This document discusses the potential use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from Wharton's jelly (WJ) of the human umbilical cord for regenerative medicine applications. MSCs from WJ present several advantages over other stem cell sources, including reduced immunogenicity, increased proliferative capacity, and ability to differentiate into various cell types. The document reviews potential applications of WJ-MSCs in cell therapy for cancer, liver disease, peripheral nerve damage, cardiovascular and connective tissue repair, and obesity/diabetes. However, challenges remain in optimizing isolation methods and tracking techniques for clinical applications of WJ-MSCs.
Mammalian MSC from Selected Species: Features and Applications
Christiane Uder, Sandra Br€uckner, Sandra Winkler, Hans-Michael Tautenhahn,†‡ Bruno Christ†*
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cellular therapy of different diseases in humans and in animals. Following the guidelines of the International Society for Cell Therapy, human MSC may be identified by expression of a specific panel of cell surface markers (CD1051, CD731, CD901, CD34-, CD14-, or CD11b-, CD79- or CD19-, HLA-DR-). In addition, multiple differentiation potential into at least the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineage is a main criterion for MSC definition. Human MSC and MSC of a variety of mammals isolated from different tissues meet these criteria. In addition to the abovementioned, they express many more cell surface markers. Yet, these are not uniquely expressed by MSC. The gross phenotypic appearance like marker expression and differentiation potential is similar albeit not identical for MSC from different tissues and species. Similarly, MSC may feature different biological characteristics depending on the tissue source and the isolation and culture procedures. Their versatile biological qualities comprising immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and proregenerative capacities rely largely on the migratory and secretory capabilities of MSC. They are attracted to sites of tissue lesion and secrete factors to promote self-repair of the injured tissue. This is a big perspective for clinical MSC applications in both veterinary and human medicine. Phase I/II clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and feasibility of MSC therapies in acute and chronic disease settings. Yet, since the mode of MSC action in a specific disease environment is still unknown at large, it is mandatory to unravel the response of MSC from a given source onto a specific disease environment in suitable animal models prior to clinical applications.
International Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation (IJST) is a peer-reviewed journal, and is dedicated to providing information with respect to the latest advancements that are being upgraded in our everyday life with respect to the application of Stem cells.
International Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation (IJST) is an international, Open Access, peer-reviewed journal, which mainly focuses, on the advancements made in the field of cell biology, specifically in the field of Stem Cells.
International Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation (IJST) ISSN:2328-3548, is a free, Open Access, Peer-reviewed, exclusive online journal covering areas of Stem cell research, translational work and Clinical studies in the specialty of Stem Cells and Transplantation including allied specialties relevant to the core subject, which is dedicated in publishing high quality manuscripts.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis supporting tissue regeneration. MSCs are rare pluripotent cells supporting hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. MSCs have a great potential in cancer therapy, also the stem cell exosome and/or microvesicle-mediated tissue regeneration abilities may be used a potential to the therapeutic applications. In this review, use of hMSCs in stem cell-mediated cancer therapy is discussed.
Stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. For more details visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
REVIEWCancer stem cells a new framework for the designo.docxjoellemurphey
REVIEW
Cancer stem cells: a new framework for the design
of tumor therapies
Boyan K. Garvalov & Till Acker
Received: 14 July 2010 /Revised: 27 August 2010 /Accepted: 16 September 2010
# Springer-Verlag 2010
Abstract Modern tumor therapy has achieved considerable
progress, but many tumors remain refractory to treatment or
relapse following initial remission. Recent evidence points
to one possible reason for this limited therapeutic efficiency:
that the design of anticancer agents so far may not have been
aimed at the right target. While conventional tumor therapies
have targeted the main mass of tumor cells, there is now
compelling evidence that tumor initiation and progression are
driven by a subpopulation of tumor cells that possess stem cell
properties and are resistant to traditional cancer treatments—
the cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have been identified in
most types of cancer and can be separated from the rest of the
tumor cells using appropriate markers. CSCs are regulated by
molecular mechanisms and specific, perivascular, and hypox-
ic microenvironments, which largely overlap with those
controlling stem cells from normal tissues. Our improved
understanding of CSC biology has already provided a number
of novel targets and drug discovery platforms for the design of
specific therapies that aim to eradicate the CSC subpopula-
tion. Therapeutic approaches can be targeted either at
eliminating the CSCs themselves or at disrupting the niches
in which CSCs reside. Moreover, the importance of CSCs for
tumor growth, resistance, and progression implies that clinical
trials and preclinical studies of anticancer therapies should
include as a key element an assessment of the abundance and
persistence of CSCs. Thus, CSC research holds great promise
for providing important new impetus to the fields of tumor
biology and clinical oncology.
Keywords Cancer stem cell . Hypoxia .
Microenvironment . Angiogenesis . Antitumor therapy.
Metastasis
The hierarchy model and cancer stem cells (CSCs)
The classical view of tumor formation is based on the
“stochastic” or “clonal evolution” model [1, 2]. It perceives
the tumor as a mass of hyperproliferative cells with similar
potential for driving tumor growth. Tumor heterogeneity
and progression are seen as the result of variations in the
tumor microenvironment and genetic mutations in individ-
ual cells, followed by selection of those that are best
adapted to support the further growth of the tumor (Fig. 1a).
An alternative concept that has been gaining increasing
experimental support is the “hierarchy” or “cancer stem
cell” model [3]. This model posits that tumors are generated
and maintained in a manner similar to the physiological
stem cell system operating in normal tissues, i.e., by cells
with stem cell-like properties, which self-renew and
differentiate into the distinct cellular subtypes of the tumor
(Fig. 1b). The key novel features of this model are that only
a limited population of tumor cell ...
Mammalian MSC from Selected Species: Features and Applications
Christiane Uder, Sandra Br€uckner, Sandra Winkler, Hans-Michael Tautenhahn,†‡ Bruno Christ†*
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cellular therapy of different diseases in humans and in animals. Following the guidelines of the International Society for Cell Therapy, human MSC may be identified by expression of a specific panel of cell surface markers (CD1051, CD731, CD901, CD34-, CD14-, or CD11b-, CD79- or CD19-, HLA-DR-). In addition, multiple differentiation potential into at least the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineage is a main criterion for MSC definition. Human MSC and MSC of a variety of mammals isolated from different tissues meet these criteria. In addition to the abovementioned, they express many more cell surface markers. Yet, these are not uniquely expressed by MSC. The gross phenotypic appearance like marker expression and differentiation potential is similar albeit not identical for MSC from different tissues and species. Similarly, MSC may feature different biological characteristics depending on the tissue source and the isolation and culture procedures. Their versatile biological qualities comprising immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and proregenerative capacities rely largely on the migratory and secretory capabilities of MSC. They are attracted to sites of tissue lesion and secrete factors to promote self-repair of the injured tissue. This is a big perspective for clinical MSC applications in both veterinary and human medicine. Phase I/II clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and feasibility of MSC therapies in acute and chronic disease settings. Yet, since the mode of MSC action in a specific disease environment is still unknown at large, it is mandatory to unravel the response of MSC from a given source onto a specific disease environment in suitable animal models prior to clinical applications.
International Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation (IJST) is a peer-reviewed journal, and is dedicated to providing information with respect to the latest advancements that are being upgraded in our everyday life with respect to the application of Stem cells.
International Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation (IJST) is an international, Open Access, peer-reviewed journal, which mainly focuses, on the advancements made in the field of cell biology, specifically in the field of Stem Cells.
International Journal of Stem Cell Research and Transplantation (IJST) ISSN:2328-3548, is a free, Open Access, Peer-reviewed, exclusive online journal covering areas of Stem cell research, translational work and Clinical studies in the specialty of Stem Cells and Transplantation including allied specialties relevant to the core subject, which is dedicated in publishing high quality manuscripts.
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Stem cells have the ability to perpetuate themselves through self-renewal and generate mature cells of a particular tissue through differentiation. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis supporting tissue regeneration. MSCs are rare pluripotent cells supporting hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell lineages. MSCs have a great potential in cancer therapy, also the stem cell exosome and/or microvesicle-mediated tissue regeneration abilities may be used a potential to the therapeutic applications. In this review, use of hMSCs in stem cell-mediated cancer therapy is discussed.
Stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. For more details visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
REVIEWCancer stem cells a new framework for the designo.docxjoellemurphey
REVIEW
Cancer stem cells: a new framework for the design
of tumor therapies
Boyan K. Garvalov & Till Acker
Received: 14 July 2010 /Revised: 27 August 2010 /Accepted: 16 September 2010
# Springer-Verlag 2010
Abstract Modern tumor therapy has achieved considerable
progress, but many tumors remain refractory to treatment or
relapse following initial remission. Recent evidence points
to one possible reason for this limited therapeutic efficiency:
that the design of anticancer agents so far may not have been
aimed at the right target. While conventional tumor therapies
have targeted the main mass of tumor cells, there is now
compelling evidence that tumor initiation and progression are
driven by a subpopulation of tumor cells that possess stem cell
properties and are resistant to traditional cancer treatments—
the cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have been identified in
most types of cancer and can be separated from the rest of the
tumor cells using appropriate markers. CSCs are regulated by
molecular mechanisms and specific, perivascular, and hypox-
ic microenvironments, which largely overlap with those
controlling stem cells from normal tissues. Our improved
understanding of CSC biology has already provided a number
of novel targets and drug discovery platforms for the design of
specific therapies that aim to eradicate the CSC subpopula-
tion. Therapeutic approaches can be targeted either at
eliminating the CSCs themselves or at disrupting the niches
in which CSCs reside. Moreover, the importance of CSCs for
tumor growth, resistance, and progression implies that clinical
trials and preclinical studies of anticancer therapies should
include as a key element an assessment of the abundance and
persistence of CSCs. Thus, CSC research holds great promise
for providing important new impetus to the fields of tumor
biology and clinical oncology.
Keywords Cancer stem cell . Hypoxia .
Microenvironment . Angiogenesis . Antitumor therapy.
Metastasis
The hierarchy model and cancer stem cells (CSCs)
The classical view of tumor formation is based on the
“stochastic” or “clonal evolution” model [1, 2]. It perceives
the tumor as a mass of hyperproliferative cells with similar
potential for driving tumor growth. Tumor heterogeneity
and progression are seen as the result of variations in the
tumor microenvironment and genetic mutations in individ-
ual cells, followed by selection of those that are best
adapted to support the further growth of the tumor (Fig. 1a).
An alternative concept that has been gaining increasing
experimental support is the “hierarchy” or “cancer stem
cell” model [3]. This model posits that tumors are generated
and maintained in a manner similar to the physiological
stem cell system operating in normal tissues, i.e., by cells
with stem cell-like properties, which self-renew and
differentiate into the distinct cellular subtypes of the tumor
(Fig. 1b). The key novel features of this model are that only
a limited population of tumor cell ...
Stem cell therapy for the bladder has been conducted mainly on an experimental basis in the areas of bladder dysfunction. The therapeutic efficacy of stem cells was originally thought to be derived from their ability to differentiate into various cell types. For more details visit: http://www.cryobanksindia.com/moms-corner/case-studies/
describe two recent scientific research studies and it therapies inv.pdffeelingcomputors
describe two recent scientific research studies and it therapies involving stem cells. Explain what
the researches did(how the study was performed).the result and conclusion
Solution
Therapies for wound healing:
Wound healing is a dynamic process bleeding and coagulation, acute inflammation, cell
migration, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and synthesis and
remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Many local and systemic factors can impair wound
healing process resulting in prolonged and non-healing chronic wounds which affects the quality
of patients’life. Stem cell-based therapy represents a promising therapeutic approach for wound
healing. Stem cells have been shown to mobilize and find home for ischemic and wounded
tissues where they secrete chemokines and growth factors to promote angiogenesis and
extracellular matrix remodeling.
In wounds, It has been reported that Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited to wound skin at the
time of wound healing and have the capacity to differentiate into multiple skin cell types
including keratinocytes, endothelial cells and pericytes. Furthermore, circulating MSC
recruitment was induced by a specific chemokine (SLC/CCL21)/chemokine receptor (CCR7)
interaction both in vitro and in vivo. Intradermal injection of SLC/CCL21 significantly
accelerated wound closure by increasing rates of MSC accumulation, especially the formation of
endothelial transdifferentiated cells (Sasaki et al., 2008) . MSCs are good candidate which can be
transdifferentiated into endothelial cells and epithelial- fibroblast cells for wound repair therapy
and understanding there signaling mechanism can further help in regenerative medicine.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), referred as mesenchymal stromal cells , colony forming unit-
fibroblasts and mesenchymal progenitor cells , were first identified by Friedenstein as
subpopulation of bone marrow cells. Other than hemopoietic stem cells and differentiated
lineages, bone marrow contains a subset of nonhemopoietic cells, mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs) that account for roughly 0.01–0.001% of the bone marrow derived cell population .
These are a rare population of non-hematopoietic stromal cells, present in the bone marrow and
most connective tissues of the body.They have capability to proliferate in vitro in uncommitted
state and retain their multilineage differentiation potency which make them attractive candidates
for biological cell-based tissue repair approaches. These cells have ability to differentiate into
three mesenchymal lineages: adipogenic , osteogenic, chondrogenic and can be induced to
commit to various other phenotypes like neurogenic, hepatocytes,myogenic, tenocytes,
cardiomyocytes, fibroblast and endothelial cells. In vivo studies have also shown that MSCs can
differentiate into tissue-specific cells in response to cues provided by different organs . In
addition to pluripotency, MSCs are known to have immunosuppressive effects involving vari.
Adipose Tissue and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: State of the Art and Lipogems® Technology Development
Carlo Tremolada1 & Valeria Colombo1 & Carlo Ventura2
Abstract Inthepastfewyears,interestinadiposetissueasan ideal source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased. These cells are multipotent and may differentiate in vitro into several cellular lineages, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and myoblasts. In addition, they secrete many bioactive molecules and thus are considered Bmini-drugstores.^ MSCs are being used increasingly for many clinical applications, such as orthopedic, plastic, and reconstructive surgery. Adipose-derived MSCs are routinely obtained enzymatically from fat lipoaspirate as SVF and/or may undergo prolonged ex vivo expansion, with significant senescence and a decrease in multipotency, leading to unsatisfactory clinicalresults.Moreover, these techniquesare hampered by complex regulatory issues. Therefore, an innovative technique (Lipogems®; Lipogems International SpA, Milan, Italy) was developed to obtain microfragmented adipose tissue with an intact stromal vascular niche and MSCs with a high regenerative capacity. The Lipogems® technology, patented in 2010 and clinically available since 2013, is an easyto-use system designed to harvest, process, and inject refined fat tissue and is characterized by optimal handling ability and a great regenerative potential based on adipose-derived MSCs. In this novel technology, the adipose tissue is washed, emulsified, and rinsed and adipose cluster dimensions gradually are reduced to about 0.3 to 0.8 mm. In the resulting
Lipogems® product, pericytes are retained within an intact stromal vascular niche and are ready to interact with the recipient tissue after transplantation, thereby becoming MSCs and starting the regenerative process. Lipogems® has been used in more than 7000 patients worldwide in aesthetic medicineandsurgery,aswellasinorthopedicandgeneralsurgery, with remarkable and promising results and seemingly no drawbacks. Now, several clinical trials are under way to supporttheinitialencouragingoutcomes.Lipogems®technology is emerging as a valid intraoperative system to obtain an optimal final product that may be used immediately for regenerative purposes.
A physical sciences network characterization of non-tumorigenic and metastati...Shashaanka Ashili
To investigate the transition from non-cancerous to metastatic from a physical sciences perspective, the
Physical Sciences–Oncology Centers (PS-OC) Network performed molecular and biophysical comparative studies of the non-tumorigenic MCF-10A and metastatic DA-MB-231 breast epithelial cell lines, commonly used as models of cancer metastasis. Experiments were performed in 20 laboratories from 12 PS-OCs. Each laboratory was supplied with identical aliquots and common reagents and culture protocols. Analyses of these measurements revealed dramatic differences in their mechanics, migration, adhesion, oxygen response, and proteomic profiles. Model-based multi-omics approaches identified key differences between these cells’ regulatory networks involved in morphology and survival. These results provide a multifaceted description of cellular parameters of two widely used cell lines and demonstrate the value of the PS-OC Network approach for integration of diverse experimental observations to elucidate the phenotypes associated with cancer metastasis.
CHI's Targeting Stromal Cells in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases Conference ...James Prudhomme
This virtual meeting will highlight cutting-edge science and provide insight into recent developments towards therapeutic stromal cell targeting in cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. View full details and register: https://www.healthtech.com/stroma-conference
Cell Therapy: The New Approach to Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgerysemualkaira
Cell therapy is a viable alternative for the treatment of disease and tissue degeneration that is very effective, reliable and incurs minimal adverse effects on the body. Its successful application extends to all fields of medicine, including dermatology.
Advances and Problems in Preclinical Models for Childhood Cancerijtsrd
Microblogging today has gotten an acclaimed specific instrument among Neuroblastoma is a sympathetic nervous system disease in children and is the most prevalent solid tumor in childhood, accounting for 15 of all pediatric oncology deaths. Nearly 80 of patients with this clinically active condition do not react to current treatments in the long run. The precise portrayal of tumor biology and diversity is the key obstacle in the discovery and evaluation of novel agents for pediatric drug growth. In addition to this restriction, the low prevalence of neuroblastoma renders it difficult to enroll qualifying patients for early phase clinical trials, emphasizing the importance of thorough preclinical studies to ensure that the right drugs are chosen. To address these issues, researchers need new preclinical models, technologies, and principles. Tissue engineering provides appealing methods for developing three dimensional 3D cell models utilizing different biomaterials and manufacturing techniques that replicate the geometry, dynamics, heterogeneity, metabolic gradients, and cell connectivity of the native tumor microenvironment. We address existing laboratory models and evaluate their ability to reflect the systemic organization and physiological conditions of the human body, as well as current and emerging strategies to recapitulate the tumor niche utilizing tissue engineered platforms in this study. Finally, well talk about how innovative 3Din vitroculture systems might be used to answer unanswered questions in neuroblastoma biology. V. Sah "Advances and Problems in Preclinical Models for Childhood Cancer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42379.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/neurobiology/42379/advances-and-problems-in-preclinical-models-for-childhood-cancer/v-sah
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Introduction
In recent years, medical research has focused on utilizing stem cell therapy to alleviate a
number of debilitating disorders. In particular, recent efforts have turned to the human
umbilical cord (hUC) for new sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs found in
the hUC present several advantages over other stem cell tissue sources. First, hUC is seen as
biological waste and typically discarded after birth. Its use therefore presents no ethical
concerns [2]. Second, hUC cells exhibit reduced immunogenicity. Since these inactivated
MSCs lack MHCII and other costimulatory molecules on their surface, they present no
immune response in the host tissue. In laboratory studies, the allogenic transplantation of
hUC cells into non-immune-suppressed animals did not produce rejection [3]. Third, hUC
cells have an increased proliferative capacity, evidenced by a higher frequency of colony-
forming-unit fibroblasts (CFU-F) and a shorter population doubling time than other cells [4].
MSCs can be isolated from the umbilical cord (UC) lining, subendothelial layer,
perivascular zone, and the Wharton’s Jelly (WJ) (the gelatinous matrix in the umbilical cord
that provides insulation and protection of the vein and arteries of the umbilical cord) [5]
(Figure 1). The MSCs found in these regions of the hUC are multipotent and can
differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and neuronal cells [6].
However, limitations still remain for the isolation of UC-MSCs for clinical use. For cord
lining MSCs, the isolation methods are incredibly time-consuming. In addition, the current
procedure for isolation of WJ-MSCs involves fetal bone serum (FBS) as its nutrient
enhancement. The problem that results from this supplement is that viral and prion diseases
become a major concern. Thus, standard isolation still needs to be modified [7]. An
additional problem with their ability for clinical uses is the UC-MSC’s property to
proliferate at high rates and, after tissue repair, differentiate into two daughter cells with
asymmetric portions of the parent cell`s cytoplasm. Due to this, the MSCs present an
enigmatic problem of not being capable to be tracked through MRIs after a short period of
time elapses. Therefore determining whether the MSCs fully developed into the cell type it
was primarily intended to and whether it is functioning correctly will be an arduous and
inefficient process. Currently the stains of SPIO and Mn2+ are being used for the
identification and tracking of MSCs. However these both present problems. The Mn stain
has a high cytotoxicity and, although there is a solution to minimize the cytotoxicity, the
impending risk is too high [8]. While SPIO stain does not possess this property it cannot
track the MSC cells accurately and descends in clarity as more time elapses [9]. An
experiment conducted with Prussian blue staining demonstrates this lack of consistency
[10]. Therefore, future research efforts must focus on methods to more efficiently isolate
MSCs from the umbilical cord [11] and an appropriate method of staining to enable MRI
imaging of the MSCs.
Despite the setbacks in isolation, WJ-MSCs still present perhaps the best opportunity for cell
therapy in the future. With a greater proliferative capacity and tri-lineage differentiation
potential, these cells can be induced to form a diverse array of cell types than MSCs found
in both the bone marrow and from different regions of the umbilical cord. This high
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3. differentiation potential can be envisioned to target a variety of disorders (Table 1). For
example, UC stem cells exhibit an interesting potency to heal cutaneous burn wounds [12].
Both UC-epithelial cells and UC-MSCs can be grown on scaffolds and grafted to treat
partial thickness and full thickness burns [12].
Cell Therapy for Cancer
In comparison to other sources of MSCs derived from the bone marrow, WJ-MSCs exhibit
reduced immunogenicity. WJ-MSCs lack costimulatory ligands which activate an immune
response from both B and T cells [13]. At the same time, WJ-MSCs express HLA-G, a
protein that induces the expansion of regulatory T cells and suppresses cytotoxic T cells and
Natural Killer cells, at a high level [14].
Interestingly enough, WJ-MSCs (referred to as UCMSCs in [14]) also possess properties
that make them potential tools for cancer therapy. Cancer cells secrete cytokines and growth
factors, and WJ-MSCs have receptors for these molecules in the cell membrane [14]. This
interaction between cytokines and growth factors and their receptors results in WJ-MSCs
exhibiting a tropism towards the inflammatory cancer and tumor tissues [14].
Moreover, WJ-MSCs also present tumorcidal abilities. Although bone marrow-derived
MSCs have been shown to stimulate tumor growth, WJ-MSCs have been demonstrated to
attenuate the growth of tumors [14]. While most of these properties are not fully understood,
there are two mechanisms for cancer suppression that are known. The first is that WJ-MSCs
produce several secretory proteins which in turn promote the cell death of cancer cells and
stop the cell cycle [14]. In addition, WJ-MSCs also caused more tumor suppressing genes to
be expressed thus aiding in the cancer treatment. The second mechanism by which cancer
can be suppressed is through the enhancement of the immune system reaction to the cancer
cells [14]. Studies have shown that rats treated with rat WJ-MSC displayed great
improvement to tumors that they have [15]. Those rats possessed a highly reduced tumor,
and an abundant amount of lymphocytes in the area, which infiltrate the tissue of the tumor
and assist in therapy. In addition to their anti-cancer benefits, WJ-MSCs are also considered
safe therapeutic cells because they do not pose a risk of spreading tumor tissue into other
parts of the body or other adverse effects [16]. If research efforts can develop tumor
suppressor genes or anticancer drugs in the future, WJ-MSCs can potentially be utilized as
vehicles for targeted cancer therapy because of their durability, large loading capacity,
ability to be harvested in large numbers with no risk to the donor, and tumor tropism [14].
Cell Therapy for Liver Disease
WJ-MSCs have also been explored as a method to cure liver diseases. Because of WJ-MSCs
excessive proliferation and ability to differentiate into different cells they are perfect
candidates for this type of treatment. These specific stem cells have been known to
differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and also neurons [17, 18]. Because of the need for
donors of livers and the harmful side effects of the liver transplantations, stem cell therapies
are becoming recognized to be a much better method of curing liver disease. Morphological
analysis demonstrates that WJ-MSCs express markers that correlate with the phenotype of
hepatoblasts (the precursor to hepatocytes, the cell of the primary liver tissue), suggesting
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4. the ability for WJ-MSCs to differentiate into liver cells [19]. Hepatic commitment of these
cells can potentially be induced in the presence of specific growth factors or the host liver
cell environment. Moreover, in a model of fibrosis (the body’s response to chronic liver
damage), the introduction of WJ-MSCs into the injured livers of mice was able to relieve
fibrosis and reduce hepatic inflammation [20], possibly by abrogating extracellular matrix
accumulation (caused by fibrosis). However, these results are controversial because other
studies found that MSCs produce no benefit to hepatic function in the long term [21].
Transplantation of WJ-MSCs has also been tested in liver fibrosis. Using carbon
tetrachloride (CCl4), rats were experimentally induced display liver fibrosis and 4 weeks
later received WJ-MSCs injections [22]. After an additional 4 weeks, there was a remarkable
decrease in the liver fibrosis in the rats treated with WJ-MSCs as compared to the rats that
were not treated with the WJ-MSCs. Some WJ-MSCs exhibited phenotypes of the liver, and
those WJ-MSCs that did not differentiate had the capability to secrete cytokines that have
the potential to restore liver function [23]. These observations indicate a multi-pronged
reparative mechanism of WJ-MSCs involving specific lineage differentiation and
therapeutic molecules that are key pathways towards tissue repair.
Cell Therapy for Peripheral Nerve Damage
WJ-MSCs have also been proposed as a potential cure for peripheral nervous system (PNS)
injuries. When a peripheral neuron is damaged, the Schwann cells lose contact to the next
axon and therefore self-degrade their own myelin sheaths. The body responds with a
proliferation of Schwann cells that support axonal regrowth and regeneration of myelin [24].
Therefore, research in cell therapy has explored the efficacy of transplanting Schwann cells
to heal the injury. This is difficult, however, because isolation of Schwann cells can cause
damage to other peripheral nerves, while the amount of Schwann cells able to be isolated is
typically very low. MSCs offer a novel alternative stem cell source because they are easily
accessible and highly proliferative. Because of the trans-differentiation potential of WJ-
MSCs into ectoderm-derived cells, MSCs can potentially differentiate into functional
Schwann cells and be applied to heal injured peripheral neurons [25]. To this end, the
transplantation of WJ-MSCs into a rat with peripheral nerve damage revealed that the
injected cells labeled with alentivirus green fluorescent protein to allow visualization of
myelin of the regenerated axons, were able to differentiate and become functioning Schwann
cells with an efficiency of 97%. These findings indicate that WJ-MSCs appear as effective
donor cells for cell therapy in the future [25].
Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular and Connective Tissue Repair
Another potential use for WJ-MSCs is in cardiovascular tissue engineering. The
cardiovascular system has low regenerative potential, which makes the use of WJ-MSCs an
ideal alternative in cardiovascular tissue repair with their immunomodulatory properties and
self-regenerating capacity [26]. Interestingly, biologically active heart valve leaflets could
be engineered using only cells from the human umbilical cord [27]. These leaflets showed
complex tissues that closely resembled native tissues. With such robust results, the use of
WJ-MSCs became a large step in overcoming limiting factors in repairing congenital
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5. malformations. These efficacy readouts have also been confirmed in large animal studies,
where engineered heart tissues were successfully transplanted into sheep, even showing
good functional performance after 20 weeks [28]. However, uncertainty still remains over
whether these engineered tissues can survive successfully in the long-term [29]. Additional
research studies have found that culturing UC-MSCs in the presence of certain growth
factors and hormones more efficiently induces UC-MSCs to differentiate into
cardiomyogenic lineages. In particular, the presence of the hormone oxytocin gave rise to
the most efficient differentiation [30].
UC-MSCs may also be beneficial in the treatment of cartilage injuries. Cartilage injuries are
the result of a metabolic imbalance of an organism’s chondrocytes (the primary cell of
cartilage tissue), and the natural growth and repair of cartilage tissue is slow [31].
Transplantation of UC-MSCs presents a potentially effective mechanism for cell therapy
[32]. UC-MSCs, when cultured in a medium containing ascorbic acid, transferrin,
dexamethasone, and other molecules, can differentiate into chondrocyte-like cells [33].
Therefore, stem cell transplantation stands as a strategy to substantially increase the number
of chondrocytes, enabling a quicker recovery of cartilage diseases [34].
The same is true for tendon injuries. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs)
have been shown to produce collagen that repairs tendon injuries in rats [35]. Additionally,
the presence of HUCPVCs facilitated a change in structure and organization of the collagen
fibers [35]. Instead of being disorganized, these collagen fibers were arranged in linear
parallel bundles, thereby increasing the tendon’s tensile strength in comparison to the
control group [36].
Cell Therapy for Obesity and Diabetes
The prenatal differentiation of WJ-MSCs may play a factor in determining an individual’s
susceptibility to obesity and related disorders later in life. Obesity can be affected by
increased adipogenesis, the early determination of MSCs to adipocytes before birth. This
phenomenon is influenced heavily by the prenatal environment [37]. The changes in the
prenatal environment have been largely ascribed to the mother’s health condition. When
healthy mothers were compared to diabetic mothers a major difference was observed in the
prenatal environments were the protein levels [37]. The changes in the concentration of
CD90 is related to the change in plasticity and the up-regulation of CD44, CD29, CD73,
CD166, SSEA4 while TERT is related to the increase of the proliferative ability of the cells.
Studies show that WJ-MSCs from mothers with hyperglycemia or gestational diabetes
mellitus have a higher affinity towards adipocyte differentiation and increased adipocyte
differentiation efficiency than those from lean mothers [37]. The findings suggest that the
changes in the prenatal environment in obese mothers pre-dispose the child to becoming
obese or having Type II Diabetes later in life [37]. Also additional research suggests that
WJ-MSC may have the potential to benefit in the direct treatment of diabetes mellitus [38].
By using markers that indicate when certain genes are expressed, models have shown that
WJ-MSCs have the capability to differentiate into all sorts of pancreatic cells including the
insulin-producing β cells [39]. Using immunohistochemistry and ELISA assays, a
significantly greater amount of insulin and C-peptide protein was released from the
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6. differentiated cells than from the undifferentiated cells. These results suggest that the WJ-
MSC did in fact turn insulin-producing cells. In just a week, WJ-MSCs can turn into the
exact cells that are attacked by this aggressive disease. With more research and study, WJ-
MSCs may provide a means to alleviate diabetes in the future [40].
Moreover, new cell isolation methods have emerged to more efficiently culture and expand
the population of WJ-MSCs in a laboratory setting. A lower oxygen concentration (5%) than
room air (21%), as well as a low plate density (10 cells/cm2), has powerful effects on WJ
cell expansion, shortening population doubling time and substantially increasing the colony
forming efficiency of the cells [41]. These new methods are exciting and hold promise as
researchers search for even more efficient methods to harvest stem cells for developing cell
therapies [41].
As mentioned previously, WJ-MSCs are potentially viable resources as donor cells for
clinical transplantation use, due primarily to their high proliferative capacity and ability to
differentiate between three different tissue lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
WJ-MSCs are likely more beneficial than some other sources of MSCs (Table 2). For
example, for several years, bone marrow MSCs have been demonstrated as the future of
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, primarily due to their intrinsic micro-environmental
support for hematopoietic stem cells and ability to differentiate into various mesodermal
lineages, much like the WJ-MSCs, with limited difficulty in isolation. However these stem
cells are inferior due to the invasive procedures which are required for its aspiration [9].
Another potent source of MSCs is the umbilical cord blood. Much like WJ-MSCs these are
multi-faceted cells with the ability to differentiate into lineages whilst in either in vitro or in
vivo condition and possess higher proliferative capacity than those MSCs of bone marrow
[4]. However, studies suggest that MSCs derived from the umbilical cord blood are limited
in their utility because technical challenges in extracting sufficient amounts of these cells.
Amniotic Fluid MSCs (AF-MSCs) are similar to those of Wharton’s Jelly in that they have a
good differentiation capability and can be efficiently obtained from the placenta [11]. These
multipotent stem cells may have a future in cell therapy and clinical use. However, since
these cells have only recently emerged in the field, most researchers believe that further
studies must be conducted to develop a proficient method to culture and isolate these cells
[11].
Lastly, similarly to WJ-MSCs, Umbilical Cord Matrix MSCs (UCM-MSCs) are useful in
tissue engineering and possibly cell therapy. They also have differentiation abilities,
immunodulatory properties, and trophic activity [4]. However, the number of UCM-MSCs
extracted is limited and unique ex-vivo expansion method is necessary to obtain sufficient
numbers of UCM-MSCs [4].
Although all the sources of MSCs possess comparable stemness properties (differentiation,
proliferation capacity), and present with potential for clinical cell-based therapeutic use, and
all sources display nearly analogous post-transplantational effects, the ease in isolating and
propagating ample supply of WJ-MSCs, combined with their high proliferative capacity and
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7. ability to differentiate into the three germ lineages make WJ-MSCs appealing donor cells for
transplantation therapy.
Conclusions
Recent evidence demonstrates that WJ-MSCs are potential transplantable cells for treatment
of devastating diseases, such as cancer and diabetes. Their use in cell therapy will be an
integral addition to the field of regeneration. WJ-MSCs have a multitude of benefits such as
their high proliferation rate [42], lower doubling time, and ability to function with non-
immune-suppressed animals [43]. However, there remains paucity in the translation of WJ-
MSCs for clinical use, largely due to the cells’ heterogeneity, which results from the current
isolation methods and inefficient staining methods [44]. There are two primary explanations
for heterogeneity. First, the hUC has multiple distinct anatomical zones, and previous
attempts at isolating WJ-MSCs have inadvertently harvested cells from different anatomical
structures of the hUC in addition to the Wharton’s Jelly. Second, there is currently wide
variation in procedures to harvest WJ-MSCs, and this variation can produce inconsistent
results between studies [11]. Future research and refinement of isolation procedures can
potentially overcome these obstacles [11]. Regardless of these drawbacks WJ-MCSs are still
the ideal future for cell therapy; their properties of high proliferation capability and
versatility to differentiate between three lineages allow them to lower immunogenicity and
have the potential to treat an array of diseases and disorders [45].
In addition, WJ-MSCs stimulate immune responses from B and T cells [13] and suppress
cytotoxic and natural killer cells [14]. WJ-MSCs possess cytokines and growth factor
receptors, which allow them to be vital tools for cancer therapy. In such therapy, WJ-MCSs
drastically weaken the cancerous tumors by secreting therapeutic proteins which promote
the cancerous cells to undergo cell death and to stop the cell cycle [46]; moreover, WJ-
MSCs enhance the immune response to cancer cells. With the minimum risk of spreading
the cancer cells throughout the body or to the MSC donor, WJ-MSCs have the potential to
serve as vehicles for delivery of tumor suppressive genes and anticancer drugs occur.
Apart from cancer treatment WJ-MCSs also can facilitate cell-based therapies for liver
diseases and diabetes mellitus due to their high proliferation and differentiation ability [47],
e.g., WJ-MSCs can express hepatoblastic phenotypes and can become liver cells or
pancreatic cells [48].
As we recognized the many versatile capabilities of WJ-MSCs, their documented efficacy in
animal models and limited clinical trials as therapeutic cells advances the field of
regenerative medicine. With more research, WJ-MSCs may someday become recognized as
routine donor cells for cell-based therapies [49, 50, 51].
Acknowledgements
CVB is funded by National Institutes of Health 1R01NS071956-01A1, Department of Defense
W81XWH-11-1-0634, and VA Merit Review.
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8. Abbreviations
hUC Human Umbilical Cord
MSC Mesenchymal Stem Cells
CFU-F Colony-Forming-Unit Fibroblasts
FBS Fetal Bone Serum
UC-MSC Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
WJ-MSC Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells
WJ Wharton's Jelly
HUCPVC Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells
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12. Figure 1.
Anatomy of the human umbilical cord showing Wharton’s Jelly.
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Table 1
Milestone Discoveries for WJ Transplantation
Disease Indication WJ Cell Therapy Outcomes
Cancer • Cells do not pose a risk for metastasis of tumor cells [15].
• Cells promote proteins that halt the cell cycle of cancer cells and promote tumor suppressing genes
[14].
• Cells invoke the body’s the immune system [14].
Liver Disease • WJ-MSC's high proliferative capacity induces hepatocyte differentiation [19].
• The hepatocyte cells can reduce liver fibrosis [22, 23].
Peripheral Nerve Damage: • The cell has the ability to differentiate into Schwann cells [25].
• These can be transferred to the body and applied to the naturally degrading Schwann cells [25].
Cardiovascular Repair: • Biologically Cardio active leaflets can be manufactured using WJMSC’s [27].
• The cells have been used in large animal studies with the sheep hearts functioning over 20 weeks into
experimentation [28].
Connective Tissue Repair: • Cartilage injuries are the result of a metabolic imbalance of chondrocytes and slow repair of the issue.
WJ-MSC's can easily differentiate into the correct cell and be transplanted to repair the issue [32, 33].
• Tendon injuries are also caused by an imbalance and disorganization of the collagen fibers. Human
Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells can not only be transplanted to restore balance, but they help
organize tendon collagen fibers [35, 36].
Obesity and Diabetes: • In the prenatal environment, the growing child can have its cells be predisposed to grow into
adipocyte cells based on the mother's conditions [37].
• Using WJ-MSC's differentiation ability, researchers can grow insulin producing cells in the lab that
can be used to help treat obesity and type II diabetes [37, 39].
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Table 2
Comparison of MSC Sources
MSC Source Potential Benefits Potential Drawbacks
WJ • High proliferative capacity [4]
• Tri-lineage differentiation ability [4, 6]
• Provokes little immune response when
transplanted [3, 4, 9]
• Currently no uniform isolation procedure [4, 7]
• difficult to extract from other anatomical zones
of the hUC [4]
Bone Marrow • Useful for hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation [9]
• Ability to differentiate into multiple cell types in
the mesodermal lineage [9]
• Difficult and invasive procedures needed for
isolation [9]
• Provokes a greater immune response than WJ-
MSCs [9, 13]
UC Blood • Exhibit properties similar to WJ-MSCs,
especially in broad differentiation abilities [4]
• Difficult to extract and isolate cells in high
enough amounts for transplantation [4]
Amniotic Fluid • High differentiation capacity
• Easy to obtain from the placenta [11]
• Very little research on functional effects
conducted to date [11]
• More research needed on their potential uses
and potential methods for isolation [11]
UC Matrix • High differentiation capacity [4]
• Immunomodulatory properties similar to WJ-
MSCs [3, 4, 9]
• Difficult to extract and isolate cells in high
enough amounts for transplantation [4]
Cytotherapy. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 January 01.