Excess property introduction
▪ Excess volume
▪ Excess gibbs free energy
▪ Entropy of mixing
▪ what is use of Residual property and Excess property
in thermodynamics
▪ Case study
▪ Thermo-calc demo
▪ conclusion
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
Excess property introduction
▪ Excess volume
▪ Excess gibbs free energy
▪ Entropy of mixing
▪ what is use of Residual property and Excess property
in thermodynamics
▪ Case study
▪ Thermo-calc demo
▪ conclusion
In the plant, ammonia is produced from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen in the ratio of approximately 3:1. Besides these components, the synthesis gas contains inert gases such as argon and methane to a limited extent. The source of H2 is demineralized water and the hydrocarbons in the natural gas. The source of N2 is the atmospheric air. The source of CO2 is the hydrocarbons in the natural gas feed. Product ammonia and CO2 is sent to urea plant. The present article intended the description of ammonia plant for natural gas based plants and the possible material balance of some section.
Boiler feed and pump sizing c-b and grundfos july 2016(1)lorenzo Monasca
Presentacion realizada por la empresa Cleaver Brooks y Grundfos
Pasos a seguir de como seleccionar una bomba de agua de alimentacion a una caldera de media presion.
Our focus for this lunch and learn is an introduction to common mistakes identified in fire sizing equations for PSVs in the upstream and midstream industries. We’ll briefly touch on the assumptions in the API 521 equations for a pool fire, when not to use these equations, and the most common mistakes for vessels inside of buildings, or in areas without good drainage. We will then focus on methods where API 521 recommends for “time-dependent analysis” of fire sizing a PSV, including but not limited to:
Changes in liquid level & wetted area
Examples of how latent heat values change during a fire
Which latent heats to use from a simulator (non-obvious)
How the PSV size required significant changes during the course of a fire on a vessel
One or two software tools that are common to use in industry for fire sizing a PSV
Interpretation and Correlation of Viscometric Data
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BEHAVIOR
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids
4.3 Caution
5 VISCOMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR
TIME-INDEPENDENT FLUIDS
5.1 Concentric Cylinder Viscometers
5.2 Cone and Plate Viscometers
5.3 Parallel Plate Viscometer
5.4 Tube or Capillary Viscometer
5.5 Checks for Consistency of Data and Interpretation
5.6 Estimate of Process Shear Rate
6 MODEL FITTING TO FLOW CURVES
6.1 Power Law
6.2 Bingham Plastic
6.3 Direct use of Numerical Data
6.4 Rheological Models Involving Temperature Dependence
7 CHARACTERIZATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT LIQUIDS
7.1 Sample Loading
7.2 Tests at Constant Shear Rate
7.3 Dynamic Response Measurement
7.4 Changes in Shear Rate
7.4 Concluding Remarks
8 TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF
VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS
8.1 Stress Relaxation
8.2 Oscillatory Shear Measurements
8.3 Normal Force Measurement
8.4 Elongational Viscosity Measurement
9 NOMENCLATURE
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A EQUATIONS FOR VISCOMETERS
A.1 EQUATIONS FOR CONCENTRIC CYLINDER
VISCOMETERS
A.2 EQUATIONS FOR CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETERS
A.3 EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL PLATE VISCOMETER
A.4 EQUATIONS FOR TUBE OR CAPILLARY VISCOMETER
The HYSYS program was used to make simulations of gas and steam stations, the method of entering data into the program, with the possibility of calculating the generated energy, the efficiency of the thermal cycle, and the method of extracting the results and calculations
basics of ponchon savrit method to calculate no. of trays in distillation column and this could be more feasible for those who are willing to study separation processes related to their chemical engineering fields. moreover, if you find difficulty in taking lectures on YouTube, you can just click on this link and just download the slides for its study. as every student in this world in willing to study the basics of chemical engineering, this could be more beneficial for those students. also if your teacher wants any presentation slides on this specific topic, you can just download these slides from the website and can present in a better way to proceed you knowledge and journey of your education.
Trouble shooting vibration in a pulverised coal fired boilerparthi2006
This article is about a case study in a 350 MW PF boiler. Flow induced vibration is reported at many plants. Some plant engineers ignore the fact that there are other causes that actually amplify the vibration levels. This article is about the cause that triggered flow induced vibration.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Experiment 9: Molecular Weight Determination using Freezing Point DepressionJanine Samelo
Just retrieved my files way back in my undergraduate days. Might as well share it.the purpose of this experiment is to determine the apparent molecular weight of the solute from the lowering of freezing point and to determine the extent of dimerization and dissociation of acetic acid in benzene
Boiler feed and pump sizing c-b and grundfos july 2016(1)lorenzo Monasca
Presentacion realizada por la empresa Cleaver Brooks y Grundfos
Pasos a seguir de como seleccionar una bomba de agua de alimentacion a una caldera de media presion.
Our focus for this lunch and learn is an introduction to common mistakes identified in fire sizing equations for PSVs in the upstream and midstream industries. We’ll briefly touch on the assumptions in the API 521 equations for a pool fire, when not to use these equations, and the most common mistakes for vessels inside of buildings, or in areas without good drainage. We will then focus on methods where API 521 recommends for “time-dependent analysis” of fire sizing a PSV, including but not limited to:
Changes in liquid level & wetted area
Examples of how latent heat values change during a fire
Which latent heats to use from a simulator (non-obvious)
How the PSV size required significant changes during the course of a fire on a vessel
One or two software tools that are common to use in industry for fire sizing a PSV
Interpretation and Correlation of Viscometric Data
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BEHAVIOR
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids
4.3 Caution
5 VISCOMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR
TIME-INDEPENDENT FLUIDS
5.1 Concentric Cylinder Viscometers
5.2 Cone and Plate Viscometers
5.3 Parallel Plate Viscometer
5.4 Tube or Capillary Viscometer
5.5 Checks for Consistency of Data and Interpretation
5.6 Estimate of Process Shear Rate
6 MODEL FITTING TO FLOW CURVES
6.1 Power Law
6.2 Bingham Plastic
6.3 Direct use of Numerical Data
6.4 Rheological Models Involving Temperature Dependence
7 CHARACTERIZATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT LIQUIDS
7.1 Sample Loading
7.2 Tests at Constant Shear Rate
7.3 Dynamic Response Measurement
7.4 Changes in Shear Rate
7.4 Concluding Remarks
8 TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF
VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS
8.1 Stress Relaxation
8.2 Oscillatory Shear Measurements
8.3 Normal Force Measurement
8.4 Elongational Viscosity Measurement
9 NOMENCLATURE
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A EQUATIONS FOR VISCOMETERS
A.1 EQUATIONS FOR CONCENTRIC CYLINDER
VISCOMETERS
A.2 EQUATIONS FOR CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETERS
A.3 EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL PLATE VISCOMETER
A.4 EQUATIONS FOR TUBE OR CAPILLARY VISCOMETER
The HYSYS program was used to make simulations of gas and steam stations, the method of entering data into the program, with the possibility of calculating the generated energy, the efficiency of the thermal cycle, and the method of extracting the results and calculations
basics of ponchon savrit method to calculate no. of trays in distillation column and this could be more feasible for those who are willing to study separation processes related to their chemical engineering fields. moreover, if you find difficulty in taking lectures on YouTube, you can just click on this link and just download the slides for its study. as every student in this world in willing to study the basics of chemical engineering, this could be more beneficial for those students. also if your teacher wants any presentation slides on this specific topic, you can just download these slides from the website and can present in a better way to proceed you knowledge and journey of your education.
Trouble shooting vibration in a pulverised coal fired boilerparthi2006
This article is about a case study in a 350 MW PF boiler. Flow induced vibration is reported at many plants. Some plant engineers ignore the fact that there are other causes that actually amplify the vibration levels. This article is about the cause that triggered flow induced vibration.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Experiment 9: Molecular Weight Determination using Freezing Point DepressionJanine Samelo
Just retrieved my files way back in my undergraduate days. Might as well share it.the purpose of this experiment is to determine the apparent molecular weight of the solute from the lowering of freezing point and to determine the extent of dimerization and dissociation of acetic acid in benzene
Scanned with CamScanner1 STANDARIZATION OF A B.docxtodd331
Scanned with CamScanner
1
STANDARIZATION OF A BASE
AND TITRATION OF A VINEGAR SOLUTION
ADDITIONAL READING
The concepts in this experiment are also discussed in sections 3.6 AND 17.3 of Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity by
Kotz, Treichel, Townsend and Treichel, and in sections 4.3b, 17.3a, and 17.3b of Mindtap General Chemistry by Vining,
Young, Day, and Botch
ABSTRACT
This experiment is divided into two parts. Each student is expected to perform the experiment individually.
In Part A, you will prepare a NaOH titrant solution, then standardize it (determine its exact concentration) using the acid
primary standard, potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, frequently abbreviated as KHP. Note KHP is not a chemical
formula.
In Part B you will use your standardized NaOH solution to determine the molar concentration of vinegar (an acetic acid,
CH3COOH, solution), and convert this concentration unit to a mass percent concentration unit, and finally compare your
measured mass percent concentration to the value reported on the bottle.
BACKGROUND
TITRATIONS
One of the most useful strategies in analytical chemistry is to use a known reagent (known composition or concentration)
as a standard to analyze an unknown substance. A titration is an analytical procedure in which a solution of known
concentration, the standard solution, is slowly reacted with a solution of unknown concentration. The concentration of
the unknown solution can be easily calculated. Titration is often used to measure the concentration of an acid or base,
but it can also be used for any chemical reaction if the stoichiometry is known.
EXPERIMENTS 6 AND 7 ARE BOTH ACID BASE TITRATION EXPERIMENTS, QUITE SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER.
THE REASONS FOR DOING TWO TITRATION EXPERIMENTS
A. TO GIVE STUDENTS PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITY BOTH TO PERFECT THEIR TITRATION TECHNIQUE AND
TO LEARN TO DO THE CALCULATIONS;
B. TITRATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TECHNIQUE LEARNED IN CHEM 1033 LAB.
YOU WILL DO A PRACTICAL LAB EXAM AT THE END OF THE SEMESTER; IT WILL BE A VERY SIMILAR
TITRATION.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO REALIZE THAT TITRATION IS AN ACQUIRED SKILL, REQUIRING PRACTICE. MOST
STUDENTS ARE NOT PROFICIENT AT FIRST, BUT IF YOU WANT TO BECOME EXPERT AT IT, YOU WILL GET
THERE WITH PRACTICE.
It is critical that there be an observable change that signals that the titration is complete. This is called the endpoint,
since it signals the end of the titration, when the equivalents of titrant added just equal the equivalents of the analyte
unknown. When performing an acid-base titration, we commonly use an acid-base indicator that has one color before the
endpoint but changes sharply to a different color at the pH of the endpoint.
Titrations are carried out using a specialized piece of glassware called a buret, which is long tube with a dispensing valve.
The buret scale has graduated marks in units of 0.01 mL or 0.02 mL. You can apply the techniques used for readi.
Selection of amine solvents for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant - presentation by Jiafei Zhang in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
For the determination of Ca+ Mg both together, the versenate titration method is most popularly used in which EDTA (Ethelyne diamine tetra acetic acid) disodium salt solution is used to chelate them.
The two cations can also be precisely estimated in water sample using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) but for all practical purposes versenate titration method is good enough.
Calcium alone can also be estimated by versenate method using ammonium purpurate (murexide) indicator and thus Mg can be obtained by deduction of Ca from Ca+Mg content.
Calcium estimation can be done on flame photometer also but the precision is not very high. The formation of Ca and Mg complexes is at pH 10 is achieved by using ammonium hydroxide-ammonium chloride buffer.
Microbial catalysis of syngas fermentation into biofuels precursors - An expe...Pratap Jung Rai
Search for environment-friendly sustainable energy sources is of global interest due to continuous depletion of fossil fuels resources and excessive carbon dioxide emissions. Syngas fermentation is one of the promising sustainable alternative for liquid biofuel and chemical production from energy content wastes/byproducts. This study mainly focuses on acetic acid and ethanol production via fermentation, using hydrogen and carbon dioxide as substrates to mimic syngas. A laboratory scale, batch fermentation was performed at different headspace pressure ranged from 0.29 to 1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC.
Formation of acetic acid and ethanol were found significant. The maximum acetic acid concentration 68 mmol/L was obtained at 1176 hours and 1.12 bar headspace pressure. However, maximum ethanol concentration of 15 pA*s was found at 1297 hours and 1.51 bar headspace pressure. Ethanol consumption was observed during first 553 hours. Maximum H2 consumption rate was 0.153 mmol/h•gVS during 478-527 hours at 1.12 bar headspace pressure, which was 51 times higher than that obtained during first 71 hours at 0.29 bar headspace pressure (0.003 mmol/h• gVS). The total consumed hydrogen gas measure as COD (CODHydrogen) was equivalent to the increase in bulk liquid COD, 11.02 gCOD and 11.44 gCOD; in which 68% of CODHydrogen was converted to acetic acid (7.44 gCOD). A significant influence of headspace pressure and dissolved hydrogen concentration were observed on the volumetric mass (H2) transfer coefficient (kLa) and the solubility of hydrogen in the inoculum (CH). The maximum kLa and CH of 0.082 h-1 (R2 = 0.995) and 1.2 10-3 mol/L were found at 1.12 bar headspace pressure and 89 mmol/L dissolved hydrogen concentration, respectively. The calculated biomass yields ranged from 0.001-0.066 and 0.001-0.059 gVSS/gCOD, for acetic acid and ethanol formation, respectively, when the assumption of free energy efficiency use in growth was changed from 0.1 to 1.
Acetic acid and ethanol were dominant final product whereas other organic acids were almost constant and insignificant throughout the experiment. This implies that the microbial fermentation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide at headspace pressure ranged from 0.29-1.51 bar, 1200 rpm stirrer speed, and 22±1.4ºC, can be performed with digested food waste sludge for efficient acetic acid and ethanol production.
Determination of the molecular weight of high polyvinyl alcohol (pva) by visc...PRAVIN SINGARE
This presentation is based on demonstration on the Determination of the molecular weight of high polyvinyl alcohol (pva) by viscosity method. The presentation is made for Undergraduate Chemistry Students of Mumbai University
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. • Partition coefficient
• Sample volume in HS vial
• Temperature of HS oven
• Modification of Sample matrix
INDEX
3. The partition coefficient is defined
as the equilibrium distribution of an
analyte between the sample and
gas phase.
Where:
K is the partition coefficient
CS is the concentration of that
compound in the sample (liquid)
phase
CG is the concentration of that
compound in the gas (headspace)
phase
PARTITION COEFFICIENT
4. The phase ratio (β) is defined as the
volume of the headspace over the
volume of the sample in the vial.
Where:
β is the phase ratio
VS is the volume of the sample (liquid) phase
VG is the volume of the gas (headspace) phase
PHASE RATIO
5. Where:
C0 is the concentration of compound
in the original sample before analysis
Relation between Partition
coefficient and Phase ratio
6. Partition coefficients of various
compounds between water and
air phases at 60 °C
Compound K
Dioxane 642
Ethanol 511
Isopropyl alcohol 286
n-Butanol 238
Methyl ethyl ketone 68.8
Ethyl acetate 29.3
n-Butyl acetate 13.6
Benzene 2.27
Toluene 1.77
o-Xylene 1.31
Dichloromethane 3.31
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.47
Tetrachloroethylene 1.27
n-Hexane 0.043
Cyclohexane 0.04
7. Example-1:
Analyte Ethanol Ethanol
Co 5000 5000
K 511 511
VG 19.5 15
VS 0.5 5
Condition Diluent is water at 60°C in
20 ml vial
SAMPLE VOLUME IN HS VIAL
8. Conclusion: If value of K is high,
adjusting β value (sample volume) will
have a minor effect in the HS phase.
(for 0.5 ml sample
volume)
(for 5 ml sample
volume)
CG =
5000 5000
511+(19.5/0.5) 511+(15/5)
CG =
5000 5000
511+39 511+3
CG =
5000 5000
550 514
CG = 9.09 9.72
10. Conclusion: If value of K is low,
adjusting β value (sample volume) will
have a major effect in the HS phase.
(for 0.5 ml sample
volume)
(for 5 ml sample
volume)
CG =
290 290
0.043+(19.5/0.5) 0.043+(15/5)
CG =
290 290
0.043+39 0.043+3
CG =
290 290
39.043 3.043
CG = 7.42 95.3
11. Figure-1 . Headspace concentration versus
sample volume for Ethanol in water at 60
°C (K=511) in a 22 mL vial.
12. Figure-2 . Headspace concentration versus
sample volume for toluene in water at 60 °C
(K=1.77) in a 22 mL vial.
13. Figure 3. Headspace concentration versus
sample volume for n-hexane in water at 60
°C (K=0.043) in a 22 mL vial.
14. The partition coefficient of a
compound in the sample is related
to the inverse its vapor pressure.
Vapor pressure increases with
temperature and so the value of K
will decrease and more of the
compound will pass into the
headspace phase.
(Hot liquids will quickly release
dissolved volatile compounds).
TEMPERATURE Of HS OVEN
15. Partition coefficients of various
compounds between water and air phases
over a range of temperatures.
Compound 40 °C 60 °C 70 °C 80 °C
Dioxane 1618 642 412 288
Ethanol 1355 511 328 216
Isopropyl alcohol 825 286 179 117
n-Butanol 647 238 149 99
Methyl ethyl ketone 139.5 68.8 47.7 35
Ethyl acetate 62.4 29.3 21.8 17.5
n-Butyl acetate 31.4 13.6 9.82 7.58
Benzene 2.9 2.27 1.71 1.66
Toluene 2.82 1.77 1.49 1.27
o-Xylene 2.44 1.31 1.01 0.99
Dichloromethane 5.65 3.31 2.6 2.07
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1.65 1.47 1.26 1.18
Tetrachloroethylene 1.48 1.27 0.78 0.87
n-Hexane 0.14 0.043 0.012
Cyclohexane 0.077 0.040 0.03 0.023
16. Example-1:
Analyte Ethanol Ethanol
Co 5000 5000
K 328 328
VG 19.5 15
VS 0.5 5
Condition Diluent is water at 70°C
in 20 ml vial
TEMPERATURE Of HS OVEN
20. The HS concentration is highly affected by
a change in temperature for a compound
with high value of K.
When value of K is low, there is only minor
changes in the HS concentration.
Details Ethanol n-Hexane
0.5 ml at 60°C 9.09 7.42
0.5 ml at 70°C 13.6 7.43
5 ml at 60°C 9.72 95.3
5 ml at 70°C 15.1 96.28
EFFECT OF VOLUME &
TEMPERATURE
24. Q-1: Usage of salt?
Q-2: Usage of water?
Q-3: As a result, recovery higher or
lower side?
MODIFICATION OF
SAMPLE MATRIX
25. The addition of salts or solvents
(modifiers) to the sample matrix are
chosen to increase the activity
coefficients and so decrease the
partition coefficients and cause more of
the compound to pass into the
headspace phase.
MODIFICATION OF
SAMPLE MATRIX
26. Table . Potential increase in the concentration
of Ethanol in the headspace phase after adding
salt modifiers to water samples.
EFFECT OF MODIFYING THE
SAMPLE MATRIX
Salt
Increase in
Concentration
Ammonium sulfate x5
Sodium chloride x3
Potassium carbonate x8
Ammonium chloride x2
Sodium citrate x5
27. The presence of water has a major impact
on the inter-molecular activity within the
same causing a very large increase in the
activity coefficients causing these apparent
increases in headspace concentration.
Table: effect of adding water to solutions of
various analytes in (DMF).
% Water Butyl
in DMF Acrylonitrile n-Butanol Acrylate Styrene
0 12 2 3 4
10 18 3 7 9
20 25 5 15 21
30 45 9 51 81
40 58 14 83 144
50 71 18 122 227
60 87 23 179 344
70 105 30 243 458
80 118 37 280 556
90 119 45 307 504
100 139 51 334 600
28. • Reduce solubility of the analyte in the matrix.
• In case of aqueous solutions of polar compounds, add
electrolyte to the sample.
• Polar compounds with an active hydrogen (DCM & HX)
are more effected than the non polar compounds
(CCL4)
• The sensitivity is not only influenced by salting out
effect alone; there is an additional volume effect
involved which is widely ignored.
• Strong salt concentrations increase the viscosity of
water samples and therefor prolong the necessary
thermostating time.
Salting Effect
29. • High value of K will favor the liquid phase.
• Low value of K will favor the headspace phase.
• if K is less than 1 then the analyte favors the
headspace while if K greater than 1, the analyte favors
the liquid phase.
• The values of K for the analytes < unwanted
components in the sample matrix.
• The value of K will be dependent on both the
compound and the sample matrix and it will also be
strongly affected by temperature.
• the analytical results should be precise and predictable
if sample vial are at equilibrium and equilibrium state is
attained.
Note