The document discusses human biological and cultural evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It describes key species in our evolution like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Important concepts covered include biological evolution, natural selection, and the major transitional hominid species between early apelike ancestors and anatomically modern humans.

1. LOOKING BACK AT
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL
EVOLUTION

2. Journal 2.1 PHOTO ANALYSIS

3. COPY AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
QUESTION
1. What do you see in the picture? Describe
the appearance and the expressions.
2. What is happening in the photo?
3. List 3 things you might infer from this
picture.
4. What questions does this photograph raise
in your mind?
5. Where could you find the answer to them?

4. GROUP ACTIVITY 2.1
WORLD CAFE

5. Biological and Cultural Evolution
Key concepts in the study of the origins
of modern human

6. Biological Evolution
Refers to the changes, modifications, and
variations in the genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one generation to
another
Based on the theory of Evolution that was
introduced by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).

7. Natural selection
Reason for the evolution (Darwin)
3 important principles:
1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Differential reproductive success

10. Hominid
General term used by scientists to
categorize the group of early humans
and other humanlike creatures that can
walk erect during the prehistoric times

11. Hominids
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo

12. Hominids
Australopithecus
Homo

13. Apelike and
humanlike
characteristics
Sahelanthropus
Ardipithecus
Australopithecus
Homo
Biological and
cultural
characteristics of a
modern man

14. Dryopethicus
He was the earliest known
ancestor of man
At the same time as his
existence, Ramapethicus
existed who was more
human-like than
Dryopethicus
Ramapethicus
Dryopethicus

15. Dryopithecus
inhabited the European region and some parts of Asia and
Africa
Stages of evolution of humans began from him
 After Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus came to the genus
Australopithecus which preceded the genus Homo

16. Australopithecus
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus robustus

17. Ardipithecus ramidus
the foot bones in this skeleton indicate a
divergent large toe combined with a rigid
foot
The pelvis is said to show adaptations
that combine tree-climbing and bipedal
activity.

18. Ardipithecus ramidus
The discoverers argue that the ‘Ardi’ skeleton
reflects a human-African ape common
ancestor that was not chimpanzee-like

19. Ardipithecus ramidus
Was 1.2 meters tall and the fossils show the
foramen magnum that was large to indicate
upright walking
The forelimbs were different from those of
the earlier ape-like ancestors
They had teeth like humans.

20. Australopithecus afarensis
‘Lucy’ the famous fossil belonged to this
species
 inhabited the African mainland
shorter than the Australopithecus
ramidus
small skull with flat noses and no chin

21. Australopithecus afarensis
able to walk on two legs but the legs were slightly
bowed which made their walk slightly ape-like. The
bowed legs, fingers, and toes enabled them to climb
trees and live there
large teeth and jaws.

25. Australopithecus africanus
inhabited the African mainland
bipedal and had a small skull with small
brains than Homo erectus but larger than
their predecessors
had large teeth compared to current day
humans and were herbivorous
had large jaws.

26. Australopithecus robustus
taller than his predecessors but
still ape-like
weighed more than their
ancestors

27. HOMO
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens

28. Homo Habilis
He had a face similar to his
ancestors
skull and brain size indicate that
he may have been able to speak

29. Homo Habilis
earliest tools made were from this era
known as the ‘handy man’ because he was the first to
make and use tools
around 5 feet tall and erect.

30. Homo Erectus
 upright
smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin, larger
brain size and prominent speech
knew how to make and use tools,
he made a fire and knew how to
control it

31. Homo Erectus
carnivorous
 knew the existence of groups and they began
spreading from Africa to Asia and Europe
Java Man and Peking Man had brain capacities similar
to modern man at 1300cc. They were cave dwellers.

32. Peking Man
 characterized by a cranial capacity averaging about
1,000 cubic cm, the size of modern man’s.
 had a skull that was flat in profile, with a small
forehead, a keel along the top of the head for
attachment of powerful jaw muscles, very thick skull
bones, heavy brow ridges, an occipital torus, a large
palate, and a large, chinless jaw.

33. Java Man
 characterized by a cranial capacity averaging 900 cubic
cm
 a skull flat in profile with little forehead, a crest along
the top of the head for attachment of powerful jaw
muscles, very thick skull bones, heavy brow ridges, and
a massive jaw with no chin. The teeth are essentially
human though with some apelike features, such as
large, partly overlapping canines. Thighbones show
that Java man walked fully erect, like modern man, and
attained a height of about 170 cm (5 feet 8 inches).

34. Homo Sapiens
2 TYPES:
1.Homo sapiens neanderthelensis
2.Homo sapiens sapiens

35. had a brain size larger than modern
man and were gigantic in size
had a large head and jaw and were
very powerful and muscular

36. carnivores and the tools from the era indicate they were
hunters
cave dwellers but their caves were more comfortable and they
lived in groups and hunted for food gathering.

37. Homo sapiens sapiens
known as ‘modern-day man’
became smaller in size and the brain
size reduced to 1300cc
reduction in the size of the jaw,
rounding of the skull and chin

38. Cro- Magnon was the earliest of the Homo sapiens. They
spread wider from to Europe, Australia, and the Americas. They
were omnivores, had skilful hands, and developed the power of
thinking, producing art, more sophisticated tools and
sentiments upon.

40. What is your
realization now as a
member of society?

41. Quiz # 2.1

42. 1. known as ‘modern-day man’

43. 2. He was the earliest known
ancestor of man

44. 3. ‘Lucy’ the famous fossil
belonged to this species

45. 4. The pelvis is said to show
adaptations that combine tree-
climbing and bipedal activity.

46. 5. bipedal and had a small skull
with small brains than Homo
erectus but larger than their
predecessors

47. 6. had a brain size larger than
modern man and were gigantic in
size

48. 7. smaller but longer face, less
prominent or absent chin, larger
brain size and prominent speech

49. 8. cave dwellers but their caves
were more comfortable and they
lived in groups and hunted for
food gathering.

50. 9. known as the ‘handy man’
because he was the first to make
and use tools

51. 10. skull and brain size indicate
that he may have been able to
speak

52. 11. Who discovered Lucy?

53. 12. Where did ‘Lucy’ get her
name from?

54. 12. Where did ‘Lucy’ get her
name from?

55. 13-15. give 3 important
facts about Lucy

56. 16. This existed at the same
time as Dryopethicus

57. 17. earliest of the Homo
sapiens.

58. 18-19. 2 examples of homo
erectus which had brain
capacities similar to modern
man at 1300cc. They were cave
dwellers.

59. 20. According to Darwin,
this is the reason of
evolution.

60. 21. Refers to the changes,
modifications, and variations in the
genetics and inherited traits of
biological populations from one
generation to another

61. 22. He introduced the
theory of evolution.

62. 23-25. what are the 3
important principles of
natural selection?

63. 26.
29.
30.
28.
27.