The document provides an overview of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML was created by the Object Management Group as a standard modeling language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting software systems. It introduces key concepts of UML including its goals, building blocks, basic notations, and types of modeling. UML uses standard visual notations like diagrams, classes, use cases to model both structural and behavioral aspects of a system.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
The document discusses the building blocks of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key elements as things (abstractions), relationships (ties between things), and diagrams (groups of related things). The main things are structural (classes, interfaces, etc.), behavioral (interactions, state machines), grouping (packages), and annotational (notes). Relationships include dependencies, associations, generalizations, and realizations. Common diagrams are class, object, use case, sequence, collaboration, statechart, activity, and component diagrams.
The document discusses sequence diagrams, which show the interaction between objects and classes through a sequence of messages. Sequence diagrams are useful during the design phase to help understand system design and object interactions. They can also be used to document how existing systems work by showing the sequence of messages exchanged between objects.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented software development. It describes the software development life cycle and various modeling techniques used in UML, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains key UML concepts such as classes, objects, attributes, operations, actors, and relationships. The benefits of visual modeling and UML are also summarized.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which is a general-purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to represent the design of software projects including concepts like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and more. It provides a standard way to visualize a system from different perspectives including structural and behavioral views.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
The document discusses the building blocks of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It describes the key elements as things (abstractions), relationships (ties between things), and diagrams (groups of related things). The main things are structural (classes, interfaces, etc.), behavioral (interactions, state machines), grouping (packages), and annotational (notes). Relationships include dependencies, associations, generalizations, and realizations. Common diagrams are class, object, use case, sequence, collaboration, statechart, activity, and component diagrams.
The document discusses sequence diagrams, which show the interaction between objects and classes through a sequence of messages. Sequence diagrams are useful during the design phase to help understand system design and object interactions. They can also be used to document how existing systems work by showing the sequence of messages exchanged between objects.
This document provides an overview of UML class diagrams, including their purpose and essential elements. A UML class diagram visually describes the structure of a system by showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. Key elements include classes, associations, generalization, dependencies, and notes. The document also provides examples and tips for creating UML class diagrams.
The document discusses UML (Unified Modeling Language) and object-oriented software development. It describes the software development life cycle and various modeling techniques used in UML, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and collaboration diagrams. It explains key UML concepts such as classes, objects, attributes, operations, actors, and relationships. The benefits of visual modeling and UML are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and their components. It discusses actors, use cases, associations, generalizations, includes and extends relationships. It provides examples of use case diagrams and explains when to use certain relationships. The key points are that use case diagrams model a system's functionality from the user's perspective, show actors and their goals, and use relationships to structure common or optional behaviors between use cases.
The document describes activity diagrams and their components. It provides examples of activity diagrams for an order management system, online shopping process, a ticket vending machine, resolving software issues, and single sign-on for Google apps. Activity diagrams can show sequential, parallel, and conditional flows between activities of a system through various components like activities, decisions, forks, joins, and swimlanes.
The document discusses four common mechanisms in the Unified Modeling Language (UML): (i) specifications which provide textual definitions for graphical notations, (ii) adornments like notes that attach constraints to elements, (iii) common divisions between classes and objects, and (iv) extensibility mechanisms that allow customizing UML through stereotypes, tagged values, and constraints.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
The document discusses requirements capture using UML use case diagrams. It describes how use case diagrams can be used to capture functional requirements by modeling actors, use cases, and relationships. Key aspects covered include identifying use cases and actors, documenting use case descriptions, modeling relationships between use cases and actors, and tips for effective use case modeling.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
Introduction: The Structure of Complex systems, The Inherent Complexity of Software, Attributes of Complex System, Organized and Disorganized Complexity, Bringing Order to Chaos, Designing Complex Systems
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable rating or assessing any organization's software processes without their consent or more detailed information.
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance concepts. It defines key terms like software, software testing, quality assurance, and validation and verification. It describes the objectives and types of testing like static and dynamic analysis. It also discusses quality factors, metrics, statistical quality control methods like control charts, and total quality management approaches.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
What is Coupling and Cohesion.
Types of Cohesion
Types of Coupling
Logical , Temporal , Procedural , Sequential Cohesion
Content , Common , Control, Data Message , No Coupling
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, which are used for object-oriented modeling. UML has 14 types of diagrams divided into structure diagrams, behavior diagrams, and interaction diagrams. Structure diagrams represent structural elements like classes and components. Behavior diagrams represent behaviors like workflows and state transitions. Interaction diagrams emphasize message flows and include sequence diagrams and communication diagrams.
This document discusses class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams model the static design of a system by describing classes and their attributes/methods. Object diagrams show instances of classes at a specific time by depicting objects and their relationships. Key differences are that class diagrams define types while object diagrams show state, and class diagrams are blueprints while object diagrams capture snapshots.
Aspect Oriented Architecture (AOA) is an effective agile development method that involves breaking down functional components into parts of the software architecture. AOA tools like AspectJ, join points, advice, and pointcuts are used to address cross-cutting concerns. AOA was applied to the Capella online learning system case study to increase workflow processes and provide a positive customer experience. While AOA allows for effective review of programming mechanisms and better understanding of cross-cutting concerns, potential disadvantages include modifications due to inconsistent tools, performance issues with some applications, and limited reuse of aspects.
This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts like substates, concurrent state diagrams, and ways for orthogonal components to communicate in concurrent state models.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems.
UML was created by Object Management Group and UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997. This tutorial gives an initial push to start you with UML.
UML is a standard language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It was created by the Object Management Group in 1997. UML uses diagrams and notations to model different aspects of a software system, including its structure, behavior, and architecture. It helps with object-oriented analysis and design by allowing developers to model systems in a visual way before and during implementation. The document provides an overview of UML, its goals, basic concepts, modeling types, building blocks like classes and relationships, and common notations.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and their components. It discusses actors, use cases, associations, generalizations, includes and extends relationships. It provides examples of use case diagrams and explains when to use certain relationships. The key points are that use case diagrams model a system's functionality from the user's perspective, show actors and their goals, and use relationships to structure common or optional behaviors between use cases.
The document describes activity diagrams and their components. It provides examples of activity diagrams for an order management system, online shopping process, a ticket vending machine, resolving software issues, and single sign-on for Google apps. Activity diagrams can show sequential, parallel, and conditional flows between activities of a system through various components like activities, decisions, forks, joins, and swimlanes.
The document discusses four common mechanisms in the Unified Modeling Language (UML): (i) specifications which provide textual definitions for graphical notations, (ii) adornments like notes that attach constraints to elements, (iii) common divisions between classes and objects, and (iv) extensibility mechanisms that allow customizing UML through stereotypes, tagged values, and constraints.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
The document discusses requirements capture using UML use case diagrams. It describes how use case diagrams can be used to capture functional requirements by modeling actors, use cases, and relationships. Key aspects covered include identifying use cases and actors, documenting use case descriptions, modeling relationships between use cases and actors, and tips for effective use case modeling.
State diagrams describe the behavior of objects by modeling their states and transitions between states based on events. Key elements of state diagrams include states, transitions, events, and actions. States represent conditions of an object, transitions are triggered by events, and actions occur on state entry/exit or during transitions. Together these elements specify the dynamic behavior of objects in response to events.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
State chart diagrams define the different states an object can be in during its lifetime, and how it transitions between states in response to events. They are useful for modeling reactive systems by describing the flow of control from one state to another. The key elements are initial and final states, states represented by rectangles, and transitions between states indicated by arrows. State chart diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior and lifetime of objects in a system and identify the events that trigger state changes.
Introduction: The Structure of Complex systems, The Inherent Complexity of Software, Attributes of Complex System, Organized and Disorganized Complexity, Bringing Order to Chaos, Designing Complex Systems
I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not feel comfortable rating or assessing any organization's software processes without their consent or more detailed information.
The document provides an overview of software testing and quality assurance concepts. It defines key terms like software, software testing, quality assurance, and validation and verification. It describes the objectives and types of testing like static and dynamic analysis. It also discusses quality factors, metrics, statistical quality control methods like control charts, and total quality management approaches.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
What is Coupling and Cohesion.
Types of Cohesion
Types of Coupling
Logical , Temporal , Procedural , Sequential Cohesion
Content , Common , Control, Data Message , No Coupling
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 10 – Sequence Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, which are used for object-oriented modeling. UML has 14 types of diagrams divided into structure diagrams, behavior diagrams, and interaction diagrams. Structure diagrams represent structural elements like classes and components. Behavior diagrams represent behaviors like workflows and state transitions. Interaction diagrams emphasize message flows and include sequence diagrams and communication diagrams.
This document discusses class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams model the static design of a system by describing classes and their attributes/methods. Object diagrams show instances of classes at a specific time by depicting objects and their relationships. Key differences are that class diagrams define types while object diagrams show state, and class diagrams are blueprints while object diagrams capture snapshots.
Aspect Oriented Architecture (AOA) is an effective agile development method that involves breaking down functional components into parts of the software architecture. AOA tools like AspectJ, join points, advice, and pointcuts are used to address cross-cutting concerns. AOA was applied to the Capella online learning system case study to increase workflow processes and provide a positive customer experience. While AOA allows for effective review of programming mechanisms and better understanding of cross-cutting concerns, potential disadvantages include modifications due to inconsistent tools, performance issues with some applications, and limited reuse of aspects.
This chapter introduces state diagrams and their components. It discusses how state diagrams describe the states of an object and transitions between states triggered by events. It covers initial and final states, actions, activities, and different types of events. The chapter also discusses transitions between states and the use of guard conditions. Finally, it introduces concepts like substates, concurrent state diagrams, and ways for orthogonal components to communicate in concurrent state models.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems.
UML was created by Object Management Group and UML 1.0 specification draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997. This tutorial gives an initial push to start you with UML.
UML is a standard language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It was created by the Object Management Group in 1997. UML uses diagrams and notations to model different aspects of a software system, including its structure, behavior, and architecture. It helps with object-oriented analysis and design by allowing developers to model systems in a visual way before and during implementation. The document provides an overview of UML, its goals, basic concepts, modeling types, building blocks like classes and relationships, and common notations.
UML is a standard language for visualizing, specifying, and documenting software systems. It was created by the Object Management Group in 1997. UML can be used to model both software and non-software systems through diagrams and allows for generating code from models. The goal of UML is to provide a general-purpose modeling language that is easy to understand and use to model systems for various users.
UML is a standard language for visualizing, specifying, and documenting software systems. It was created by the Object Management Group in 1997. UML can be used to model both software and non-software systems through diagrams and allows for generating code from models. The document then discusses UML's relationship to object-oriented concepts, analysis and design processes, and its building blocks including things like classes, interfaces, use cases, and interactions.
This document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and its role in object-oriented analysis and design. UML was created as a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses diagrams that can be understood by both technical and non-technical users. UML accompanies object-oriented development processes and is used to model different aspects of a system using diagrams that represent objects. The document outlines the three phases of object-oriented development - analysis, design, and implementation - and explains how UML diagrams relate to and transform the outputs of analysis and design. It concludes by listing the nine standard UML diagram types that will be covered in future lab sessions.
Introduction to Unified Modeling LanguageAMITJain879
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses that UML is a modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document software artifacts. UML provides notations like rectangles, lines and ellipses to create visual models of systems. It also standardizes existing object-oriented modeling notations. The conceptual model of UML has three main elements - things, relationships, and diagrams. Things can be structural, behavioral, grouping or annotational. Relationships show how elements are associated. Diagrams provide different perspectives of software systems.
This document provides an overview of a mentoring session on Unified Modeling Language (UML) and software projects. It discusses object-oriented concepts, the purpose and history of UML, the main UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and their uses. Examples are provided of how to implement UML diagrams to model real-world systems and software applications.
The document discusses the Unified Approach (UA) methodology for software development proposed by Ali Bahrami. The UA aims to combine the best practices of other methodologies like Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson while using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). The core of the UA is use case-driven development. It establishes a unified framework around these methodologies using UML for modeling and documenting the software development process. The UA allows for iterative development by allowing moving between analysis, design, and modeling phases.
This summary provides an overview of the key concepts discussed in the document:
1. The document discusses various object-oriented analysis and design concepts including use case modeling, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), activity diagrams, associations, aggregation, and composition.
2. It provides descriptions and examples of these concepts, such as defining use cases, actors, and use case diagrams. Activity diagrams are described as showing workflows and processes.
3. The document also discusses UML notation for modeling associations, including binary and ternary associations, and modeling cardinality ratios between associated classes.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, and documenting software systems. It uses various diagrams to model different views of a system, such as structural diagrams (e.g. class diagrams), behavioral diagrams (e.g. sequence diagrams), and deployment diagrams. The key building blocks of UML include things (classes, interfaces, use cases), relationships (associations, generalizations), and diagrams. UML aims to provide a clear blueprint of software systems for both technical and non-technical audiences.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language that is used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. UML uses graphical notation to express the design of software projects. It is not a programming language itself but can be used to generate code for various languages. UML consists of different types of diagrams that can be used at different stages of the software development lifecycle. The document then discusses some key UML concepts like classes, objects, relationships, interactions, and state machines. It also explains different types of UML diagrams like class diagrams, object diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams.
UML is a standard language for modeling object-oriented software systems. This document discusses UML modeling and the tools used to create UML diagrams. It describes the key features needed in a UML tool, including supporting all nine UML diagram types, forward and reverse engineering of code from diagrams, and version control/documentation of models. UML tools automate diagram creation and maintenance, and help synchronize design models with code changes during development.
The document discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML). UML is a general-purpose modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct, and document software systems. It captures decisions and understanding about systems that must be constructed. The goals of UML included developing a modeling language that could be used across different domains and development methods. UML has three main building blocks - things, relationships, and diagrams. Things represent elements in a model like classes, components, and use cases. Relationships connect things and show dependencies, generalizations, and associations. Diagrams provide different views of UML models, including structural diagrams and behavioral diagrams.
The document provides an overview of the core concepts and processes involved in systems analysis and design using a running example project from beginning to end. It introduces the systems development life cycle (SDLC) as consisting of six core processes: (1) identifying needs and obtaining approval, (2) planning and monitoring the project, (3) defining requirements, (4) designing solutions, (5) building and testing solutions, and (6) launching solutions. The chapter then discusses these six core processes that are common to all types of SDLC approaches.
This document provides an introduction to Unified Modeling Language (UML). It defines UML as a general purpose modeling language used to visualize, specify, construct and document artifacts of a software system. The key building blocks of UML include things like classes, interfaces, use cases and relationships between these things. It also describes the different types of UML diagrams like class, sequence, activity diagrams and how they can be used. Finally, it stresses the importance of identifying the problem domain when developing models.
The document discusses object-oriented databases (OODBs). It states that choosing the right OODB architecture is crucial for performance and scalability, more so than with relational databases. With OODBs, the application architecture has a greater impact on performance compared to relational databases, as OODBs provide more direct access to persistent data. Consequently, the application architecture affects performance and scalability more than the choice of OODB.
Person
+Specialization:String
Employee:Person
+Dept:String
+Salary:float
Manager:Employee
+NoOfReports:int
Generalization
Inheritance
Specialization
Con...
Inheritance:
Is a mechanism in which one class acquires the properties and
behaviors of another class.
The inheriting class is called a subclass or derived class and the
class whose properties and behaviors are inherited is called a
superclass or base class.
Specialization:
Is a generalization relationship between a generalized entity and a
more specific entity.
Generalization
PhD Core Paper Unit 5 _Part 1 Software Design and UML Use Case Modeling.pdfJAYANTHIKANNAN8
This document provides an overview of the course "Software Design and UML Use Case Modeling" which is part of the Ph.D program in Computer Science and Engineering. The course covers topics like UML modeling concepts, types of UML diagrams with examples, user-centered design, use case modeling, basics of user interface design, and software design patterns. It includes the syllabus, learning objectives, and examples for each topic.
The document provides an introduction to the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It discusses the key principles of modeling and an overview of UML. The UML is a standard language for writing software blueprints and can be used to visualize, specify, construct, and document software systems. The UML has building blocks like classes, objects, use cases and relationships. It consists of diagrams like class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state machine diagrams. The UML addresses multiple views of a system including use case, design, interaction and implementation views.
UML is a general-purpose modeling language that provides a standard way to visualize the design of a system. It uses diagrams to depict the structure and behavior of a system, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, use case diagrams, and others. UML has evolved over time with new versions and standards, starting in 1997, to improve its modeling capabilities and make diagrams more effective.
Mseduebookexcitinglearningweb Final 120914022330 Phpapp02AkramWaseem
This chapter discusses why technology should be used in schools. It notes that technology has revolutionized many areas of life but that education has yet to see a truly transformative impact. The chapter aims to enhance understanding of the benefits of technology across the curriculum and provide practical information on how it can increase student motivation and learning.
This document provides a tutorial on using the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) for communication between components using XML messaging. It uses an example of an HTML calendar widget that can receive event updates and display event listings for a given month. The tutorial demonstrates making a SOAP request to add an event listing and get the event listings for a month using the IDL-defined interface for the calendar component.
This document provides an introduction to converting HTML documents to XHTML, including the basic syntax changes needed like making all tags lowercase and closing all tags. It provides examples of correct XHTML markup for different tags. It also explains the new DOCTYPE declaration and shows a sample well-formed XHTML document with the discussed syntax. Resources for learning more about XHTML are listed at the end.
This document provides an introduction to converting HTML documents to XHTML, including the basic syntax changes needed like making all tags lowercase and closing all tags. It provides examples of correct XHTML markup for different tags. It also explains the new DOCTYPE declaration and shows a sample well-formed XHTML document incorporating all the discussed changes. Resources for learning more about XHTML are listed at the end.
The document provides a reference guide for HTML5 tags including the tag name, which HTML versions the tag is valid for, and common attributes for each tag. It lists over 100 tags across 4 pages, providing brief descriptions and allowed attributes for each. Key tags covered include common text tags like <p>, <strong>, and <em>, media tags like <audio> and <video>, form tags like <button> and <input>, semantic sectioning tags like <header> and <footer>, and lists tags like <ul> and <ol>.
The document discusses advanced features of the AjaxTags Library including autocomplete textboxes that populate associated values in other textboxes. It provides an example of an autocomplete textbox that populates a secondary textbox with a linked Spanish word when an English animal is selected. The server-side code returns an XML list with names and values to map selections to the secondary field. Training courses are also advertised on Ajax, Java EE and other technologies.
This document is a complete list of ASCII codes from 0 to 255. It includes the ASCII code number, symbol, and description for each code. Common symbols include letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and some international characters with diacritics. Control codes at the beginning are also included, such as NULL, SOH, STX, ETX.
Www Kitebird Com Articles Pydbapi Html Toc 1AkramWaseem
The document discusses using Python and the DB-API module to write scripts that interact with MySQL databases. It provides an example of a short script that connects to a MySQL database, issues a query to get the server version, and prints the result. It then discusses a more extensive script that handles errors, issues different statement types like INSERT and SELECT, and retrieves result rows using fetchone() and fetchall() methods. The document provides information on installing prerequisites like Python and MySQLdb, and executing the example scripts.
The document discusses using Python's DB-API interface to write scripts that interact with MySQL databases. It describes installing the MySQLdb driver module, creating a connection to a MySQL server, executing queries using cursor objects, and retrieving and printing the results. A sample script is provided that connects to a test database, executes queries to create and populate a table with animal data, then selects and prints the data from the table.
Random And Dynamic Images Using Python CgiAkramWaseem
This document discusses using Python to generate random and dynamic images through CGI scripts. It begins with an overview and introduction to Python CGI programming and the Python Imaging Library (PIL). It then demonstrates a simple Python CGI script that serves a static image file. Next, it shows a random image script that selects a random image file from a directory. The document also covers using PIL to dynamically generate images and build a script that generates a random gradient image. It concludes by discussing building more advanced dynamic image scripts that accept arguments and graph log files.
This document provides instructions for setting up MySQL for Python (MySQLdb) on Mac OS X. It describes downloading MySQL from mysql.com and installing it, then downloading and building MySQLdb from sourceforge.net. It notes potential issues like missing header files and explains how to fix them by installing additional developer packages or changing symbolic links. Comments provide corrections and additional troubleshooting tips for issues users encountered.
The document discusses writing MySQL scripts using Python's DB-API module. It provides a short 3-sentence summary of the document:
1) Python's DB-API module provides a database application programming interface and the MySQLdb driver allows it to access MySQL databases.
2) An example script is presented that connects to a MySQL database, issues a query to get the server version, and prints the result.
3) The document also discusses using cursors to execute statements and fetch results, handling errors, and retrieving results as tuples or dictionaries.
This document provides instructions for connecting to a MySQL database from Python using the MySQLdb package. It outlines downloading and installing MySQLdb, connecting to the database, creating a cursor to execute queries, and using cursor methods like fetchone() and fetchall() to retrieve data. The steps include uncommenting and editing configuration files during installation, connecting with MySQLdb.connect() and specifying host, user, password, database and port, and executing queries with cursor.execute() and retrieving rows with fetchone() or a list of tuples with fetchall().
Internet Programming With Python PresentationAkramWaseem
This document provides an overview and agenda for the "Internet Programming with Python" tutorial being given at OSCON 2009. The tutorial will cover network programming with sockets in Python, including an introduction to client-server architecture and networking concepts. It will also cover internet client programming, CGI programming, and conclude with a question and answer session. The target audience is software engineers and system administrators with a basic Python knowledge seeking an introduction to internet programming topics in Python.
This document provides information about Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programming and how web browsers communicate with web servers. It discusses how browsers make requests to servers, how servers respond, and how form data is transmitted from browsers to CGI programs using GET and POST methods. It also covers cookies, file uploads, and provides examples of simple CGI programs in Perl and Python.
This document discusses how to use Python for web development. It presents several methods for integrating Python with a web server, including the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) which allows Python programs to communicate with the server. CGI is the oldest interface but has performance limitations. Newer interfaces like WSGI allow Python programs to emulate CGI while avoiding its downsides. The document provides a simple CGI script example for testing integration and discusses common issues with CGI scripts. It also introduces several popular Python web frameworks.
This document provides an introduction to Python programming using a hands-on tutorial approach. It discusses obtaining Python for your computer, running a sample Python program called madlib.py to prompt the user for input and print a story, and explains the code for this sample program line-by-line. It emphasizes learning programming concepts and skills through active participation and experimentation rather than just presenting information.
The document provides an overview of the Python programming language. It discusses that Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented language created by Guido van Rossum in the late 1980s. It describes Python as high-level, portable, and has an extensive standard library. The document then covers Python variables and data types, basic operators, and provides examples of Python code, including defining variables, strings, lists, tuples, and dictionaries.
The document outlines a Python training course that will cover topics such as the Python shell, data types, built-in functions, operators, flow control, syntax, data structures, file input/output, regular expressions, and Python library modules. Exercises will be done after each topic is taught to allow students to practice writing Python scripts.
This document provides an introduction to the Python programming language. It discusses Python's easy-to-learn and powerful features such as its efficient data structures and object-oriented approach. The document also covers Python's syntax, dynamic typing, scripting capabilities, extensive standard library, and ability to be extended via C/C++. It is intended to introduce readers to Python's basic concepts and features in an informal manner.
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UML Tutorial
Tutorialspoint.com
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting
the artifacts of software systems.
UML was created by Object Management Group and UML 1.0 specification draft was
proposed to the OMG in January 1997. This tutorial gives an initial push to start you
with UML. For more detail kindly check tutorialspoint.com/uml
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the
artifacts of software systems.
UML was created by Object Management Group (OMG) and UML 1.0 specification draft was
proposed to the OMG in January 1997.
OMG is continuously putting effort to make a truly industry standard.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java,
COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
So UML can be described as a general purpose visual modelling language to visualize, specify,
construct and document software system. Although UML is generally used to model software
systems but it is not limited within this boundary. It is also used to model non software systems
as well like process flow in a manufacturing unit etc.
UML is not a programming language but tools can be used to generate code in various
languages using UML diagrams. UML has a direct relation with object oriented analysis and
design. After some standardization UML is become an OMG (Object Management Group)
standard.
Goals of UML:
A picture is worth a thousand words, this absolutely fits while discussing about UML. Object
oriented concepts were introduced much earlier than UML. So at that time there were no
standard methodologies to organize and consolidate the object oriented development. At that
point of time UML came into picture.
There are a number of goals for developing UML but the most important is to define some
general purpose modelling language which all modelers can use and also it needs to be made
simple to understand and use.
UML diagrams are not only made for developers but also for business users, common people
and anybody interested to understand the system. The system can be a software or non
software. So it must be clear that UML is not a development method rather it accompanies with
processes to make a successful system.
At the conclusion the goal of UML can be defined as a simple modelling mechanism to model all
possible practical systems in today.s complex environment.
A conceptual model of UML:
To understand conceptual model of UML first we need to clarify What is a conceptual model? and
Why a conceptual model is at all required?
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A conceptual model can be defined as a model which is made of concepts and their
relationships.
A conceptual model is the first step before drawing a UML diagram. It helps to
understand the entities in the real world and how they interact with each other.
As UML describes the real time systems it is very important to make a conceptual model and
then proceed gradually. Conceptual model of UML can be mastered by learning the following
three major elements:
UML building blocks
Rules to connect the building blocks
Common mechanisms of UML
Object oriented concepts:
UML can be described as the successor of object oriented analysis and design.
An object contains both data and methods that control the data. The data represents the state
of the object. A class describes an object and they also form hierarchy to model real world
system. The hierarchy is represented as inheritance and the classes can also be associated in
different manners as per the requirement.
The objects are the real world entities that exist around us and the basic concepts like
abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism all can be represented using UML.
So UML is powerful enough to represent all the concepts exists in object oriented analysis and
design. UML diagrams are representation of object oriented concepts only. So before learning
UML, it becomes important to understand OO concepts in details.
Following are some fundamental concepts of object oriented world:
Objects: Objects represent an entity and the basic building block.
Class: Class is the blue print of an object.
Abstraction: Abstraction represents the behavior of an real world entity.
Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the mechanism of binding the data together and
hiding them from outside world.
Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism of making new classes from existing one.
Polymorphism: It defines the mechanism to exists in different forms.
OO Analysis and Design
Object Oriented analysis can be defined as investigation and to be more specific it is the
investigation of objects. Design means collaboration of identified objects.
So it is important to understand the OO analysis and design concepts. Now the most important
purpose of OO analysis is to identify objects of a system to be designed. This analysis is also
done for an existing system. Now an efficient analysis is only possible when we are able to start
thinking in a way where objects can be identified. After identifying the objects their relationships
are identified and finally the design is produced.
So the purpose of OO analysis and design can described as:
Identifying the objects of a system.
Identify their relationships.
Make a design which can be converted to executables using OO languages.
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There are three basic steps where the OO concepts are applied and implemented. The steps can
be defined as
OO Analysis --> OO Design --> OO implementation using OO languages
Now the above three points can be described in details:
During object oriented analysis the most important purpose is to identify objects and
describing them in a proper way. If these objects are identified efficiently then the next
job of design is easy. The objects should be identified with responsibilities.
Responsibilities are the functions performed by the object. Each and every object has
some type of responsibilities to be performed. When these responsibilities are
collaborated the purpose of the system is fulfilled.
The second phase is object oriented design. During this phase emphasis is given upon
the requirements and their fulfilment. In this stage the objects are collaborated
according to their intended association. After the association is complete the design is
also complete.
The third phase is object oriented implementation. In this phase the design is
implemented using object oriented languages like Java, C++ etc.
Role of UML in OO design:
UML is a modelling language used to model software and non software systems. Although UML
is used for non software systems the emphasis is on modelling object oriented software
applications. Most of the UML diagrams discussed so far are used to model different aspects like
static, dynamic etc. Now what ever be the aspect the artifacts are nothing but objects.
If we look into class diagram, object diagram, collaboration diagram, interaction diagrams all
would basically be designed based on the objects.
So the relation between OO design and UML is very important to understand. The OO design is
transformed into UML diagrams according to the requirement. Before understanding the UML in
details the OO concepts should be learned properly. Once the OO analysis and design is done
the next step is very easy. The input from the OO analysis and design is the input to the UML
diagrams.
UML Building Blocks:
As UML describes the real time systems it is very important to make a conceptual model and
then proceed gradually. Conceptual model of UML can be mastered by learning the following
three major elements:
UML building blocks
Rules to connect the building blocks
Common mechanisms of UML
This chapter describes all the UML building blocks. The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
(1) Things:
Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
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Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
Structural things:
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and
conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class:
Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface:
Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration:
Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case:
Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component:
Component describes physical part of a system.
Node:
A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
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Behavioral things:
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral
things:
Interaction:
Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among
elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine:
State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the
sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors
responsible for state change.
Grouping things:
Grouping things can be defined as a mechanism to group elements of a UML model together.
There is only one grouping thing available:
Package:
Package is the only one grouping thing available for gathering structural and behavioral things.
Annotational things:
Annotational things can be defined as a mechanism to capture remarks, descriptions, and
comments of UML model elements. Note is the only one Annotational thing available.
Note:
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A note is used to render comments, constraints etc of an UML element.
(2) Relationship :
Relationship is another most important building block of UML. It shows how elements are
associated with each other and this association describes the functionality of an application.
There are four kinds of relationships available.
Dependency:
Dependency is a relationship between two things in which change in one element also affects
the other one.
Association:
Association is basically a set of links that connects elements of an UML model. It also describes
how many objects are taking part in that relationship.
Generalization:
Generalization can be defined as a relationship which connects a specialized element with a
generalized element. It basically describes inheritance relationship in the world of objects.
Realization:
Realization can be defined as a relationship in which two elements are connected. One element
describes some responsibility which is not implemented and the other one implements them.
This relationship exists in case of interfaces.
(3) UML Diagrams:
UML diagrams are the ultimate output of the entire discussion. All the elements, relationships
are used to make a complete UML diagram and the diagram represents a system.
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The visual effect of the UML diagram is the most important part of the entire process. All the
other elements are used to make it a complete one.
UML includes the following nine diagrams and the details are described in the following chapters.
1. Class diagram
2. Object diagram
3. Use case diagram
4. Sequence diagram
5. Collaboration diagram
6. Activity diagram
7. Statechart diagram
8. Deployment diagram
9. Component diagram
We would discuss all these diagrams in subsequent chapters of this tutorial.
UML Architecture
Any real world system is used by different users. The users can be developers, testers, business
people, analysts and many more. So before designing a system the architecture is made with
different perspectives in mind. The most important part is to visualize the system from different
viewer.s perspective. The better we understand the better we make the system.
UML plays an important role in defining different perspectives of a system. These perspectives
are:
Design
Implementation
Process
Deployment
And the centre is the Use Case view which connects all these four. A Use case represents the
functionality of the system. So the other perspectives are connected with use case.
Design of a system consists of classes, interfaces and collaboration. UML provides class
diagram, object diagram to support this.
Implementation defines the components assembled together to make a complete
physical system. UML component diagram is used to support implementation
perspective.
Process defines the flow of the system. So the same elements as used in Design are
also used to support this perspective.
Deployment represents the physical nodes of the system that forms the hardware.
UML deployment diagram is used to support this perspective.
UML Modelling Types
It is very important to distinguish between the UML model. Different diagrams are used for
different type of UML modelling. There are three important type of UML modellings:
Structural modelling:
Structural modelling captures the static features of a system. They consist of the followings:
Classes diagrams
Objects diagrams
Deployment diagrams
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Package diagrams
Composite structure diagram
Component diagram
Structural model represents the framework for the system and this framework is the place
where all other components exist. So the class diagram, component diagram and deployment
diagrams are the part of structural modelling. They all represent the elements and the
mechanism to assemble them.
But the structural model never describes the dynamic behavior of the system. Class diagram is
the most widely used structural diagram.
Behavioral Modelling:
Behavioral model describes the interaction in the system. It represents the interaction among
the structural diagrams. Behavioral modelling shows the dynamic nature of the system. They
consist of the following:
Activity diagrams
Interaction diagrams
Use case diagrams
All the above show the dynamic sequence of flow in a system.
Architectural Modelling:
Architectural model represents the overall framework of the system. It contains both structural
and behavioral elements of the system. Architectural model can be defined as the blue print of
the entire system. Package diagram comes under architectural modelling.
UML Basic Notations
UML is popular for its diagrammatic notations. We all know that UML is for visualizing,
specifying, constructing and documenting the components of software and non software
systems. Here the Visualization is the most important part which needs to be understood and
remembered by heart.
UML notations are the most important elements in modelling. Efficient and appropriate use of
notations is very important for making a complete and meaningful model. The model is useless
unless its purpose is depicted properly.
So learning notations should be emphasized from the very beginning. Different notations are
available for things and relationships. And the UML diagrams are made using the notations of
things and relationships. Extensibility is another important feature which makes UML more
powerful and flexible.
The chapter describes the UML Basic Notations in more details. This is just an extension to the
UML buildling block section I have discussed in previous chapter.
Structural Things:
Graphical notations used in structural things are the most widely used in UML. These are
considered as the nouns of UML models. Following are the list of structural things.
Classes
Interface
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Collaboration
Use case
Active classes
Components
Nodes
Class Notation:
UML class is represented by the diagram shown below. The diagram is divided into four parts.
The top section is used to name the class.
The second one is used to show the attributes of the class.
The third section is used to describe the operations performed by the class.
The fourth section is optional to show any additional components.
Classes are used to represent objects. Objects can be anything having properties and
responsibility.
Object Notation:
The object is represented in the same way as the class. The only difference is the name which is
underlined as shown below.
As object is the actual implementation of a class which is known as the instance of a class. So it
has the same usage as the class.
Interface Notation:
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Interface is represented by a circle as shown below. It has a name which is generally written
below the circle.
Interface is used to describe functionality without implementation. Interface is the just like a
template where you define different functions not the implementation. When a class implements
the interface it also implements the functionality as per the requirement.
Collaboration Notation:
Collaboration is represented by a dotted eclipse as shown below. It has a name written inside
the eclipse.
Collaboration represents responsibilities. Generally responsibilities are in a group.
Use case Notation:
Use case is represented as an eclipse with a name inside it. It may contain additional
responsibilities.
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Use case is used to capture high level functionalities of a system.
Actor Notation:
An actor can be defined as some internal or external entity that interacts with the system.
Actor is used in a use case diagram to describe the internal or external entities.
Initial State Notation:
Initial state is defined show the start of a process. This notation is used in almost all diagrams.
The usage of Initial State Notation is to show the starting point of a process.
Final State Notation:
Final state is used to show the end of a process. This notation is also used in almost all
diagrams to describe the end.
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The usage of Final State Notation is to show the termination point of a process.
Active class Notation:
Active class looks similar to a class with a solid border. Active class is generally used to describe
concurrent behaviour of a system.
Active class is used to represent concurrency in a system.
Component Notation:
A component in UML is shown as below with a name inside. Additional elements can be added
wherever required.
Component is used to represent any part of a system for which UML diagrams are made.
Node Notation:
A node in UML is represented by a square box as shown below with a name. A node represents
a physical component of the system.
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Node is used to represent physical part of a system like server, network etc.
Behavioural Things:
Dynamic parts are one of the most important elements in UML. UML has a set of powerful
features to represent the dynamic part of software and non software systems. These features
include interactions and state machines.
Interactions can be of two types:
Sequential (Represented by sequence diagram)
Collaborative (Represented by collaboration diagram)
Interaction Notation:
Interaction is basically message exchange between two UML components. The following diagram
represents different notations used in an interaction.
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Interaction is used to represent communication among the components of a system.
State machine Notation:
State machine describes the different states of a component in its life cycle. The notations are
described in the following diagram.
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State machine is used to describe different states of a system component. The state can be
active, idle or any other depending upon the situation.
Grouping Things:
Organizing the UML models are one of the most important aspects of the design. In UML there is
only one element available for grouping and that is package.
Package Notation:
Package notation is shown below and this is used to wrap the components of a system.
Annotational Things:
In any diagram explanation of different elements and their functionalities are very important. So
UML has notes notation to support this requirement.
Note Notation:
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This notation is shown below and they are used to provide necessary information of a system.
Relationships
A model is not complete unless the relationships between elements are described properly. The
Relationship gives a proper meaning to an UML model. Following are the different types of
relationships available in UML.
Dependency
Association
Generalization
Extensibility
Dependency Notation:
Dependency is an important aspect in UML elements. It describes the dependent elements and
the direction of dependency.
Dependency is represented by a dotted arrow as shown below. The arrow head represents the
independent element and the other end the dependent element.
Dependency is used to represent dependency between two elements of a system.
Association Notation:
Association describes how the elements in an UML diagram are associated. In simple word it
describes how many elements are taking part in an interaction.
Association is represented by a dotted line with (without) arrows on both sides. The two ends
represent two associated elements as shown below. The multiplicity is also mentioned at the
ends (1, * etc) to show how many objects are associated.
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Association is used to represent the relationship between two elements of a system.
Generalization Notation:
Generalization describes the inheritance relationship of the object oriented world. It is parent
and child relationship.
Generalization is represented by an arrow with hollow arrow head as shown below. One end
represents the parent element and the other end child element.
Generalization is used to describe parent-child relationship of two elements of a system.
Extensibility Notation:
All the languages (programming or modelling) have some mechanism to extend its capabilities
like syntax, semantics etc. UML is also having the following mechanisms to provide extensibility
features.
Stereotypes (Represents new elements)
Tagged values (Represents new attributes)
Constraints (Represents the boundaries)
Extensibility notations are used to enhance the power of the language. It is basically additional
elements used to represent some extra behaviour of the system. These extra behaviours are not
covered by the standard available notations.
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UML Standard Diagrams
In the previous chapters we have discussed about the building blocks and other necessary
elements of UML. Now we need to understand where to use those elements.
The elements are like components which can be associated in different ways to make a
complete UML pictures which is known as diagram. So it is very important to understand the
different diagrams to implement the knowledge in real life systems.
Any complex system is best understood by making some kind of diagrams or pictures. These
diagrams have a better impact on our understanding. So if we look around then we will realize
that the diagrams are not a new concept but it is used widely in different form in different
industries.
We prepare UML diagrams to understand a system in better and simple way. A single diagram is
not enough to cover all aspects of the system. So UML defines various kinds of diagrams to
cover most of the aspects of a system.
You can also create your own set of diagrams to meet your requirements. Diagrams are
generally made in an incremental and iterative way.
There are two broad caetgories of diagrams and then are again divided into sub-categories:
Structural Diagrams
Behavioral Diagrams
Structural Diagrams:
The structural diagrams represent the static aspect of the system. These static aspects
represent those parts of a diagram which forms the main structure and therefore stable.
These static parts are represents by classes, interfaces, objects, components and nodes. The
four structural diagrams are:
Class diagram
Object diagram
Component diagram
Deployment diagram
Class Diagram:
Class diagrams are the most common diagrams used in UML. Class diagram consists of classes,
interfaces, associations and collaboration.
Class diagrams basically represent the object oriented view of a system which is static in nature.
Active class is used in a class diagram to represent the concurrency of the system.
Class diagram represents the object orientation of a system. So it is generally used for
development purpose. This is the most widely used diagram at the time of system construction.
Object Diagram:
Object diagrams can be described as an instance of class diagram. So these diagrams are more
close to real life scenarios where we implement a system.
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Object diagrams are a set of objects and their relationships just like class diagrams and also
represent the static view of the system.
The usage of object diagrams is similar to class diagrams but they are used to build prototype of
a system from practical perspective.
Component Diagram:
Component diagrams represent a set of components and their relationships. These components
consist of classes, interfaces or collaborations.
So Component diagrams represent the implementation view of a system.
During design phase software artifacts (classes, interfaces etc) of a system are arranged in
different groups depending upon their relationship. Now these groups are known as
components.
Finally, component diagrams are used to visualize the implementation.
Deployment Diagram:
Deployment diagrams are a set of nodes and their relationships. These nodes are physical
entities where the components are deployed.
Deployment diagrams are used for visualizing deployment view of a system. This is generally
used by the deployment team.
Note: If the above descriptions and usages are observed carefully then it is very clear that all
the diagrams are having some relationship with one another. Component diagrams are
dependent upon the classes, interfaces etc which are part of class/object diagram. Again the
deployment diagram is dependent upon the components which are used to make a component
diagrams.
Behavioral Diagrams:
Any system can have two aspects, static and dynamic. So a model is considered as complete
when both the aspects are covered fully.
Behavioral diagrams basically capture the dynamic aspect of a system. Dynamic aspect can be
further described as the changing/moving parts of a system.
UML has the following five types of behavioral diagrams:
Use case diagram
Sequence diagram
Collaboration diagram
Statechart diagram
Activity diagram
Use case Diagram:
Use case diagrams are a set of use cases, actors and their relationships. They represent the use
case view of a system.
A use case represents a particular functionality of a system.
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So use case diagram is used to describe the relationships among the functionalities and their
internal/external controllers. These controllers are known as actors.
Sequence Diagram:
A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram. From the name it is clear that the diagram deals
with some sequences, which are the sequence of messages flowing from one object to another.
Interaction among the components of a system is very important from implementation and
execution perspective.
So Sequence diagram is used to visualize the sequence of calls in a system to perform a specific
functionality.
Collaboration Diagram:
Collaboration diagram is another form of interaction diagram. It represents the structural
organization of a system and the messages sent/received. Structural organization consists of
objects and links.
The purpose of collaboration diagram is similar to sequence diagram. But the specific purpose of
collaboration diagram is to visualize the organization of objects and their interaction.
Statechart Diagram:
Any real time system is expected to be reacted by some kind of internal/external events. These
events are responsible for state change of the system.
Statechart diagram is used to represent the event driven state change of a system. It basically
describes the state change of a class, interface etc.
State chart diagram is used to visualize the reaction of a system by internal/external factors.
Activity Diagram:
Activity diagram describes the flow of control in a system. So it consists of activities and links.
The flow can be sequential, concurrent or branched.
Activities are nothing but the functions of a system. Numbers of activity diagrams are prepared
to capture the entire flow in a system.
Activity diagrams are used to visualize the flow of controls in a system. This is prepared to have
an idea of how the system will work when executed.
Note: Dynamic nature of a system is very difficult to capture. So UML has provided features to
capture the dynamics of a system from different angles. Sequence diagrams and collaboration
diagrams are isomorphic so they can be converted from one another without losing any
information. This is also true for statechart and activity diagram.
UML Class Diagram
The class diagram is a static diagram. It represents the static view of an application. Class
diagram is not only used for visualizing, describing and documenting different aspects of a
system but also for constructing executable code of the software application.
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The class diagram describes the attributes and operations of a class and also the constraints
imposed on the system. The class diagrams are widely used in the modelling of object oriented
systems because they are the only UML diagrams which can be mapped directly with object
oriented languages.
The class diagram shows a collection of classes, interfaces, associations, collaborations and
constraints. It is also known as a structural diagram.
Purpose:
The purpose of the class diagram is to model the static view of an application. The class
diagrams are the only diagrams which can be directly mapped with object oriented languages
and thus widely used at the time of construction.
The UML diagrams like activity diagram, sequence diagram can only give the sequence flow of
the application but class diagram is a bit different. So it is the most popular UML diagram in the
coder community.
So the purpose of the class diagram can be summarized as:
Analysis and design of the static view of an application.
Describe responsibilities of a system.
Base for component and deployment diagrams.
Forward and reverse engineering.
How to draw Class Diagram?
Class diagrams are the most popular UML diagrams used for construction of software
applications. So it is very important to learn the drawing procedure of class diagram.
Class diagrams have lot of properties to consider while drawing but here the diagram will be
considered from a top level view.
Class diagram is basically a graphical representation of the static view of the system and
represents different aspects of the application. So a collection of class diagrams represent the
whole system.
The following points should be remembered while drawing a class diagram:
The name of the class diagram should be meaningful to describe the aspect of the
system.
Each element and their relationships should be identified in advance.
Responsibility (attributes and methods) of each class should be clearly identified.
For each class minimum number of properties should be specified. Because unnecessary
properties will make the diagram complicated.
Use notes when ever required to describe some aspect of the diagram. Because at the
end of the drawing it should be understandable to the developer/coder.
Finally, before making the final version, the diagram should be drawn on plain paper
and rework as many times as possible to make it correct.
Now the following diagram is an example of an Order System of an application. So it describes a
particular aspect of the entire application.
First of all Order and Customer are identified as the two elements of the system and
they have a one to many relationship because a customer can have multiple orders.
We would keep Order class is an abstract class and it has two concrete classes
(inheritance relationship) SpecialOrder and NormalOrder.
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The two inherited classes have all the properties as the Order class. In addition they
have additional functions like dispatch () and receive ().
So the following class diagram has been drawn considering all the points mentioned above:
UML Object Diagram
Object diagrams are derived from class diagrams so object diagrams are dependent upon class
diagrams.
Object diagrams represent an instance of a class diagram. The basic concepts are similar for
class diagrams and object diagrams. Object diagrams also represent the static view of a system
but this static view is a snapshot of the system at a particular moment.
Object diagrams are used to render a set of objects and their relationships as an instance.
Purpose:
The purpose of a diagram should be understood clearly to implement it practically. The purposes
of object diagrams are similar to class diagrams.
The difference is that a class diagram represents an abstract model consists of classes and their
relationships. But an object diagram represents an instance at a particular moment which is
concrete in nature.
It means the object diagram is more close to the actual system behaviour. The purpose is to
capture the static view of a system at a particular moment.
So the purpose of the object diagram can be summarized as:
Forward and reverse engineering.
Object relationships of a system
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Static view of an interaction.
Understand object behaviour and their relationship from practical perspective
How to draw Object Diagram?
We have already discussed that an object diagram is an instance of a class diagram. It implies
that an object diagram consists of instances of things used in a class diagram.
So both diagrams are made of same basic elements but in different form. In class diagram
elements are in abstract form to represent the blue print and in object diagram the elements
are in concrete form to represent the real world object.
To capture a particular system, numbers of class diagrams are limited. But if we consider object
diagrams then we can have unlimited number of instances which are unique in nature. So only
those instances are considered which are having impact on the system.
From the above discussion it is clear that a single object diagram cannot capture all the
necessary instances or rather cannot specify all objects of a system. So the solution is:
First, analyze the system and decide which instances are having important data and
association.
Second, consider only those instances which will cover the functionality.
Third, make some optimization as the numbers of instances are unlimited.
Before drawing an object diagrams the following things should be remembered and understood
clearly:
Object diagrams are consist of objects.
The link in object diagram is used to connect objects.
Objects and links are the two elements used to construct an object diagram.
Now after this the following things are to be decided before starting the construction of the
diagram:
The object diagram should have a meaningful name to indicate its purpose.
The most important elements are to be identified.
The association among objects should be clarified.
Values of different elements need to be captured to include in the object diagram.
Add proper notes at points where more clarity is required.
The following diagram is an example of an object diagram. It represents the Order management
system which we have discussed in Class Diagram. The following diagram is an instance of the
system at a particular time of purchase. It has the following objects
Customer
Order
SpecialOrder
NormalOrder
Now the customer object (C) is associated with three order objects (O1, O2 and O3). These
order objects are associated with special order and normal order objects (S1, S2 and N1). The
customer is having the following three orders with different numbers (12, 32 and 40) for the
particular time considered.
Now the customer can increase number of orders in future and in that scenario the object
diagram will reflect that. If order, special order and normal order objects are observed then we
you will find that they are having some values.
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For orders the values are 12, 32, and 40 which implies that the objects are having these values
for the particular moment (here the particular time when the purchase is made is considered as
the moment) when the instance is captured.
The same is for special order and normal order objects which are having number of orders as
20, 30 and 60. If a different time of purchase is considered then these values will change
accordingly.
So the following object diagram has been drawn considering all the points mentioned above:
UML Component Diagram
Component diagrams are different in terms of nature and behaviour. Component diagrams are
used to model physical aspects of a system.
Now the question is what are these physical aspects? Physical aspects are the elements like
executables, libraries, files, documents etc which resides in a node.
So component diagrams are used to visualize the organization and relationships among
components in a system. These diagrams are also used to make executable systems.
Purpose:
Component diagram is a special kind of diagram in UML. The purpose is also different from all
other diagrams discussed so far. It does not describe the functionality of the system but it
describes the components used to make those functionalities.
So from that point component diagrams are used to visualize the physical components in a
system. These components are libraries, packages, files etc.
Component diagrams can also be described as a static implementation view of a system. Static
implementation represents the organization of the components at a particular moment.
A single component diagram cannot represent the entire system but a collection of diagrams are
used to represent the whole.
So the purpose of the component diagram can be summarized as:
Visualize the components of a system.
Construct executables by using forward and reverse engineering.
Describe the organization and relationships of the components.
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How to draw Component Diagram?
Component diagrams are used to describe the physical artifacts of a system. This artifact
includes files, executables, libraries etc.
So the purpose of this diagram is different, Component diagrams are used during the
implementation phase of an application. But it is prepared well in advance to visualize the
implementation details.
Initially the system is designed using different UML diagrams and then when the artifacts are
ready component diagrams are used to get an idea of the implementation.
This diagram is very important because without it the application cannot be implemented
efficiently. A well prepared component diagram is also important for other aspects like
application performance, maintenance etc.
So before drawing a component diagram the following artifacts are to be identified clearly:
Files used in the system.
Libraries and other artifacts relevant to the application.
Relationships among the artifacts.
Now after identifying the artifacts the following points needs to be followed:
Use a meaningful name to identify the component for which the diagram is to be drawn.
Prepare a mental layout before producing using tools.
Use notes for clarifying important points.
The following is a component diagram for order management system. Here the artifacts are
files. So the diagram shows the files in the application and their relationships. In actual the
component diagram also contains dlls, libraries, folders etc.
In the following diagram four files are identified and their relationships are produced.
Component diagram cannot be matched directly with other UML diagrams discussed so far.
Because it is drawn for completely different purpose.
So the following component diagram has been drawn considering all the points mentioned
above:
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UML Deployment Diagram
Deployment diagrams are used to visualize the topology of the physical components of a system
where the software components are deployed.
So deployment diagrams are used to describe the static deployment view of a system.
Deployment diagrams consist of nodes and their relationships.
Purpose:
The name Deployment itself describes the purpose of the diagram. Deployment diagrams are
used for describing the hardware components where software components are deployed.
Component diagrams and deployment diagrams are closely related.
Component diagrams are used to describe the components and deployment diagrams shows
how they are deployed in hardware.
UML is mainly designed to focus on software artifacts of a system. But these two diagrams are
special diagrams used to focus on software components and hardware components.
So most of the UML diagrams are used to handle logical components but deployment diagrams
are made to focus on hardware topology of a system. Deployment diagrams are used by the
system engineers.
The purpose of deployment diagrams can be described as:
Visualize hardware topology of a system.
Describe the hardware components used to deploy software components.
Describe runtime processing nodes.
How to draw Deployment Diagram?
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Deployment diagram represents the deployment view of a system. It is related to the
component diagram. Because the components are deployed using the deployment diagrams. A
deployment diagram consists of nodes. Nodes are nothing but physical hardwares used to
deploy the application.
Deployment diagrams are useful for system engineers. An efficient deployment diagram is very
important because it controls the following parameters
Performance
Scalability
Maintainability
Portability
So before drawing a deployment diagram the following artifacts should be identified:
Nodes
Relationships among nodes
The following deployment diagram is a sample to give an idea of the deployment view of order
management system. Here we have shown nodes as:
Monitor
Modem
Caching server
Server
The application is assumed to be a web based application which is deployed in a clustered
environment using server 1, server 2 and server 3. The user is connecting to the application
using internet. The control is flowing from the caching server to the clustered environment.
So the following deployment diagram has been drawn considering all the points mentioned
above:
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UML Use Case Diagram
To model a system the most important aspect is to capture the dynamic behaviour. To clarify a
bit in details, dynamic behaviour means the behaviour of the system when it is running
/operating.
So only static behaviour is not sufficient to model a system rather dynamic behaviour is more
important than static behaviour. In UML there are five diagrams available to model dynamic
nature and use case diagram is one of them. Now as we have to discuss that the use case
diagram is dynamic in nature there should be some internal or external factors for making the
interaction.
These internal and external agents are known as actors. So use case diagrams are consists of
actors, use cases and their relationships. The diagram is used to model the system/subsystem
of an application. A single use case diagram captures a particular functionality of a system.
So to model the entire system numbers of use case diagrams are used.
Purpose:
The purpose of use case diagram is to capture the dynamic aspect of a system. But this
definition is too generic to describe the purpose.
Because other four diagrams (activity, sequence, collaboration and Statechart) are also having
the same purpose. So we will look into some specific purpose which will distinguish it from other
four diagrams.
Use case diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system including internal and
external influences. These requirements are mostly design requirements. So when a system is
analyzed to gather its functionalities use cases are prepared and actors are identified.
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Now when the initial task is complete use case diagrams are modelled to present the outside
view.
So in brief, the purposes of use case diagrams can be as follows:
Used to gather requirements of a system.
Used to get an outside view of a system.
Identify external and internal factors influencing the system.
Show the interacting among the requirements are actors.
How to draw Use Case Diagram?
Use case diagrams are considered for high level requirement analysis of a system. So when the
requirements of a system are analyzed the functionalities are captured in use cases.
So we can say that uses cases are nothing but the system functionalities written in an organized
manner. Now the second things which are relevant to the use cases are the actors. Actors can
be defined as something that interacts with the system.
The actors can be human user, some internal applications or may be some external applications.
So in a brief when we are planning to draw an use case diagram we should have the following
items identified.
Functionalities to be represented as an use case
Actors
Relationships among the use cases and actors.
Use case diagrams are drawn to capture the functional requirements of a system. So after
identifying the above items we have to follow the following guidelines to draw an efficient use
case diagram.
The name of a use case is very important. So the name should be chosen in such a way
so that it can identify the functionalities performed.
Give a suitable name for actors.
Show relationships and dependencies clearly in the diagram.
Do not try to include all types of relationships. Because the main purpose of the
diagram is to identify requirements.
Use note when ever required to clarify some important points.
The following is a sample use case diagram representing the order management system. So if
we look into the diagram then we will find three use cases (Order, SpecialOrder and
NormalOrder) and one actor which is customer.
The SpecialOrder and NormalOrder use cases are extended from Order use case. So they have
extends relationship. Another important point is to identify the system boundary which is shown
in the picture. The actor Customer lies outside the system as it is an external user of the
system.
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UML Interaction Diagram
From the name Interaction it is clear that the diagram is used to describe some type of
interactions among the different elements in the model. So this interaction is a part of dynamic
behaviour of the system.
This interactive behaviour is represented in UML by two diagrams known as Sequence diagram
and Collaboration diagram. The basic purposes of both the diagrams are similar.
Sequence diagram emphasizes on time sequence of messages and collaboration diagram
emphasizes on the structural organization of the objects that send and receive messages.
Purpose:
The purposes of interaction diagrams are to visualize the interactive behaviour of the system.
Now visualizing interaction is a difficult task. So the solution is to use different types of models
to capture the different aspects of the interaction.
That is why sequence and collaboration diagrams are used to capture dynamic nature but from
a different angle.
So the purposes of interaction diagram can be describes as:
To capture dynamic behaviour of a system.
To describe the message flow in the system.
To describe structural organization of the objects.
To describe interaction among objects.
How to draw Interaction Diagram?
As we have already discussed that the purpose of interaction diagrams are to capture the
dynamic aspect of a system. So to capture the dynamic aspect we need to understand what a
dynamic aspect is and how it is visualized. Dynamic aspect can be defined as the snap shot of
the running system at a particular moment.
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We have two types of interaction diagrams in UML. One is sequence diagram and the other is a
collaboration diagram. The sequence diagram captures the time sequence of message flow from
one object to another and the collaboration diagram describes the organization of objects in a
system taking part in the message flow.
So the following things are to identified clearly before drawing the interaction diagram:
Objects taking part in the interaction.
Message flows among the objects.
The sequence in which the messages are flowing.
Object organization.
Following are two interaction diagrams modelling order management system. The first diagram
is a sequence diagram and the second is a collaboration diagram.
The Sequence Diagram:
The sequence diagram is having four objects (Customer, Order, SpecialOrder and NormalOrder).
The following diagram has shown the message sequence for SpecialOrder object and the same
can be used in case of NormalOrder object. Now it is important to understand the time sequence
of message flows. The message flow is nothing but a method call of an object.
The first call is sendOrder () which is a method of Order object. The next call is confirm () which
is a method of SpecialOrder object and the last call is Dispatch () which is a method of
SpecialOrder object. So here the diagram is mainly describing the method calls from one object
to another and this is also the actual scenario when the system is running.
The Collaboration Diagram:
The second interaction diagram is collaboration diagram. It shows the object organization as
shown below. Here in collaboration diagram the method call sequence is indicated by some
numbering technique as shown below. The number indicates how the methods are called one
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after another. We have taken the same order management system to describe the collaboration
diagram.
The method calls are similar to that of a sequence diagram. But the difference is that the
sequence diagram does not describe the object organization where as the collaboration diagram
shows the object organization.
Now to choose between these two diagrams the main emphasis is given on the type of
requirement. If the time sequence is important then sequence diagram is used and if
organization is required then collaboration diagram is used.
UML Statechart Diagram
The name of the diagram itself clarifies the purpose of the diagram and other details. It
describes different states of a component in a system. The states are specific to a
component/object of a system.
A Statechart diagram describes a state machine. Now to clarify it state machine can be defined
as a machine which defines different states of an object and these states are controlled by
external or internal events.
Activity diagram explained in next chapter, is a special kind of a Statechart diagram. As
Statechart diagram defines states it is used to model lifetime of an object.
Purpose:
Statechart diagram is one of the five UML diagrams used to model dynamic nature of a system.
They define different states of an object during its lifetime. And these states are changed by
events. So Statechart diagrams are useful to model reactive systems. Reactive systems can be
defined as a system that responds to external or internal events.
Statechart diagram describes the flow of control from one state to another state. States are
defined as a condition in which an object exists and it changes when some event is triggered. So
the most important purpose of Statechart diagram is to model life time of an object from
creation to termination.
Statechart diagrams are also used for forward and reverse engineering of a system. But the
main purpose is to model reactive system.
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Following are the main purposes of using Statechart diagrams:
To model dynamic aspect of a system.
To model life time of a reactive system.
To describe different states of an object during its life time.
Define a state machine to model states of an object.
How to draw Statechart Diagram?
Statechart diagram is used to describe the states of different objects in its life cycle. So the
emphasis is given on the state changes upon some internal or external events. These states of
objects are important to analyze and implement them accurately.
Statechart diagrams are very important for describing the states. States can be identified as the
condition of objects when a particular event occurs.
Before drawing a Statechart diagram we must have clarified the following points:
Identify important objects to be analyzed.
Identify the states.
Identify the events.
The following is an example of a Statechart diagram where the state of Order object is analyzed.
The first state is an idle state from where the process starts. The next states are arrived for
events like send request, confirm request, and dispatch order. These events are responsible for
state changes of order object.
During the life cycle of an object (here order object) it goes through the following states and
there may be some abnormal exists also. This abnormal exit may occur due to some problem in
the system. When the entire life cycle is complete it is considered as the complete transaction
as mentioned below.
The initial and final state of an object is also shown below.
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UML Activity Diagram
Activity diagram is another important diagram in UML to describe dynamic aspects of the
system.
Activity diagram is basically a flow chart to represent the flow form one activity to another
activity. The activity can be described as an operation of the system.
So the control flow is drawn from one operation to another. This flow can be sequential,
branched or concurrent. Activity diagrams deals with all type of flow control by using different
elements like fork, join etc.
Purpose:
The basic purposes of activity diagrams are similar to other four diagrams. It captures the
dynamic behaviour of the system. Other four diagrams are used to show the message flow from
one object to another but activity diagram is used to show message flow from one activity to
another.
Activity is a particular operation of the system. Activity diagrams are not only used for
visualizing dynamic nature of a system but they are also used to construct the executable
system by using forward and reverse engineering techniques. The only missing thing in activity
diagram is the message part.
It does not show any message flow from one activity to another. Activity diagram is some time
considered as the flow chart. Although the diagrams looks like a flow chart but it is not. It shows
different flow like parallel, branched, concurrent and single.
So the purposes can be described as:
Draw the activity flow of a system.
Describe the sequence from one activity to another.
Describe the parallel, branched and concurrent flow of the system.
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How to draw Activity Diagram?
Activity diagrams are mainly used as a flow chart consists of activities performed by the system.
But activity diagram are not exactly a flow chart as they have some additional capabilities.
These additional capabilities include branching, parallel flow, swimlane etc.
Before drawing an activity diagram we must have a clear understanding about the elements
used in activity diagram. The main element of an activity diagram is the activity itself. An
activity is a function performed by the system. After identifying the activities we need to
understand how they are associated with constraints and conditions.
So before drawing an activity diagram we should identify the following elements:
Activities
Association
Conditions
Constraints
Once the above mentioned parameters are identified we need to make a mental layout of the
entire flow. This mental layout is then transformed into an activity diagram.
The following is an example of an activity diagram for order management system. In the
diagram four activities are identified which are associated with conditions. One important point
should be clearly understood that an activity diagram cannot be exactly matched with the code.
The activity diagram is made to understand the flow of activities and mainly used by the
business users.
The following diagram is drawn with the four main activities:
Send order by the customer
Receipt of the order
Confirm order
Dispatch order
After receiving the order request condition checks are performed to check if it is normal or
special order. After the type of order is identified dispatch activity is performed and that is
marked as the termination of the process.
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Further Detail:
Refer to the link http://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml
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