3. COPY AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
QUESTION
1. What do you see in the picture? Describe
the appearance and the expressions.
2. What is happening in the photo?
3. List 3 things you might infer from this
picture.
4. What questions does this photograph raise
in your mind?
5. Where could you find the answer to them?
6. Biological Evolution
Refers to the changes, modifications, and
variations in the genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one generation to
another
Based on the theory of Evolution that was
introduced by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).
7. Natural selection
Reason for the evolution (Darwin)
3 important principles:
1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Differential reproductive success
8.
9.
10. Hominid
General term used by scientists to
categorize the group of early humans
and other humanlike creatures that can
walk erect during the prehistoric times
14. Dryopethicus
He was the earliest known
ancestor of man
At the same time as his
existence, Ramapethicus
existed who was more
human-like than
Dryopethicus
Ramapethicus
Dryopethicus
15. Dryopithecus
inhabited the European region and some parts of Asia and
Africa
Stages of evolution of humans began from him
After Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus came to the genus
Australopithecus which preceded the genus Homo
17. Ardipithecus ramidus
the foot bones in this skeleton indicate a
divergent large toe combined with a rigid
foot
The pelvis is said to show adaptations
that combine tree-climbing and bipedal
activity.
19. Ardipithecus ramidus
Was 1.2 meters tall and the fossils show the
foramen magnum that was large to indicate
upright walking
The forelimbs were different from those of
the earlier ape-like ancestors
They had teeth like humans.
20. Australopithecus afarensis
‘Lucy’ the famous fossil belonged to this
species
inhabited the African mainland
shorter than the Australopithecus
ramidus
small skull with flat noses and no chin
21. Australopithecus afarensis
able to walk on two legs but the legs were slightly
bowed which made their walk slightly ape-like. The
bowed legs, fingers, and toes enabled them to climb
trees and live there
large teeth and jaws.
22.
23.
24.
25. Australopithecus africanus
inhabited the African mainland
bipedal and had a small skull with small
brains than Homo erectus but larger than
their predecessors
had large teeth compared to current day
humans and were herbivorous
had large jaws.
28. Homo Habilis
He had a face similar to his
ancestors
skull and brain size indicate that
he may have been able to speak
29. Homo Habilis
earliest tools made were from this era
known as the ‘handy man’ because he was the first to
make and use tools
around 5 feet tall and erect.
30. Homo Erectus
upright
smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin, larger
brain size and prominent speech
knew how to make and use tools,
he made a fire and knew how to
control it
31. Homo Erectus
carnivorous
knew the existence of groups and they began
spreading from Africa to Asia and Europe
Java Man and Peking Man had brain capacities similar
to modern man at 1300cc. They were cave dwellers.
32. Peking Man
characterized by a cranial capacity averaging about
1,000 cubic cm, the size of modern man’s.
had a skull that was flat in profile, with a small
forehead, a keel along the top of the head for
attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick skull
bones, heavy brow ridges, an occipital torus, a large
palate, and a large, chinless jaw.
33. Java Man
characterized by a cranial capacity averaging 900 cubic
cm
a skull flat in profile with little forehead, a crest along
the top of the head for attachment of powerful jaw
muscles, very thick skull bones, heavy brow ridges, and
a massive jaw with no chin. The teeth are essentially
human though with some apelike features, such as
large, partly overlapping canines. Thighbones show
that Java man walked fully erect, like modern man, and
attained a height of about 170 cm (5 feet 8 inches).
35. had a brain size larger than modern
man and were gigantic in size
had a large head and jaw and were
very powerful and muscular
36. carnivores and the tools from the era indicate they were
hunters
cave dwellers but their caves were more comfortable and they
lived in groups and hunted for food gathering.
37. Homo sapiens sapiens
known as ‘modern-day man’
became smaller in size and the brain
size reduced to 1300cc
reduction in the size of the jaw,
rounding of the skull and chin
38. Cro- Magnon was the earliest of the Homo sapiens. They
spread wider from to Europe, Australia, and the Americas. They
were omnivores, had skilful hands, and developed the power of
thinking, producing art, more sophisticated tools and
sentiments upon.
60. 21. Refers to the changes,
modifications, and variations in the
genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one
generation to another
