1) The document provides guidance on how to write an effective debate outline, including identifying the debate format, doing thorough research, following outlining principles, structuring the case and potential rebuttals, and avoiding logical fallacies.
2) It recommends identifying the debate format which determines the structure, doing research to find solid evidence for arguments and potential counterarguments, and outlining the case with a strong introduction, body, and conclusion.
3) The document also cautions about logical fallacies to avoid such as straw man arguments, slippery slopes, ad hominem attacks, and relying on anecdotes instead of evidence.
Asian parliamentary debate: Format, Roles of speaker, victory hacks.anubhavgarg1234
All the intricacies of the APD explained in one PPT comprehensively and concisely including success tips for workshops, seminars, and introductory sessions.
Asian parliamentary debate: Format, Roles of speaker, victory hacks.anubhavgarg1234
All the intricacies of the APD explained in one PPT comprehensively and concisely including success tips for workshops, seminars, and introductory sessions.
Module 7 Discussion Board Algebra1. What does it mean when s.docxmoirarandell
Module 7 Discussion Board Algebra
1. What does it mean when something grows or decays exponentially? How is that different then rising or falling linearly?
2. Give an example of a real life application of exponential growth or decay. Include the link to a website to show this.
Please answer as two different posts. You need three posts for full credit.
When you reply to others in the class, your replies should contain original thought and/or a follow up question.
Classical Argument
Persuasion and ArgumentPersuasion is the process of drawing conclusions and getting others to accept them and act upon them.Argumentation is the process of drawing conclusions after looking at both sides of an issue and getting others to accept one side based upon logic and careful exploration of facts.
Rhetoric and AudienceRhetoric is the “art of speaking or writing effectively”It is a set of skills used in college and in the business world Effective communication is an important skill in the work forceEffective communication gets our point across without embarrassment for ourselves or others. Effective communication understands what the audience does and does not know about the topic.
Aristotle’s Appeals: Ethos, Logos, and PathosAristotle was a student of Plato. Later, he was a teacher for Alexander the Great. He identified three appeals that can be used to persuade others. Ethos=ethics. Logos=logic. Pathos=emotion
Ethos=Ethics, CredibilityAs a writer, you will establish your credibility through careful research. Articles from experts in the field of study will help you build your ethos in the paper. An advertisement using ethos would be a McDonald’s commercial stating the number of years in business (hence they know how to make a decent hamburger). A car dealership might also state how long they have been at the same location. Or, the dealership might make sure you know“ 2013 Time Dealer of the year award nominee for being among the nation’s most successful auto dealers who also demonstrate a long-standing commitment to community service” (Fuson Automotive).
Logos=LogicWhen using logos in an argument, we provide facts, statistics, evidence, and reason. An automobile commercial stating the vehicle gets x mpg is proving a logos appeal. When gas prices climb, auto makers want to highlight how many miles per gallon the car can travel. Therefore, a car advertised as getting 40 mpg would appeal to a consumer who travels a distance of 40 miles to and from work. If the reader finds the evidence given “logical” it will appeal to the reader.
Pathos=EmotionA pathos appeal will tap into human emotions. Some commercials are deliberately funny and are geared to draw us to the restaurant or product being advertised. From about mid-January until February 14, TV ads focus on how we should tell our “significant” other “I love you.” Commercials such as the “Sandals Resort” plays to adults who want a romantic get-away. We are frequently told ...
Argument paperEnglish 1 Spring 2014 Argument Assignment Paper.docxrossskuddershamus
Argument paper/English 1 Spring 2014 Argument Assignment Paper.doc
PAGE
English 1: Argumentative Essay Assignment
The Assignment: Write a six-to-ten page argument paper that addresses a current issue that will address our theme of the impact of technology on communication on ourselves, on our world and on what it means to be human (Barrios, 583). The topic and the issue for this paper is the same as your exploratory paper assignment. The purpose of this paper is to present your position on the issue and then argue why by presenting your own reasons and evidence to support your thesis statement.
Locating Sources for Research. The purpose of the exploratory paper was to explore different writers and their position, their perspective, and the types of evidence they used in order to form your own position and perspective. You have three sources that you may use in your paper. For this paper, you must include a variety of sources; they cannot all come from Web sites. Search SMC’s library online catalog, search for a book, search online databases, find newspaper articles, use the search engine Google scholar at www.google.com, or www.yahoo.com . In addition, observations or experience from your personal life are not allowable. Refer to the following handouts: “Research Guide for Papers,” “Sources Acceptable for Academic Papers.” Both of these handouts are on eCompanion. If you include an article from a Website, there must be a date and a sponsor/publisher. If this is not available you cannot use this source.
Thesis Statement and Claim: Does your thesis clearly include a claim? Is it arguable? Does it take a perspective on an issue? Is it narrow and specific enough for the length of this assignment? Is it focused on one subject? Is it a claim of policy where you argue that certainpolicies should be changed? Is it a claim of value where you argue that some action, belief, or policy is morally wrong, good, or bad? Once your claim is clear, you must develop reasons that match and correspond to the type of claim being made.
Audience/Point of View: An effective argument is tailored to its audience. The reasons and the types of evidence you offer, the needs and values to which you appeal, terms defined, all depend on your audience and the type of claim. Ask: What does your audience know or not know about your topic? The audience is your instructor and classmates. Never assume that the audience is familiar with your topic or terms. You may need to include definitions and relevant details to help the audience understand your position in the first body paragraph. For this argument essay, you will use only the third-person point of view. No, “I” “We” or “You.”
Content/Body Paragraphs. For the length of this assignment, you should have at least three-to-four distinct and relevant reasons to support your thesis. Follow the guidelines for writing the argument paper when developing your reasons. Use the “because” clause approach.
Directions This may be done table format. APA format is requ.docxcuddietheresa
Directions: This may be done table format. APA format is required whichever format you choose. A title page, running head, page numbers and three references are required.
A. Identify the normal values for each of the following labs. Consider normal values across gender, race, and age, and pregnancy status, when applicable.
B. Identify clinical indications for obtaining the following labs.
1. List when indicated for routine screens if applicable (for example,the USPSTF recommends screening for chlamydia in sexually active women age 24 years and younger and in older women who are at increased risk for infection, or TSH screening is indicated for newborns. Indications for screening can also include risk factors. For example, ordering cholesterol levels on a patient with HTN or DM.
2. Besides screening,list 1-3 clinical indications for ordering the lab. For example, clinical indications of WBC include
Fever with associated symptoms, weight loss, bone pain with fever, etc.
C. Identify conditions associated with abnormal LOW levels of each of the following labs (if applicable)
D. Identify conditions associated with abnormal HIGH levels of each of the following labs (if applicable)
One good resources for screening recommendations is:
https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/BrowseRec/Index/browse-recommendations
1. Components on a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel such as (but not limited to) sodium, chloride, potassium, glucose, CO2, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Calcium
2. Renal Function Tests: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, BUN/Cr Ratio, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
3. Thyroid Function Tests
TSH, Free T4
4. Toxicology
Salicylate toxicity, Acetaminophen, Urine Drug Screen, Blood Alcohol, Carbon Monoxide (CO)
5. For your last category of test. Report screening indications for the chosen test, and some clinical indications for ordering them, normal values/results, and S/Sx associated with high/low or abnormal values when applicable
a. Mammography
On Writing an Ethical Argument Evaluation Paper (PHIL 302)
Topic is Racism between social Classes
Before you begin writing, it is crucial to pick a subject, topic, or a specific argument that interests you. Your paper will be a critical evaluation of the soundness of an argument. If you already have an argument, then you can go on to the next step. If not, you may choose to discuss one from an author you have read, or you may formulate your own. In some courses, you may consider a case study for your paper. In that case you will formulate an argument that purports to defend a resolution to the case. You should note that it is not crucial that you pick an argument with which you agree. It is about equally difficult (or easy) to write a paper opposing an argument as it is to write one supporting it, so you should probably choose an argument that is interesting first.
Your paper will have seven parts:
I. Introduction
II. Position
III. Argument
IV. Justification
A. V ...
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true testsarantatersall
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
Persuasive/Argumentative Essay
Topic…………..
Why the Legalization of Marijuana is Inevitable
Assignment: Write a paper formatted in MLA style of seven pages in length (use Times New Roman 12) that addresses the topic below. You must include a Works Cited page.
Following the directions given in lecture and the examples and instructions in Chapter Fourteen of
Writing Arguments
, write a persuasive essay. You must take a position on a subject of your choosing that involves some issue that a person might dispute.
As with the definition essay, you should explain what your subject is. You must also present your arguments in favor of your side of the argument, and you must have some discussion of counter-arguments. Where it is appropriate, you may anticipate counter-arguments both from audience members who disagree with your position and with those who agree with your position but desire a different solution.
Writing to Persuade
Writing Argument
Persuasion
is a broad term. When we persuade, we try to influence people to think in a certain way or to do something.
Argument
is persuasion on a topic about which reasonable people disagree. Argument involves controversy. Whereas exercising appropriately is probably not controversial because reasonable people do not dispute the idea, an issue such as gun control is. In this chapter, we will be concerned mainly with the kind of persuasion that involves argument.
Techniques for Developing Argument
Statements of argument are informal or formal. An opinion column in a newspaper is likely to have little set structure, whereas an argument in college writing is likely to be tightly organized. Nervertheless, the opinion column and the college paper have much in common. Both provide a proposition, which is the main point of the argument, and both provide pupport, which is the evidence of the reasons that back up the proposition.
For a well – structured college paragraph or essay, an organizing plan is desirable. Consider these elements when you write an argument, and ask yourself the following question as you develop your ideas:
Background: What is the historical or social context for this controversial issue?
Proposition (the thesis of the essay): What do I want my audience to believe or to do?
Qualification of proposition: Can I limit my proposition so that those who disagree cannot easily challenge me with exceptions? If, for example, I am in favor of using animals for scientific experimentation, am I concerned only with medical experiments or with any use, including experiments for the cosmetic industry?
Refutation (taking the opposing view into account, mainly to point out its fundamental weakness): What is the view on the other side, and why is it flawed in reasoning or evidence?
Support: In addition to sound reasoning, can I use appropriate facts, examples, statistics, and opinions of authorities?
Your Audience
Your audience may be uninformed, informed, biase.
Writing - Claims & Evidences (Argumentative Paper Part 1)
How to write a debate outline
1. How to Write a Debate Outline
Creating Your Basic OutlineAvoiding Logical Fallacies
Edited by Chris, Teresa, BR, Lutherus and 7 others
Debates are a common assignment in high school and college classes where two
individuals or teams discuss an issue. In many ways, writing a debate outline is
similar to the other outlines you might write for papers and speeches. However, since
debates are not necessarily a familiar form of communication, it is important to know
how to write a debate outline so your side is structured properly.
Part 1 of 2: Creating Your Basic Outline
Identify the form of debate you are using. Each form has its own organizational
structure. You will base your debate outline on that structure. There are two common forms
used in schools and competitions. Other forms are simply varieties of these two, changing the
amount of time available and the organization of different segments.
Team debates are one of the most common debate forms. In the first half of the debate,
each team has two segments to present arguments for their side. In the second half of
the debate, each team has two segments to rebut arguments presented in the first half.
Lincoln-Douglas debates are set up to allow one side to present their arguments, and
then the other team to cross-examine them. The second team then presents their
arguments and has the first team cross-examine them. Finally, each team has an
opportunity for a final rebuttal.
Do your research. Whatever form your debate takes, you will have the opportunity to
present your side of the issue. Gather all of your research and look for common arguments. On
a piece of paper, list different pieces of evidence under each line of argument. This can include
quotes, examples, cases, facts, and statistics. Be sure to note all bibliographical information on
your notes.
2. Use the best research at your disposal, not just the first entries on google, in order to
find solid evidence. Visit the library and look for peer-reviewed journals for a good
selection of research.
For every supporting piece of evidence you find for your case, try to find another piece
of evidence to counter it. This will help you build your argument later.
It is better to include more points than you think you will need, than not doing enough
research and lacking evidence.
Follow outlining principles. While the order of your material will be determined by
your debate form, the format for your debate outline should follow the basic guidelines for
outlining. If you are doing your debate for a class, you were likely presented with a rubric
which you should be making sure you are following.
Subdivide information. Main headings will probably consist of arguments, while
subheadings will contain different pieces of supporting evidence.
Use correct symbols. Each level of the outline has a particular symbol to use. The main
headings will use Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV). Subheadings use capital letters (A, B,
C). Sub-sub headings use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3). Keep these consistent throughout
your outline.
Indent each level. Indentation helps you follow the line of argument and keeps your
outline organized.[1]
Outline your case. Your case is your primary argument: the value you are trying to
uphold through a variety of evidence. Start the outline of your debate by compiling a list of
evidence that supports your case. Order it so that the most influential and powerful evidence is
the first to be presented, mediocre evidence is in the middle, and a final powerful piece is at the
end.[2]
If you have a fairly lengthy debate planned, break up your case evidence into
categorical sections. For example, you could have legal, moral, and economic support
for your case.
Aim to have a minimum of three supporting facts or pieces of evidence in your case
outline.
In debates in particular, quality is better than quantity.
3. Prepare potential rebuttals. You will have the opportunity to rebut or question the
arguments presented by the other side. Identify potential arguments they may bring up. Many
opposing arguments will probably be addressed in your research. Brainstorm different ways to
counter these arguments during your rebuttal should the opposing side bring it up.[3]
Look to find rebuttals for both the individual parts of their argument in addition to the
whole of it. This will fortify your position in the debate.
Many times their argument will be the opposite of yours, so while your argument lists
the pros, theirs is listing the cons of a particular value. If you pay attention to this, you
will be able to not only prove their side of the argument invalid, but also help to further
promote your own.
Add detail to your outline. When you have made a bare bones outline of your case and
rebuttals, begin adding a bit more detail that will benefit either essay writing or debating on the
subject. Keep the outline form of headers, sections, and bulleted lists, but write in complete
sentences, add in helpful questions and evidence, and make your argument more well rounded
than just a list of a few words.
Write this more detailed outline as if you were speaking in the debate. This will help
you with wording and understand your own argument, and coming up with logical
questions and rebuttals for your opponent.
Be sure to avoid logical fallacies in your case outline and rebuttal/response. A sound
argument will be based on solid evidence that you can back up with if necessary.[4]
Part 2 of 2: Avoiding Logical Fallacies
Avoid using a straw man. Often used by beginning debaters in their outlines, the straw
man fallacy is when you misrepresent your opponents case by describing it wrongly to the
audience. Make sure you don’t do this in your rebuttal, and if your opponent does it to you be
sure to call them out on it.
4. For example, if you’re promoting the abolition of the death penalty, your opponent
might commit the straw man by accusing you of lacking sympathy for the families of
victims, and that you don’t want true criminals to pay for their crimes.
Watch out for the slippery slope. When making your outline for your case and
rebuttals, it may be easy to refer to using the slippery slope fallacy. This happens when you
assume something more extreme will happen on the basis that something less extreme is about
to occur.
For example, if you’re arguing for legalizing gay marriage and your opponent says that
it is a bad idea, because soon enough we will be legalizing polygamy and bestial
relationships in all the states.
Be careful of the ad hominem fallacy. Often used by the losing part of a debate, the ad
hominem fallacy is when instead of attacking the merit of a case being presented, the opponent
makes personal attacks against the person presenting the case.
For example, if you’ve presented a well worded argument for your case but your
opponent has not, at their time for rebuttal they may instead make light of your poor
grades or drinking problem. This is unrelated, may or may not be true, and has no effect
on the debate.
Avoid asking loaded questions. When loaded questions are used in debate, they
seemingly point to an obvious fault in the argument, when instead they have caught the debater
off-guard. Loaded questions are those which have a presumptuous base, so that the person
answering the question is forced to defend themselves even if it’s not true.
In a debate about legalizing marijuana, your opponent accuses you of taking drugs by
asking, “is it not true that you’re interested in legalizing marijuana because you yourself
have done drugs in the past?”
5. Avoid using ambiguous language and explanations. When someone doesn’t quite
know what to say or is trying to avoid saying something that would appear detrimental to their
case, they often use ambiguous language. This is where you give unclear explanations and are
incredibly vague in your descriptions of things and events.
For example, if you ask your opponent why exactly why we should convert to a
socialist system and they say something about how more people will benefit from it, but
they aren’t able to supply clear evidence other than emotional reasoning.
Stay away from the bandwagon fallacy. This is one of the most commonly committed
fallacies, in which you assume something is correct or good simply because it is of popular
belief.
For example, you state in your argument that because most people promote the death
penalty, that it is the most effective means of punishment.
Be careful of using the false dilemma fallacy. Often used at the end of a debate to
highlight the goodness of making a decision in your favor, the false dilemma fallacy occurs
when you offer only two final options (black or white) when there may indeed be several other
options available.
For example, your opponent states that as a result, the only two options are to legalize
all drugs or to outlaw them.
Avoid using anecdotes instead of evidence. When presenting to an audience, often it
is easier to rely on personal experiences and stories as the basis for an argument rather than
finding clear evidence that supports a belief.
For example, your opponent argues that because their friend decided to have their baby
instead of having an abortion and ended up happier, all women will feel the same way
in a similar position.[5]