalination.
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Magnus Wolfe Murray
In tribute to the most inspiring man who i have encountered on planet so far, a wonderful friend and constant source of brilliant ideas and resources. We are so much poorer without his presence now he has passed away, yet so much richer for knowing him, from learning from him. Your work will live on in everything I do. Go well my friend.
The International WaterCentre (IWC) Master of Integrated Water Management program is designed to equip future water leaders with the knowledge and skills they need to create innovative, ‘whole-of-water-cycle’ solutions to local and global water challenges. The degree is co-badged and co-taught by IWC's four founding member universities: The University of Queensland, Griffith University, Monash University and The University of Western Australia.
The document discusses the importance of monitoring river health by selecting meaningful indicators. Key points include:
- River health depends on human values and can be assessed similarly to human health.
- Rivers face threats from pollution, loss of floodplains, and dams that block flows.
- Monitoring is important to protect environmental assets like biodiversity and drinking water.
- Effective monitoring requires clear objectives, indicators linked to threats, conceptual models, river classification, and reporting to guide management actions.
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ch 6 community Drinking Water Source Protection.pptxMukhtarYonis1
This document discusses community water source protection. It provides information on different sources of drinking water including rainwater, surface water, and groundwater. It describes various water sources like springs, wells, and boreholes. When planning to develop and protect water sources, communities should assess needs, identify potential sources, consider water quantity and quality, and conduct sanitary surveys. Protection measures include fencing off areas, diverting runoff, and providing hygiene education to communities. Wells should be located uphill from pollution sources and can be dug, bored, or driven depending on the construction method.
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This document discusses approaches to implementing water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) during emergencies such as natural disasters, conflicts, and disease outbreaks. It highlights how displacement of large populations increases the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera. Chlorinating water sources is an effective way to reduce cholera but faces challenges for rural and household use. New approaches like chlorine dispensers and tablet chlorinators aim to improve chlorine dosing of community water sources. Hygiene promotion to increase handwashing and use of treated water is also important for preventing outbreaks. The document describes Haiti's 2010 earthquake and 2011 cholera response as case studies.
Presentation of Tonya Schuetz, Volta Basin, as part of the "Simposio Internacional: El Desafío del Agua y la Alimentación en el Mundo" organized by National Authority of Water (ANA) in Peru and the Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregión Andina (CONDESAN). June 3, 2013.
The document discusses issues related to drinking water and sanitation in India. It notes that about 70% of the population lacks basic sanitation and 226 million people lack access to safe drinking water. Some of the proposed solutions discussed include seeking new water sources, reducing demand from agriculture/industry, recycling grey water, and implementing low-cost sanitation systems with community involvement. The solutions could help provide access to clean drinking water and sanitation for many but also face challenges like social acceptance and proper treatment of wastewater. Mitigation strategies and continued education efforts are needed.
sustainability in stp plant in Rajouri.pptMalikOwais17
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) play a pivotal role in preserving the environment and public health by treating wastewater before discharge. STPs employ physical, biological and chemical processes like screening, sedimentation, and the use of bacteria to break down organic matter in wastewater. The effluent is then disinfected before being released. Dal Lake in Kashmir suffers from pollution from untreated sewage from over 1000 houseboats and other sources. Proper treatment of sewage through STPs and other measures can help prevent pollution in fragile ecosystems like Dal Lake.
The document discusses solutions for providing clean drinking water and sanitation in India. It outlines several proposed models, including establishing reverse osmosis plants at the community level with funding from CSR initiatives or PPPs. Desalination plants along coastal areas and household solutions like chlorination or ceramic filters are also proposed. To address open defecation, the document recommends SHG-managed public toilets, ecosan toilets, and extensive awareness programs in schools and through media. Financial support could come from CSR, communities, or the state depending on the solution. Sustainability and persuading industries are obstacles to these solutions.
Safe Drinking Water and Proper Sanitation Facilities in India discusses the poor sanitation conditions in India. Only 30% of sewage water is treated, with the rest polluting water sources. 75% of surface water is polluted, largely due to untreated sewage. Solutions proposed include low-cost water purification methods like solar disinfection, spring boxes, and ecological sanitation toilets. Improving sanitation requires raising awareness, providing affordable options, and monitoring programs.
This document discusses wastewater reclamation as a way to meet growing water demands. It explores how the process works, provides a brief history, and analyzes pros and cons. Key recommendations are to increase education efforts to overcome public perception issues and promote wastewater reclamation as an economically feasible and drought-proof water source, especially in the growing Southwest region of the US. The biggest challenge is effective public education to build acceptance of reclaimed water.
This document discusses various methods of human excreta disposal. It begins by explaining the importance of safe excreta disposal for public health and breaking disease transmission cycles. It then outlines the main health hazards of improper disposal and discusses sanitation as a barrier to disease. The document proceeds to describe different excreta disposal methods appropriate for unsewered and sewered areas, including pit latrines, septic tanks, aqua privies, and campaigns in India and Nepal promoting open defecation free communities.
ECOlogical SANitation - closing the loop between waste to food...
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Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
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1. The document discusses sustainable strategies for water supply and sanitation. It covers various topics including the importance of water, different water sources, the hydrological cycle, water distribution on Earth, portable water, domestic water uses, water pollution, and improving water quality.
2. It also discusses sustainability, factors affecting water source sustainability, elements of sustainability, ground and surface water harvesting systems, and a support model for selecting sustainable structures.
3. The document provides information on sanitation challenges in India, definitions of sanitation, steps to solve sanitation problems, available sanitation technologies, criteria for selecting technologies, and strategies for successful sanitation projects in developing countries.
Disinfection of drinking water is necessary to destroy microorganisms and make water safe for consumption. Common disinfection techniques include physical methods like boiling and UV light, as well as chemical methods such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and ozone addition. Chlorine disinfection is the most widely used approach due to its low cost and effectiveness, but can produce harmful byproducts and alternatives like ozonation are more expensive. The selection of disinfection method involves considerations of safety, costs, effectiveness, and other factors.
Disinfection of drinking water is necessary to destroy microorganisms and make water safe for consumption. Common disinfection techniques include physical methods like boiling and UV light, as well as chemical methods such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, and ozone addition. Chlorine disinfection is the most widely used approach due to its low cost and effectiveness, but can produce harmful byproducts and alternatives like ozonation are more expensive. The selection of disinfection method involves considerations of safety, costs, effectiveness, and other factors.
DWASA WATER QUALITY SCENARIO (A case study of Mohammadpur)NelimAshfaque1
This document presents a case study of the DWASA water quality in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. Tests were conducted on samples from WASA supply points, household taps, and filtered water. The pH, color, and turbidity of the samples were within acceptable limits according to Bangladesh standards. However, the study was limited and more tests are recommended to fully understand water quality. The document suggests improvements to WASA infrastructure, monitoring, and public awareness to help ensure safe drinking water.
Roll 16,17 and 18_System Evaluation and Selection.pptxsanjaylohani8
This document presents a presentation on sustainable sanitation and ecological engineering for waste management. It discusses the history of sanitation, current status in Nepal and worldwide, and various sanitation system and technology options for both rural and urban settings. These include on-site systems like pit latrines and septic tanks, and off-site systems like simplified sewerage. It also addresses non-technical factors and provides schematic diagrams and references. The overall presentation evaluates appropriate technology choices for sanitation based on location, resources, and other practical considerations.
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The International WaterCentre (IWC) Master of Integrated Water Management program is designed to equip future water leaders with the knowledge and skills they need to create innovative, ‘whole-of-water-cycle’ solutions to local and global water challenges. The degree is co-badged and co-taught by IWC's four founding member universities: The University of Queensland, Griffith University, Monash University and The University of Western Australia.
The document discusses the importance of monitoring river health by selecting meaningful indicators. Key points include:
- River health depends on human values and can be assessed similarly to human health.
- Rivers face threats from pollution, loss of floodplains, and dams that block flows.
- Monitoring is important to protect environmental assets like biodiversity and drinking water.
- Effective monitoring requires clear objectives, indicators linked to threats, conceptual models, river classification, and reporting to guide management actions.
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2. Social and cultural values must be understood and incorporated into the planning process, as people's values matter greatly in contested basins.
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2) It represents a new platform that takes a multidisciplinary approach through phased R&D to evolve viable sensor network products that are broadly applicable beyond just the environments being monitored.
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2. Overview
Sanitation in Challenging Environments
Objective
Country approach
Indonesia’s challenging areas
Settlement characteristics, sanitation
conditions and practices
Different ways forward…
Challenges and messages to
remember
3. Objective of
Sanitation in Challenging Environments
To understand and address the need for
improved sanitation options for environments
where well known conventional or low cost
options are not applicable due to adverse
geographical, climatic or topological
conditions.
4. How Many People are affected in East
Asia?
Estimated In just four
Country population countries, over 16
affected million people
Indonesia > 9 million live in challenging
environments
Cambodia 1.4 – 2.2 million where they are
unable to build
Lao 1 – 1. 5 million
conventional or
Philippines < 5 million low cost sanitation
options
5. Country Approach to Identify Challenges
• Identify types of challenging areas
• Scope numbers affected for each type
Phase 1 • Detailed research of technical and non technical
challenges on main types of area
• Do sanitation options exist for key typologies?
• Are they sustainable? What do we know?
Review
• What should Phase 2 look like?
• Evaluate existing options, and/or
• Adapt existing options
Phase 2 • Develop and pilot new ones
6. Research in Phase 1
Desk study & Interview Field visits
secondary data stakeholders
Recommendations
for Phase 2
Integrate existing Meet communities
experience
7. Indonesia’s challenging areas
Type of Area No of people
affected
Above or floating on rivers, along 2+ million
riverbanks
Above or along the coast and estuaries 1.5-2 million
Swamps and high ground water > 1.5-2 million
Flood prone areas < 3 million
Other areas included: rocky areas, steep hillsides and
lakes – but lower numbers impacted
10. Most Common Community Attitudes
• Understand need safe drinking
water but low awareness of
sanitation & hygiene
• Priorities: increase livelihood,
solve urgent issues: flooding,
subsidence, erosion, road
access
• Sanitation almost always low
priority
• Low affordability is a real
constraint providing sanitation
options in challenging areas
11. Existing “Adequate” Sanitation Options
Coastal & Swamp & High
River Flood Prone
Estuary Groundwater
Elevated Tidal resistant Biofilter - Septic Elevated Latrine
Latrines septic tanks Tank + Sanitary Anaerobic Filter
‘Floating’ Septic Septic Tank + Pond Mobile
Tanks Upflow Filter Septic Tank + Sanitation
Indonesia Upflow Filter Facility for
proprietary Small bore sewer Bathing,
designs Drum septic tank Washing &
+ Infiltration Defecating
Indonesia
proprietary
designs
12. Different ways forward…
Phase 2 designed from evidence
Indonesia – reviewed 12 existing options,
recommendations and guidelines,
capacity building & training local
government in challenging areas
Cambodia – not enough existing options and
will adapt existing ‘easy latrine’ for
use in challenging environments
Lao PDR – not yet Government priority as
many more in remote rural areas
need improved sanitation
13. Challenges to solutions at scale
• Ilegal or semi-legal housing
tenure
• Sanitation low priority
compared to other urgent
issues in communities
• Higher cost solutions
required than normal
environments
• Government willingness or
ability to invest is variable
14. Points to remember
• Poor people live in these
challenging areas
• Research, understand and
analyze before selecting way
ahead
• Reuse, adapt or adjust
existing options before
starting to invent
• Monitor, monitor, monitor –
and then disseminate what
works!
Thanks Anne for the Introduction – good morning everyone
This morning I will briefly outlining our work on sanitation in Challenging environments – and would be pleased to meet you later for a more detailed discussion. we will look at objective of this work country based research approach A quick review Indonesia’s challenging environments and their characteristics the Different ways ahead that have evolved is three countries and some challenges to take home and remember
Many poor communities live in areas where pipes cannot be laid, and pits and tanks cannot be dug - mostly because they live over or near water, but also on steep hillsides or on rocky ground. Although there are many such communities across East Asia (and elsewhere), there was no body of literature, research or existing projects whichidentified how many people live din such areas, how are they affected. what are their sanitation practices and what options the are …SoWSPhas been undertaken this work at national scale in Indonesia, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Philippines. This presentation will focus on the results in Indonesia – with a few references to other studies
So how many people are affect? The four studies indicate that more than 16 million people live in situations where they are affected by these adverse conditions. The level of impact and severity varies considerably. In urban areas these areas would be characterized as illegal or semi-legal slum communities, but we also found substantial areas of legal housing impacted by regular flooding and costal subsidence in particularThe problem is therefore by no means a minor one.
The Phase 1 Country approach we applied used the following process: establish a reference group of key stakeholders identify the maintypes of challenging areas, and estimate the numbers of people affected in each type of area agree the main 3 or 4 types of areas which are inhabited by the most people… and conduct more detailed field research in these areasThen use an joint analysis of the research findingsto design the second Phase – which was we found to be different in each country
The research process involved a reference group and desk studies, meetings and interviews with key stakeholders, Undertaking field visits in typical communities met with communities and then with the returned to the reference group to integrate the findings with their own experience and to agree on the way ahead.
For Indonesia we identified these four main type s of CE – on and along rivers and river banks. Houses are found on the banks, anchored to the bank but floating, or on stiltsAbove and along the coastline (all 80,000 km) and along estuaries in areas of swamp and high ground water – Eastern Sumatra is mostly swamp and Banda Aceh is a well known areas with HGWFlood prone areas - including North Jakarta and parts of other major citiesOver 9million people are affected.There were other types of area but the numbers of people living there were much lower – so we didn’t research these in the same level of detail.
RiversHouses are built by rivers as more desirable land is too expensive for poor people or due to river based livelihoods: fishing or transportFluctuating water levels in wet and dry season . You can see house are built on stilts above the seasonal high water level Here riverbank houses are discharging their toilets directly into a highly polluted riverCoastal & EstuariesAgain houses on stilts, limited road access to settlements which can extend 100’s of metres out to sea.Little fresh water is available in these environment s , any construction has to withstand both tidal forces and corrosive saline environmentLand subsidence is common in coastal areas , in the an old couple were living with water in the house all year round as they could not afford a second story – unlike their neighbors who had built a 2nd story,Swamps & High Groundwater No road access worse in rains Groundwater pollution Usually these are ecologically fragile areas sensitive to both pollution and change in land use
River Its common to use rivers for refuse disposal, believing it will be washed away , but with urbanization and population pressures this is no longer the case and here you see accumulated wastesbathing close to overhanging toiletHere in Banjarmasin, south Kalimantan a group of people cleaning their teeth, bathing, washing clothes and defecating in floating toilet on the back)Coastal & Estuaryagain accumulated refuse and feaces which has not been washed away by tidesoverhanging toilet in coastal area relying on tides to wash away the wasteA toilet inside of a house discharging directly below (fixed point open defecation)Here the same house with children are playing below the toiletSwampagain accumulation of full of garbage and human wasteDefecation practice in swamp area with no treatment.Tooth brushing with swamp-water - indicating a lack of fresh waster
Communities understand the need safe drinking water but have but low awareness of the impact of pooor sanitation & hygiene practices Their priorities: are increase livelihood, solve urgent issues: flooding, subsidence, erosion, road access and a fresh water supplyTherefore sanitation almost always a low priority – although where they have a good source of clean water we found a much higher interest in improving sanitation Low affordability is a real constraint providing sanitation options in challenging areas – as they invariably are more costly than is normal environments.
This table is just to demonstrate that piloted technical options were found in Indonesia for all types of environment.. But no time to talk more about this now – you can ask questions later.
Phase 1 of the Indonesia identified a range of previous pilots, demonstrations and trials. None of them had been documented, followed up, monitored or evaluated. So for Phase two WSP undertook further field work to find to what works, if the pilots had been sustainable and if not, – why not. This resulted in development of guidelines and three training sessions for central and local Governments in three of the main affected areas. Cambodia did not find enough applicable solutions for lakeside communities, and will seek to pilot and adaptation of an existing and commonly used toilet. In Lao PDR after Phase 1 information was made available – Government decided this was not a priority at present due to the many people without sanitation in remote areas and they would not proceed to Phase 2 at this stage.
often dealing with illegal or semi-legal settlements where the future is uncertain – although they may have been there for 20 or 30 yearsSanitation is usually low priority compared to other urgent issues in communitiesHigher cost solutions required than normal environments, above what communities can affordThe willingness and ability of Government support investment in a range of services is variable, although we did find clean piped water, electricity and other services in many communities.
Poor people live in these challenging areas and therefore we need to address the issuesResearch, understand and analyze before selecting way ahead – don’t assume nothing existsReuse, adapt or adjust existing options before starting to invent a new one – as that will take much longerMonitor, monitor, monitor – and then disseminate what works! Get t information about what works out to as many people as possible – so your lessons can be used by others.