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The document provides instructions and information for a debate. It explains that participants must use research to back their claims and cite sources correctly. It outlines the debate process as affirmative and negative teams presenting and rebutting arguments. It also lists potential debate topics and provides an example of a thesis statement with reasons and evidence to support a position. Finally, it instructs students to work in groups to write a thesis statement, outline supporting arguments and evidence, and identify and prepare responses to likely counterarguments.
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Fallacies of Relevance
Personal attack (ad hominum): Arguer attacks the character of a person making an opposing argument but
does not address the argument itself.
Al Gore says that we need to take action against climate change. He can’t even win an election for President;
he’s a loser, so what does he know?
Attacking the motive: Arguer attacks the motive of a person making an opposing argument but does not
address the argument itself.
Pediatricians recommend children get an annual check-up. Of course they do; regular patients equal regular
profits for doctors.
Look who’s talking (tu quoque): Arguer attacks the behavior of a person making an opposing argument
because it is inconsistent with the argument, but does not address the argument itself.
My doctor told me to lose 30 pounds, but he’s pretty chubby, so I don’t need to listen to what that tub of lard
says.
Two wrongs make a right: Arguer justifies a wrong action by citing an instance of another wrong action.
Everybody cheats in college, so it’s ok for me to cheat, too.
Scare tactics (appeal to fear): Arguer threatens the reader or listener in order to force acceptance of an
argument.
If you don’t install our company’s home alarm system, who knows what might happen; there are a lot of bad
guys out there.
Appeal to pity: Arguer inappropriately tries to evoke pity from a reader or listener to support an argument.
Eat your liver! Think about the poor, starving children who don’t have any food.
Bandwagon (appeal to popularity): Arguer uses popular opinion or behavior to support an argument.
Ghosts must exist; everyone I know believes in them.
Straw man: Arguer attacks an opposing argument by distorting or misrepresenting it.
Advocates of stricter gun laws want us to be helpless in the face of crime! We need to fight them in Congress!
Equivocation: Arguer uses the same word or phrase in two different senses in order to support an argument.
The sign said, “Fine for parking here” and since it was fine, I parked there.
Begging the question (circular reasoning): Arguer supports an argument with a premise that assumes the
argument to be true.
We should treat others in the way we want to be treated because it is the golden rule.
Red herring: Arguer supports and argument with a premise that is irrelevant to the claim being made.
You say it’s wrong for me to cheat on my spouse. But who knows what is wrong and what is right anyway?
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
Inappropriate appeal to authority: An argument is supported with evidence from an expert who is not an
authority on the issue being argued.
The President of the United States brushes his teeth with Crest. You should, too!
Appeal to ignorance: An argument is supported by the citation of a lack of evidence proving it false; or an
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The argument
Here are analyses of the arguments:
1. This argues that Fairdale will win based on having the best team, but provides no evidence or support for the claim that they have the best team. More support is needed to make this argument compelling.
2. This makes a reasonable case that current economic conditions of low housing prices and interest rates make it a good time to buy a home. However, individual circumstances would need to be considered to determine if buying is the right choice.
3. This argument takes a clear position but does not provide much support or evidence for the claims about China's human rights abuses or refusal of reforms. More facts and examples would strengthen the argument for the conclusion.
4. This argument
The argument
1. Fairdale will win the championship because they have the best team.
2. It is a good time to buy a home because the housing market is depressed, interest rates are low.
3. The U.S. should refuse to deal with the present Chinese government because China is guilty of human rights abuses and refuses democratic reforms.
Debate 07 08
Here is a sample argument constructed deductively for the given motion:
Motion: That Xavier School should abolish its haircut policy
Conclusion: Xavier School should abolish its strict haircut policy.
Support 1: The haircut policy infringes on students' personal freedom of expression. By dictating hairstyles, the school is limiting students' individuality and right to self-expression through their appearance.
Support 2: Strict grooming policies do not contribute to students' academic performance or development. There is no evidence that hair length or style impacts a student's ability to learn.
Support 3: Many other schools have moved away from rigid dress codes and allow students more freedom with their personal appearance without issues.
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Persuasive Writing
Persuasive writing aims to influence the audience's thoughts or actions by taking a stance for or against an issue. There are three main ways to persuade others: appealing to reason with evidence and logic, appealing to emotions with vivid examples and imagery, and appealing to one's character or credibility. When crafting a persuasive argument, it is important to address counterarguments, ensure evidence is from reliable sources, and anticipate objections in order to strengthen one's position.
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A presentation to guide students through the components of persuasive writing and prepare them to write a persuasive paper.
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The document provides guidance on structuring a persuasive essay. It recommends beginning with an attention-grabbing introduction that presents both sides of the issue before stating your thesis. The body should contain three paragraphs with evidence to support the thesis. The conclusion restates the thesis and arguments and encourages further thought with a "clincher." Strategies discussed include using an objective tone and placing the weakest argument in the middle paragraph.
Argumentation 111312
The document provides an overview of argumentation and persuasion techniques for academic papers. It discusses developing a thesis, addressing opposing viewpoints, using logical reasoning and credible evidence to support claims, and avoiding logical fallacies. The document outlines plans for upcoming class meetings and assignments, and strategies for crafting persuasive arguments tailored to different audience types.
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This document provides information on argumentation and the structure of argument essays. It defines argumentation as appealing to reason by connecting evidence in a logical chain to lead readers to an intended conclusion. There are four main types of arguments: definition, evaluation, cause-effect, and proposal. A good argument topic must be specific, controversial, researchable, rational, and relatable. An argument essay follows a basic structure with a claim, support/evidence, refutation of counter-arguments, and a conclusion that reinforces the claim. The introduction should grab the reader, provide background, and state the thesis. The body should present logical evidence and refute opposing views. The conclusion restates the key points and supports the thesis.
How to write a debate outline
1) The document provides guidance on how to write an effective debate outline, including identifying the debate format, doing thorough research, following outlining principles, structuring the case and potential rebuttals, and avoiding logical fallacies.
2) It recommends identifying the debate format which determines the structure, doing research to find solid evidence for arguments and potential counterarguments, and outlining the case with a strong introduction, body, and conclusion.
3) The document also cautions about logical fallacies to avoid such as straw man arguments, slippery slopes, ad hominem attacks, and relying on anecdotes instead of evidence.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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