Ramalingam Kailasham completed his summer industrial training at Al Tajir Glass Industries in Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates. The report summarizes his training, including introducing the company and describing the glass production process. It discusses the raw materials used like silica sand, limestone, soda ash, and cullet. Key terms in the glass industry are defined, such as viscosity scales and the Bezold-Brucke phenomenon for color masking. The report consists of 6 chapters covering topics such as raw materials, manufacturing processes, equipment, and environmental health and safety practices.
Duplicating and refractory materials used in removable partial/endodontic co...Indian dental academy
The document discusses materials used for duplicating dental casts and refractory materials used in removable partial dentures. It describes various duplication materials like agar, alginate, silicones and their compositions and gelation processes. It also discusses refractory materials like phosphate bonded, ethyl silicate bonded and gypsum bonded investments used to make casts that withstand high temperatures. Aqueous acrylamide gel is mentioned as an alternative duplicating material that sets faster than agar.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Recent advances in dental materials /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document summarizes the development of lead-free frit to replace lead compounds in ceramic glazes due to the toxic effects of lead poisoning. Boric acid and borax were found to be effective and economical replacements for lead oxide, as borate compounds increase the fluxing action of glazes without impairing quality. A series of 13 lead-free frit formulations were prepared with varying contents of silica, sodium oxide, and boric oxide. Frit number 10, containing 61.4% silica, 8.1% sodium oxide, and 15.7% boric oxide, was determined to be optimal as it matured at 1050°C without crazing or other defects when applied to ceramic
This document provides an overview of dental impression materials. It begins with a brief history of dental impressions and then discusses the ideal requirements and classifications of impression materials. The main types discussed are hydrocolloids like alginate and agar, as well as elastomeric materials like polysulfides, silicones, and polyethers. For each material, the document outlines their composition, setting reaction, properties, manipulation, and advantages/limitations. Causes for impression failure and alternative impression methods like oral scanners are also mentioned before concluding with references.
Freezing tubes are available in volumes of 0.5, 1.5, 1.8, and 5.0 ml from Biostar Lifetech. They are manufactured from durable PP and PE, can be frozen at -80°C, and have interlocking caps to prevent contamination. The tubes have accurate graduations, color-coded caps, and areas for labeling. They are gamma radiation sterilized and packaged in bags with lot numbers.
The document summarizes research into utilizing cement kiln dust (CKD) and rice husk ash (RHA) to produce wollastonite at lower temperatures. Wollastonite is normally produced using quartz at high temperatures but this research mixed CKD, which contains calcium, and RHA, containing silicon, to potentially produce wollastonite without additional materials. The research produced wollastonite batches with CKD-RHA mixes and tested the materials, finding the mixes required around 50-100 degrees Celsius less heat to produce wollastonite. The conclusion was that CKD-RHA offers a lower temperature route to create valuable wollastonite ceramics.
This document discusses elastic impression materials called alginate. Alginate is derived from seaweed and sets via a chemical reaction between sodium alginate and calcium sulfate. It has a fast setting type and a normal setting type. Alginate is mixed by sprinkling powder into water and stirring vigorously. Its properties include flexibility, elasticity, and the ability to capture surface details. Alginate has advantages like ease of use and patient comfort, but disadvantages like poor dimensional stability and strength.
Duplicating and refractory materials used in removable partial/endodontic co...Indian dental academy
The document discusses materials used for duplicating dental casts and refractory materials used in removable partial dentures. It describes various duplication materials like agar, alginate, silicones and their compositions and gelation processes. It also discusses refractory materials like phosphate bonded, ethyl silicate bonded and gypsum bonded investments used to make casts that withstand high temperatures. Aqueous acrylamide gel is mentioned as an alternative duplicating material that sets faster than agar.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Recent advances in dental materials /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The document summarizes the development of lead-free frit to replace lead compounds in ceramic glazes due to the toxic effects of lead poisoning. Boric acid and borax were found to be effective and economical replacements for lead oxide, as borate compounds increase the fluxing action of glazes without impairing quality. A series of 13 lead-free frit formulations were prepared with varying contents of silica, sodium oxide, and boric oxide. Frit number 10, containing 61.4% silica, 8.1% sodium oxide, and 15.7% boric oxide, was determined to be optimal as it matured at 1050°C without crazing or other defects when applied to ceramic
This document provides an overview of dental impression materials. It begins with a brief history of dental impressions and then discusses the ideal requirements and classifications of impression materials. The main types discussed are hydrocolloids like alginate and agar, as well as elastomeric materials like polysulfides, silicones, and polyethers. For each material, the document outlines their composition, setting reaction, properties, manipulation, and advantages/limitations. Causes for impression failure and alternative impression methods like oral scanners are also mentioned before concluding with references.
Freezing tubes are available in volumes of 0.5, 1.5, 1.8, and 5.0 ml from Biostar Lifetech. They are manufactured from durable PP and PE, can be frozen at -80°C, and have interlocking caps to prevent contamination. The tubes have accurate graduations, color-coded caps, and areas for labeling. They are gamma radiation sterilized and packaged in bags with lot numbers.
The document summarizes research into utilizing cement kiln dust (CKD) and rice husk ash (RHA) to produce wollastonite at lower temperatures. Wollastonite is normally produced using quartz at high temperatures but this research mixed CKD, which contains calcium, and RHA, containing silicon, to potentially produce wollastonite without additional materials. The research produced wollastonite batches with CKD-RHA mixes and tested the materials, finding the mixes required around 50-100 degrees Celsius less heat to produce wollastonite. The conclusion was that CKD-RHA offers a lower temperature route to create valuable wollastonite ceramics.
This document discusses elastic impression materials called alginate. Alginate is derived from seaweed and sets via a chemical reaction between sodium alginate and calcium sulfate. It has a fast setting type and a normal setting type. Alginate is mixed by sprinkling powder into water and stirring vigorously. Its properties include flexibility, elasticity, and the ability to capture surface details. Alginate has advantages like ease of use and patient comfort, but disadvantages like poor dimensional stability and strength.
This document provides an overview of inelastic impression materials. It defines impression materials and their requirements. Impression compound is discussed, including its composition, properties, manipulation, and uses. It is a reversible, rigid material that sets by temperature change. Impression compound comes in sheets, cakes, sticks, and cones and is used for preliminary impressions, individual tooth impressions, border moulding, and special trays. Green stick compound is a type of impression compound supplied in cylinders for uses like border moulding.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides a profile of ammonium chloride, including its molecular formula, physical properties, applications, production details from major Indian manufacturers, import and export trade analysis from 2014-2015, demand analysis, and a list of Indian importers for 2014-2015. It states that India's annual production is around 106,800 metric tonnes with the majority of imports coming from China through the port of Nhava, while the main export countries are Bangladesh, Djibouti, and Kenya, exported primarily through the port of Nhava. Total demand for ammonium chloride in India, including exports, is around 120,000 metric tonnes annually.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
hydrocolloid impression materials, agar and alginate impression materials and properties of the same.
watch more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make any ppt on any more topic do let me know on my youtube channel's comment section
Recent advances in Dental materials-Part 1nasshhnn
This document discusses recent advances in dental materials, focusing on impression materials and digital impressions. It describes new types of alginate impression materials that are dustless, come in two-paste systems, or are self-disinfecting. It also discusses advances in elastomeric materials, including visible light cured polyether, hydrophilized addition silicones, and polyvinyl siloxane containing nanofillers. The document concludes with an overview of digital impression techniques and their advantages over conventional impressions.
Impressions in fixed partial dentures/dental crown &bridge course by Indian d...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses elastic impression materials, specifically hydrocolloids like agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, properties, uses and advantages/disadvantages. Agar is extracted from seaweed and sets via chemical reaction. Alginate is also derived from seaweed and sets via reaction with calcium sulfate. Both materials are inexpensive, easy to use and comfortable for patients, though they lack the accuracy of elastomers for crown and bridge work.
Impression materials / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
recent advances in impression materialsramkoti reddy
This document summarizes recent advances in dental impression materials. It discusses improvements made to alginate impression materials, including extended pour times, tray adhesives, reduced dust, and antimicrobial properties. It also describes advances in elastomeric materials like addition silicones, which provide highly accurate impressions with dimensional stability and short setting times. Digital impression systems offer advantages of speed and accuracy but also have limitations. Overall, the document outlines key properties desired in impression materials and new formulations that improve user experience and clinical outcomes.
This document discusses elastic hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, setting reactions, properties and applications. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid used for secondary impressions that sets physically through a sol-gel transition upon cooling. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid used for primary impressions that sets chemically through a gelation reaction involving calcium ions. Both materials are hydrophilic and require immediate pouring to minimize dimensional changes from imbibition, synersis or dehydration.
Alginate is a commonly used irreversible hydrocolloid impression material that is supplied as a powder. It is mixed with water to form a paste that sets into a gel via a chemical reaction between the sodium alginate and calcium sulfate. Alginate sets quickly and is flexible, making it suitable for dental impressions. However, it lacks dimensional stability and cannot be reused, so casts must be poured immediately after the impression is taken.
DICO-Blue Passivation is a green liquid concentrate that provides corrosion resistance for parts through a trivalent blue passivation process without chromium 6 or oxidizing agents. It gives good corrosion resistance according to DIN 50021 and can be used to produce a blue, transparent or yellow coating. The product has a long life and the color can be influenced by adding organic color components.
This document provides information on hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It defines hydrocolloids as colloids containing water as the dispersion phase that exist in gel and sol forms. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid made from seaweed that uses a thermostatically controlled unit for preparation. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid that sets through a chemical reaction with calcium ions. Both have advantages like ease of use but disadvantages like poor dimensional stability and difficulty disinfecting.
Rice Husk Ash (RHA), a waste product of the rice industry is rich in silica. A simple method based on alkaline extraction, followed by acid precipitation was developed to produce pure silica xerogels from RHA, with minimal mineral contaminants.
A dental impression is a negative imprint of hard (teeth) and soft tissues in the mouth from which a positive reproduction (cast or model) can be formed. It is made by placing an appropriate material in a stock or custom dental impression tray which is designed to roughly fit over the dental arches. Impression material is of solid or semi-solid nature when first mixed and placed in the mouth. It then sets to become an elastic solid (usually takes a few minutes depending upon the material), leaving an imprint of person's dentition and surrounding structures of the oral cavity
The document discusses the use of minerals, particularly clays, in the textile industry. Clays have properties that make them useful for applications like thickening agents, absorbing oils and dirt, and stabilizing hydrogen peroxide bleaches. One new application is a clay-based product called Altranol-GEO, which can be used for discontinuous bleaching of cotton with hydrogen peroxide. Altranol-GEO provides hydrogen peroxide stabilization, good wetting of fabric, lubrication, and is environmentally friendly. Test results showed it reduced BOD and COD levels in wash effluent and provided softer fabric handles compared to standard bleach processes.
The document analyzes the performance gains of using power reduction on one carrier of macros in a multi-carrier HSPA heterogeneous network (HetNet). The HetNet consists of macros and low-power picos that can support multiple carriers. Reducing the transmit power on one macro carrier can expand the coverage of nearby picos by reducing interference, allowing more user equipment to be offloaded from macros to picos. System-level simulations evaluate the capacity improvements from applying different cell selection criteria and power configurations across macro and pico carriers. Overall results show that power reduction on a macro carrier combined with cell biasing can significantly increase system capacity by facilitating more offloading to underutilized picos.
Este documento presenta el manual de usuario del sistema Profit Plus Administrativo. Profit Plus es un software desarrollado por profesionales venezolanos para ayudar a pequeñas y medianas empresas latinoamericanas a gestionar de manera versátil sus operaciones. El documento explica cómo instalar y registrar la licencia de Profit Plus, sus características principales como la capacidad de manejar múltiples empresas, sucursales, monedas y almacenes, y provee instrucciones para configurar el sistema y comenzar a usarlo.
This document provides an overview of inelastic impression materials. It defines impression materials and their requirements. Impression compound is discussed, including its composition, properties, manipulation, and uses. It is a reversible, rigid material that sets by temperature change. Impression compound comes in sheets, cakes, sticks, and cones and is used for preliminary impressions, individual tooth impressions, border moulding, and special trays. Green stick compound is a type of impression compound supplied in cylinders for uses like border moulding.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides a profile of ammonium chloride, including its molecular formula, physical properties, applications, production details from major Indian manufacturers, import and export trade analysis from 2014-2015, demand analysis, and a list of Indian importers for 2014-2015. It states that India's annual production is around 106,800 metric tonnes with the majority of imports coming from China through the port of Nhava, while the main export countries are Bangladesh, Djibouti, and Kenya, exported primarily through the port of Nhava. Total demand for ammonium chloride in India, including exports, is around 120,000 metric tonnes annually.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
hydrocolloid impression materials, agar and alginate impression materials and properties of the same.
watch more
https://youtu.be/aaJ6gpQohcs
https://youtu.be/REMKSUty0cE
https://youtu.be/fv3_tWZPJIU
https://youtu.be/GeZIbCwqKYU
if you want me to make any ppt on any more topic do let me know on my youtube channel's comment section
Recent advances in Dental materials-Part 1nasshhnn
This document discusses recent advances in dental materials, focusing on impression materials and digital impressions. It describes new types of alginate impression materials that are dustless, come in two-paste systems, or are self-disinfecting. It also discusses advances in elastomeric materials, including visible light cured polyether, hydrophilized addition silicones, and polyvinyl siloxane containing nanofillers. The document concludes with an overview of digital impression techniques and their advantages over conventional impressions.
Impressions in fixed partial dentures/dental crown &bridge course by Indian d...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The document discusses elastic impression materials, specifically hydrocolloids like agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, properties, uses and advantages/disadvantages. Agar is extracted from seaweed and sets via chemical reaction. Alginate is also derived from seaweed and sets via reaction with calcium sulfate. Both materials are inexpensive, easy to use and comfortable for patients, though they lack the accuracy of elastomers for crown and bridge work.
Impression materials / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
recent advances in impression materialsramkoti reddy
This document summarizes recent advances in dental impression materials. It discusses improvements made to alginate impression materials, including extended pour times, tray adhesives, reduced dust, and antimicrobial properties. It also describes advances in elastomeric materials like addition silicones, which provide highly accurate impressions with dimensional stability and short setting times. Digital impression systems offer advantages of speed and accuracy but also have limitations. Overall, the document outlines key properties desired in impression materials and new formulations that improve user experience and clinical outcomes.
This document discusses elastic hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It provides details on their composition, setting reactions, properties and applications. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid used for secondary impressions that sets physically through a sol-gel transition upon cooling. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid used for primary impressions that sets chemically through a gelation reaction involving calcium ions. Both materials are hydrophilic and require immediate pouring to minimize dimensional changes from imbibition, synersis or dehydration.
Alginate is a commonly used irreversible hydrocolloid impression material that is supplied as a powder. It is mixed with water to form a paste that sets into a gel via a chemical reaction between the sodium alginate and calcium sulfate. Alginate sets quickly and is flexible, making it suitable for dental impressions. However, it lacks dimensional stability and cannot be reused, so casts must be poured immediately after the impression is taken.
DICO-Blue Passivation is a green liquid concentrate that provides corrosion resistance for parts through a trivalent blue passivation process without chromium 6 or oxidizing agents. It gives good corrosion resistance according to DIN 50021 and can be used to produce a blue, transparent or yellow coating. The product has a long life and the color can be influenced by adding organic color components.
This document provides information on hydrocolloid impression materials, specifically agar and alginate. It defines hydrocolloids as colloids containing water as the dispersion phase that exist in gel and sol forms. Agar is a reversible hydrocolloid made from seaweed that uses a thermostatically controlled unit for preparation. Alginate is an irreversible hydrocolloid that sets through a chemical reaction with calcium ions. Both have advantages like ease of use but disadvantages like poor dimensional stability and difficulty disinfecting.
Rice Husk Ash (RHA), a waste product of the rice industry is rich in silica. A simple method based on alkaline extraction, followed by acid precipitation was developed to produce pure silica xerogels from RHA, with minimal mineral contaminants.
A dental impression is a negative imprint of hard (teeth) and soft tissues in the mouth from which a positive reproduction (cast or model) can be formed. It is made by placing an appropriate material in a stock or custom dental impression tray which is designed to roughly fit over the dental arches. Impression material is of solid or semi-solid nature when first mixed and placed in the mouth. It then sets to become an elastic solid (usually takes a few minutes depending upon the material), leaving an imprint of person's dentition and surrounding structures of the oral cavity
The document discusses the use of minerals, particularly clays, in the textile industry. Clays have properties that make them useful for applications like thickening agents, absorbing oils and dirt, and stabilizing hydrogen peroxide bleaches. One new application is a clay-based product called Altranol-GEO, which can be used for discontinuous bleaching of cotton with hydrogen peroxide. Altranol-GEO provides hydrogen peroxide stabilization, good wetting of fabric, lubrication, and is environmentally friendly. Test results showed it reduced BOD and COD levels in wash effluent and provided softer fabric handles compared to standard bleach processes.
The document analyzes the performance gains of using power reduction on one carrier of macros in a multi-carrier HSPA heterogeneous network (HetNet). The HetNet consists of macros and low-power picos that can support multiple carriers. Reducing the transmit power on one macro carrier can expand the coverage of nearby picos by reducing interference, allowing more user equipment to be offloaded from macros to picos. System-level simulations evaluate the capacity improvements from applying different cell selection criteria and power configurations across macro and pico carriers. Overall results show that power reduction on a macro carrier combined with cell biasing can significantly increase system capacity by facilitating more offloading to underutilized picos.
Este documento presenta el manual de usuario del sistema Profit Plus Administrativo. Profit Plus es un software desarrollado por profesionales venezolanos para ayudar a pequeñas y medianas empresas latinoamericanas a gestionar de manera versátil sus operaciones. El documento explica cómo instalar y registrar la licencia de Profit Plus, sus características principales como la capacidad de manejar múltiples empresas, sucursales, monedas y almacenes, y provee instrucciones para configurar el sistema y comenzar a usarlo.
El documento presenta siete elementos para mejorar la productividad laboral a través de un enfoque positivo. 1) Mejorar la actitud y transmitirla de forma positiva. 2) Ser más proactivo y anticiparse a problemas. 3) Trabajar con pasión. 4) Desarrollar la felicidad en el trabajo. 5) Generar circunstancias positivas. 6) Aplicar la ley del foco en pensamientos y acciones positivas. 7) Transformar las quejas en soluciones creativas. El documento enfatiza la importancia de concentrarse en lo posit
La violencia intrafamiliar incluye el abuso físico, psicológico u otro tipo de abuso de poder de un miembro de la familia sobre otro en forma repetitiva, y no por un solo hecho aislado. Las víctimas pueden ser cónyuges actuales o ex parejas, o parientes consanguíneos de hasta tercer grado. Los factores que causan la violencia incluyen problemas psicológicos como la incapacidad de controlarse a sí mismo, experiencias infantiles de violencia, presiones sociales y estrés económico.
Proyecto educativo para la motivación al emprendimiento de jóvenes. En esta presentación encontrará herramientas que le permitirán descubrir y potenciar la capacidad emprendedora de sus alumnos
The Site Chicago annual auction will take place on November 11, 2009 from 5:30 to 8:30 pm at Club Crescendo located at 222 West Ontario Street in Chicago. Registration for the event will be available soon on the Site Chicago website, with proceeds being donated to Family Rescue.
Este documento describe cómo establecer una comunicación entre dos autómatas S7-300 a través de Ethernet industrial. Explica las condiciones necesarias para crear un enlace, el proceso de creación y configuración de un nuevo enlace ISO-on-TCP entre dos CPUs, y menciona las funciones de comunicación AG_SEND y AG_RECEIVE que se pueden usar para transmitir datos.
Kariba es una granja única en Europa dedicada a la cría y reproducción de cocodrilos. La granja cuenta con 9 hectáreas que incluyen un lago artificial de 800 metros y dependencias para las diferentes etapas de desarrollo de los más de 1,300 cocodrilos. Los cocodrilos viven en libertad en el lago o en las unidades de cebo y cría hasta alcanzar los 5 metros de longitud.
O poema convida alguém a deixar para trás a vida urbana e se aventurar na natureza, onde se pode descansar sob a sombra de uma árvore escutando o canto dos pássaros, longe das luzes artificiais da cidade.
The document is the 1st Quarter Report 2010 from the Putera Sampoerna Foundation. It summarizes the Foundation's progress and achievements in the first quarter of 2010. Key points include:
- The Sampoerna Academies in Malang and Palembang successfully completed their first semester and will recruit for their second intake of students. Another Academy will open in Bali.
- The Sampoerna School of Education is making excellent progress, including successes of its lecturers and students.
- The Sampoerna School of Business recently opened and will create a pathway for a world-class university in Indonesia.
- Partnerships and donors continue to support the Foundation's programs,
Chato liquid acquisition strategies for exploration missions current status 2010David Chato
NASA is developing propulsion systems for future exploration missions to the Moon that will use cryogenic propellants like liquid oxygen and methane. These propulsion systems require delivering the propellants in a vapor-free manner from storage tanks to engines. NASA has started testing liquid acquisition devices (LADs) that use fine mesh screens to manage cryogenic propellants. Recent tests measured the bubble point pressures of screens with liquid methane and investigated heat retention. Upcoming work will continue testing LADs with other cryogens like liquid hydrogen and studying effects of microgravity conditions.
Esta Foto Es Muy Rara 1 1 2 1 2 [1]...wildprovider
Este breve documento habla sobre una foto rara tomada por la NASA del "Ojo de Dios" que se dice ocurre cada 3,000 años y que se cree puede cumplir deseos si se comparte con 7 personas.
El documento describe las diferentes herramientas y servicios en la nube (como SaaS, PaaS e IaaS) que pueden usarse para desarrollar un sitio web. Explica las etapas para planificar un sitio web, incluyendo seleccionar un CMS, hosting, plantillas y pruebas de optimización. También recomienda herramientas gratuitas y de pago para gestionar contenido, colaboración y marketing digital.
El documento presenta varios cursos y especializaciones de posgrado de la Universidad Austral para médicos y profesionales de la salud en 2014. Incluye cursos sobre medicina del sueño, medicina fetal, neurolingüística infantil y actualización en artroplastia protésica de cadera y rodilla, con información sobre fechas, directores, objetivos y contenidos. Los cursos brindan conocimientos teóricos y prácticos actualizados en diversas áreas médicas y de la salud.
Annual travel pro (excluding travel agent)proteksi-asset
Allianz telah berkomitmen jangka panjang di Indonesia sejak 1981 dengan membuka kantor perwakilan dan mendirikan perusahaan asuransi umum dan jiwa. Saat ini Allianz Indonesia mempekerjakan 1000 karyawan dan didukung oleh 14.000 agen untuk menangani lebih dari 2 juta tertanggung. Dokumen ini memberikan penjelasan mengenai manfaat, syarat, dan ketentuan dari produk asuransi perjalanan tahunan Allianz TravelPRO s
This document discusses computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the evolution and major players of internet-based communication tools like email and instant messaging. It provides an overview of how email and IM services work, both historically and currently. It also analyzes trends in email usage and the shift to mobile-based communication. Major services like Gmail, Outlook, Yahoo, and Skype are examined in terms of features and revenue models. Porter's five forces model is applied to the industry. The future of the space is predicted to involve ongoing integration across platforms and services to meet changing user needs and behaviors.
This presentation provides an overview of the manufacturing process at Nasir Glass Industries Limited (NGIL) in Bangladesh. It discusses the objectives, introduction, mission, vision, and products of NGIL. It then describes the key steps in glass production, including obtaining raw materials, batching in the control room, melting in the regenerative furnace, floating on molten tin, annealing to reduce stress, automated cutting and finishing, and final products. The goal is to increase understanding of industrial glass manufacturing.
The document provides an overview of glass, including its composition, properties, types, and the manufacturing process. Glass is made primarily from sand, soda ash, and limestone, which are melted together at high temperatures. It has properties such as being hard, transparent, and inert. Common types include soda-lime glass, lead glass, and borosilicate glass. Glass manufacturing involves batch preparation, melting in furnaces, forming, and packaging.
Glass is manufactured through a process involving melting raw materials like silica sand, soda ash, limestone and cullet at high temperatures, then rapidly cooling to form an amorphous solid. The main raw materials are classified into glass formers, fluxes, modifiers and fining agents. Common glass types include soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass and lead glass. Glass products are formed through processes like float glass, fiber glass, tubing and are used as window glass, fiber insulation, laboratory equipment and more.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Glass is made by melting sand, soda, lime, and other ingredients at high temperatures. It can be categorized based on its composition and manufacturing process. The most common type is soda-lime glass, consisting mainly of silica, sodium oxide, and calcium oxide. Other types include fused silica, lead, and borosilicate glasses. Glass products are formed through processes like float glass, fiberglass production, and tubing drawing then undergo further processing for applications.
This document discusses raw materials and recycling used in glass production. It provides details on:
- The batch mixture of raw materials that forms the basis for glass melt properties.
- Important considerations for raw material selection including chemical composition, purity, and melting characteristics.
- Common raw materials used including minerals, chemicals, and cullet for network formers and modifiers.
- Specific raw material sources for important components like silica, alkalis, lime, and magnesia.
This document provides a catalogue and price list for scientific glassware produced by Goel Scientific Glass Works Ltd. It summarizes the company's history and achievements in developing new glass products since 1989. It also provides technical information on the properties of borosilicate glass, which is inert and resistant to chemicals. Guidelines are given for safe use, heating, cooling, cleaning and maintenance of glassware.
This document discusses different types of architectural glass. It begins with an introduction to glass and its importance in architecture. Then it describes the glass manufacturing process using the float glass process. It discusses 14 types of architectural glass including flat glass, safety glass, acoustic glass, colored glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, and others. For each type, it provides details on their properties and applications in construction. The document is a report submitted by students to their architecture school on glass types commonly used in building design and construction.
Glass is made by mixing silica sand, soda ash, and limestone and heating them to very high temperatures. This process allows the materials to fuse together into a hard, transparent material known as glass. Common glass is made from 72% silica sand, 17% soda ash, and 5% limestone, with 6% consisting of other additives. Once the mixture is melted and fused, it can be shaped through processes like floating, blowing, or pressing before being heat treated through annealing to reduce internal stresses. Glass has many uses but also has disadvantages like high energy needs for production and brittleness.
The ppt is useful for basic information on Cement, glass & refactories.
All above materials are used as Civil engineering materials.
Study group: Polytechnic level, For First Year students.
This document discusses the glass industry in Pakistan. It provides an introduction to the glass making process and the types of glass produced locally, including soda-lime glass, potash lead glass, borosilicate glass, and colored glass. It then discusses the demand and supply sides of the sector, trade analysis, and profiles Gunj Glass Works Ltd, a leading glass manufacturer in Pakistan.
This document discusses soda-lime glass, which is the most common type of glass. It comprises around 90% of manufactured glass and is made through a process of melting raw materials like sodium carbonate, lime, silica, and alumina at temperatures up to 1675°C. Soda-lime glass is inexpensive, chemically stable, workable, and suitable for recycling. It has applications in windows, containers, bakeware, and other items. The document outlines the typical chemical composition and properties of soda-lime glass and compares container glass to flat glass.
This document summarizes information about mirrors, including their application, raw materials, manufacturing process, and local mirror production in Malaysia. It discusses that mirrors are made of glass coated with a thin layer of metal like silver. The manufacturing process involves applying a silver salt solution to the glass which deposits a shiny silver layer. It also introduces Kovann, a Malaysian company that produces mirrors through annealing and other quality control processes. Alternative manufacturing methods like tempered glass and laminated glass are mentioned to improve glass strength.
ICR is an Italian company founded in 1961 that specializes in chemical products for industries such as automotive, composites, and stone. The company offers a wide range of solutions designed by specialized technicians for technological innovation, performance, and cost efficiency. ICR has a presence in over 100 countries worldwide and prides itself on its customized solutions and customer service. The document provides an overview of ICR's history and milestones, as well as its product lines including structural adhesives, polyester adhesives, vinylester adhesives, putties, gel coats, millable compounds, primers, and rubbing compounds.
The document summarizes Pakistan's glass industry. It discusses the key types of glass produced in Pakistan, including soda-lime glass, potash lead glass, and borosilicate glass. It also outlines Pakistan's major glass exports, key players like Gunj Glass Works, and challenges facing the industry like high input costs and dumping of imported glass. Pakistan exports around $15 million worth of glass annually but also imports $69 million worth of glass goods and raw materials. The largest local producer, Gunj Glass Works, has a daily production capacity of 200 tons and uses Belgian technology to produce various high quality glass products.
Similar to U09CH153-Industrial Training Report - ATG (20)
1. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
Completed at : AL TAJIR GLASS INDUSTRIES
JEBEL ALI – 28862, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Submitted by-
Ramalingam Kailasham, U09CH153
Final Year, Chemical Engineering
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
2. Acknowledgement
I hereby register my heartfelt gratitude to the staff of Al Tajir Glass Industries who let me pursue my Summer
Industrial Training in their company. Special mentions to Mr.Lakshminarayanan, Mr.Michael Arasu and
Mr.Naresh Kumar who explained the various nuances of the industry in their precious time.
The company very graciously accepted my request to pursue my training here.
I would be failing in my duty if I do not extend the gratitude to my teachers at the Chemical Department of
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology,Surat.
3. Chapter Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Al Tajir Glass
1.2 Glass
1.3 Raw Materials
1.4 Important terms used in
Glass Industry
Chapter 2 Demand And Supply Data
2.1 Products manufactured
Chapter 3 Process Flow Description
3.1 Glass Chemistry
3.2 Process flow diagram and
description
3.3 Product properties
Chapter 4 Pumps and Valves
4.1 Centrifugal pump
4.2 AODD Pump
4.3 Ball Valve
4.4 Gate valve
4.5 Butterfly valve
Chapter 5 Equipment & Instrumentation
5.1 Philips PW 2400 X-
Ray Fluorescence
Spectrometer
5.2 Perkin Elmer UV-VIS
Spectrometer Lambda
20
5.3 Perkin Elmer FT-NIR
4. Spectrometer 100N
5.4 Hays Gauge
5.5 Actuators
4.6 Solenoid Operated
Valve
Chapter 6 Environment, Health and
Safety
6.1 Fire Safety
6.2 Effluent Treatment
6. 1.2 Introduction : Glass
Glass, as defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM), is an inorganic product of fusion
which has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing.Owing to its recyclability and biological
inactivity,glass is preferred by many manufacturers as the preferred containing material.Developed countries all
over the world are encouraging the use of glass over plastic products.
In Al Tajir Glass,the main commodity of production is container glass. There are types of container glass as
listed below.
Type I : Glass with borosilicate content in it. Excellent chemical resistance and strength at
smaller thickness.
Type II : Treated Soda Lime glass. The interior of the container is made to undergo sulphur
treatment which removes excess Na2O and makes the glass stronger.
Type III : Non-treated soda lime glass. Comparatively cheaper and less stronger than Type II
Glass.
Type IV : Non-Parenteral(NP) glass. It is used for topical or oral purpose.Also known as
commercial glass. Upto 20% alkali allowed.
Both flint type and green colored container glass is produced in Al Tajir Glass.
7. 1.3 Raw Materials
The use of raw materials from a particular source is determined by factors such as ease of availability and
transportation, purity and the cost. We shall see these factors at work in the following section.
Major Raw materials
Silica(SiO2)
Sand/silica is the major raw material in the production of glass.It is selected after meeting the required chemical
criterion (amount of moisture, percentage of impurities) and physical criterion like the size of particles. Pure
Silica has a melting point of about 1720o
C.This has to be reduced for economic processing.
Sand in the size range of 90-850 µm gives the best results.
Owing to its location, Al Tajir has a huge supply of local brown sand at its disposal. However, this has to
undergo several beneficiation processes before it can be used in the manufacturing process. Nearly 40% of the
silica requirement is met by brown sand.
The remaining 60% is met by sand imported from Egypt.
Limestone (Calcium Carbonate CaCO3)
CaO produced by heating of limestone is necessary to provide strength and stability to the molten batch.
The necessary limestone is imported from the Sultanate of Oman and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Dolomite(MgCO3.CaCO3)
When a pure source of Calcium Carbonate is not available, dolomite may be used as an alternative. MgO also
offers strength to the final product.
Dolomite is mainly imported from Oman.
Soda Ash (Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3)
8. Na2O produced by heating soda ash is the main flux in glass production. It helps to reduce the melting point of
silica from 1720o
C to about 1500o
C.Soda ash is found naturally or can be produced from Solvay Process. The
Soda Ash requirement of Al Tajir Glass is met by import from Kenya.
Feldspar (KAlSi3O8, NaAlSi3O8, CaAl2Si2O8)
Feldspar is added as per requirement, mainly for the production of green/amber glass.
Cullet
This is basically rejected glassware from the production line that is crushed and ready to be remelted.
Minor Raw Materials
Salt Cake (Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate Na2SO4)
Once the raw materials are charged in the batch and melted,CO2 begins to evolve. Salt cake is added to speed up
the bubbling of CO2.This creates convection currents in the melt that helps in more efficient heat
transfer.Na2SO4 is obtained as a by-product from the textile industry.
Salt Cake imported from China is used.
Carbon
Sodium Sulphite is a better oxidizing agent than Sodium Sulphate for the evolution of CO2.Carbon helps to
reduce Na2SO4 to Na2SO3.Also,the presence of carbon in the reaction mix helps to control the redox
environment in the batch.
High quality carbon, imported from Germany, is used in the process.
Iron Chromite (Fe2O + Cr2O3)
This is used as per requirement in the production of green glass. The amount of chromite used depends on the
final shade of green required(Emerald/jade/rum/champagne/French/Dead leaf)
Masking Agents
9. In Flint glass production,the final colour of the container is as important as its chemical composition.It is not
possible to reduce the FeO content beneath a certain level.Sometimes,it is economical to mask the resultant light
green tinge instead of carrying out additional purification steps.
The addition of certain colours to the final product masks out(makes invisible) the greenish tinge. This is an
application of the Bezold-Brucke phenomenon.
Selenium(Se) and Cobalt Oxide(CoO) are prominent masking agents. Selenium is preferred due to its
comparatively lower cost. Se is obtained as a by-product of copper extraction.
Se granules imported from UK is used.
10. 1.4 Important terms used in Glass Industry
1. Viscosity
As glass is an amorphous substance, it does not have a fixed melting point.Its physical properties are,
therefore, specified on the basis of its viscosity. Viscosity is typically specified in “poise”. A viscosity
of, say, 100,000 poise is written as LOG 5 for convenience. The following table specifies the common
viscosity ranges for various operations.
Viscosity Operation
Log 2 Melting
Log 3 – Log 4 Feeder/gob temperature
Log 3.2 Hand gathering
Log 7 Ware removed from mold
Log 7.65 Softening point
Log 13 Annealing point
Log 14.5 Strain point
2. Cooling Time
The length of time (in seconds) required for a given mass of glass to cool from a temperature
corresponding to Log 3 to the temperature at Log 7.
3. Chromaticity Diagram
Any colour can be expressed in terms of its “trichromatic coefficient”.A chromaticity diagram is plotted
covering the normal range of human vision. Once we have the information regarding the colur present in
a particular glass sample,we can add suitable masking agents to make the glass clear.(See Bezolde-
Brucke Phenomenon)
11. 4. Bezolde-Brucke Phenomenon
The Bezold–Brücke shift is a change in hue perception as intensity changes. The resultant of mixing any
2 colours lies on the joining the 2 colour co-ordinates on the chromaticity diagram. This fact is used to
remove faint traces of colour from the glass.
5. Draw
Al Tajir glass uses continuous process for producing glass.For calculating consumption of glass we have
a formula called “draw”.
Draw is defined as the multiplication of machine speed,bottle weight and time.
Draw = Machine Speed x Bottle weight x Time
For example
Speed of machine = 500 BPM (Bottles per minute)
12. Bottle Weight = 200 g = 0.200 kg = 0.0002 mt
Time = 24 hrs = 24 x 60 = 1440 minutes
Therefore, Draw = 500 x 0.002 x 1440
= 144 mt/day
6. Boosting
The process of assisting the melting of glass in the furnace by supplying electricity through electrodes is
known as boosting. Boosting improves the quality of glass through its localized application of heat and
also reduces the operating temperature of the furnace. This improves the furnace life and reduces dust
emission.
7. Narrow Neck Press and Blow Process (NNPB)
In this process, the metal plunger in the mold is much smaller in diameter. This process is used to
manufacture containers with narrow finish diameters(<=38mm).
The introduction of this process has enabled glass manufacturers to increases overall productivity and
reduce weight and variations in the thickness distribution of beer and beverage bottles.
8. Blow and Blow Process (B & B)
In the Blow and Blow process,compressed air blows a cavity into the molten gob in the blank mold of
the forming machine,thereby creating a perform shape known as a parison.
From there the parison is transferred to the blow mold where compressed air is used to blow the bottle
into its final shape.
13. Chapter 2 : Demand and Supply Data
2.1 Products Manufactured
Flint type container glass
This type of glass is predominantly used for storing soft-drinks and consumable items. For aesthetic purposes, it
shouldn’t have any tinge of coloring to it.
Coloring is removed by addition of masking agents, such as Selenium granules imported from the United
Kingdom.
While soft-drinks are normally stored in plastic bottles in western countries, the demand for glass containers is
particularly strong in North African countries.
Green colored container glass
Alcoholic beverages such as beer are generally stored in green colored containers.
Most of the green container glass manufactured in Al Tajir is exported to breweries in South Africa and
Australia.
Al Tajir glass produces nearly 470 tonnes of glass every day.
This puts their annual production at 6000 tonnes.
14. Chapter 3 : Process Description
3.1 Glass Chemistry
Solid state reactions below 1000o
C
Na2CO3 + MgCO3 ----------------> Na2Mg(CO3)2
Na2CO3 + CaCO3 ----------------> Na2Ca(CO3)2
Na2Ca(CO3)2 + 2SiO2 -----------------> Na2SiO3 + CaSiO3 + 2CO2 ( )
Na2CO3 + SiO2 -----------------> Na2SiO3 + CO2 ( )
2 CaCO3 + SiO2 ------------------> Ca2SiO4 + 2 CO2 ( )
At a temperature above 800o
C,the silica will react with the alkali rich carbonate melt into a sodium silicate melt.
Na2CO3 + SiO2 ------------------> Na2O.nSiO2 + CO2 ( )
Teut (Na2O.2SiO2 + SiO2 ) = 790o
C
In combination with calcium oxide, an even lower (ternary) eutectic temperature may occur.
Teut (Na2O.3CaO.6SiO2 + SiO2 + Na2O.2SiO2 ) = 725o
C
Actually a temperature 0f 1100o
C is enough but the reaction rate will be slow.
Hence, a furnace temperature of around 1450o
C is maintained for increasing the rate of reaction.
15. 3.2 Process Flow Diagram and description
The manufacturing of glass can be systematically divided into 3 sections : batch-house, hot end and cold end.
Preliminary :
The raw materials are regularly tested in the Quality Control department for conformity with the chemical
standards. This is done with the help of a PW 2400 Philips X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer. A sample
of the XRF analysis is given.
Once the standards have been adhered to, a batch house formula is prepared by the authorized personnel.
Derived from the basic chemical equation stoichiometry, this formula dictates the amount of each raw material
(major and minor) that has to be drawn per batch.
A sample of the batch formula can be seen.
Batch-House
The Programmable Logic Control (PLC) system in the Batch-house is fed with the formula at the beginning of
each day. Accordingly, the raw materials are withdrawn from their silos and mixed together. A small amount of
moisture is added in this step to avoid excessive dust formation.
(Moisture has to be removed from the stored raw materials as it hinders flow).
The mixed raw materials is fed into a 6-port side entry furnace. The furnace area is 132 m2
.It furnace has 6 side
ports(on right and left side) that are fired with the help of Fuel Oil. The ports are fired alternately between the
right and left side at an interval of 20 minutes. Fuel Oil is heated to about 110o
C( @ 5.2 bar) in a fuel oil
preheater and fed in to the furnace. This heating reduces viscosity and permits easy flow. The atomized fuel-oil
mixes with the compressed air to provide the necessary heating.The furnace is maintained at a positive pressure
with respect to the environment to avoid the rushing in of cold air that can reduce the flame temperature.
Regenerators are provided on the left and right sides of the furnace. The hot exhaust gases pass through the
regenerators which are lined with refractory bricks known as “checkers”.The checkers retain the heat and this is
used to heat the cold,compressed air when the next cycle begins.The use of preheated air increases flame
temperature and improves fuel economy.
16. 3 - 5/8% Voltage Regulators, known as boosters, are provided to provide extra heat in the furnace. Electrical
boosting is a must if NNPB quality is required.
The temperature in the furnace is maintained at around 1500 o
C. The amount of material drawn depends on the
pre-fed formula. Molten glass is contained in the melting end refining chambers to a depth extending from the
furnace bottom to the elevation identified as the Metal Line. The metal line in the furnace is usually maintained
at 57 inches. Any variation in this height is detected with the help of a probe that loops back to the batch-house
PLC.
Typical daily production is around 470 Tonnes.
Hot-End
From the refining chamber,the glass flows to the forming machines through the forehearths.These latter devices
are relatively shallow,narrow channels connected to the refining chamber at the glass surface.They have
refractory roofs and individual firing systems so as to control the glass temperature.Sufficient cooling time is
provided for the melt to reduce to Log 3 from Log 2.
At a viscosity of Log 2,gobs are cut and passed into the assembly line with the help of compressed air.
Depending on the demand and properties of the finished product, NNPB or Blow and Blow process is employed
for shaping of the glass.
After the glass is shaped, we reach a viscosity level of Log 7.The time required in seconds for the melt to go
from log3 to log 7 is known as the cooling period.
The glass containers are then led in to a lehr.
A Lehr is a long tunnel shaped oven for annealing glass by continuous passage. Annealing is necessary to
prevent/remove objectionable stresses by controlled cooling. The Lehr used here has 9 zones (with alternate hot
and cold zones)
Cold-End
Once the bottles come out of the annealing Lehr,they are top and bottom sprayed with Duracoat to prevent
abrasion while they collide against one another.
17. After this,the bottles pass through various stations where they are subjected to several visual and optical tests.
For example, in the ICK machine, the bottles that can withstand a pressure of 30-35 psi are allowed to move
forward in the assembly line.
The approved bottles are then moved to the ACL (Applied Color Labelling) or the palletizing section depending
on whether the bottle needs decoration or not.
18.
19.
20. 3.3 Product Properties(Container glass – flint type)
Cooling time : 95 to 102 seconds
Thermal expansion co-efficient : 85 x 10-7
/ o
C
Density : 2.48 – 2.52 g/cc
Dominant wavelength : 565 – 568 nm
Purity : <11 %
Brightness : >50 %
(Dominant wavelength, purity and brightness defined for a flint sample of thickness 40 mm)
21. Chapter 4 : Pumps & Valves
In a Glass Industry, the transportation of raw materials and the finished product is either in the solid or molten
state.Hence pumps and valves are used as auxiliary equipment only. They are involved in the transport of
cooling water to the Lehr and Gob-cutters. As such the flow rates are not monitored. Only the suction line and
discharge pressures are controlled by the PLC systems.
PUMPS
4.1 Centrifugal Pumps
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump
impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a
diffuser or volute chamber (Casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps
are used for large discharge through smaller heads.
A centrifugal pump works by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy, typically from an electric motor or
turbine, to an increased static fluid pressure.
At Al Tajir Glass,the centrifugal pumps are normally operated at either 1450 rpm or 300 rpm.
4.2 Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps
22. The AODD pump design features few moving parts. Those that do move have simple, specific tasks:
1. Air Chamber. Houses the air that powers the diaphragms.
2. Air Distribution System. The heart of the pump, it is the mechanism that shifts the pump to create suction and
discharge strokes.
3. Outer Diaphragm Piston. Connects the diaphragms to the reciprocating common shaft and seals the liquid
side from the air side of the diaphragm.
4. Inner Diaphragm Piston. Located on the air side of the pump, it does not come in contact with the process
fluid.
5. Valve Ball. Seal and release on the check-valve seats, allowing for discharge and suction of process fluids to
occur.
6. Valve Seat. Provide the ball valves a place to check
23. 7. Discharge Manifold. Allows fluid to exit the pump through the discharge port that is typically located at the
top of the pump
8. Liquid Chamber. Separated from the compressed air by the diaphragms, it fills with process fluid during the
suction stroke and is emptied during the discharge stroke
9. Diaphragm. Acts as a separation membrane between the process fluid and the compressed air that is the
driving force of the pump. To perform adequately, diaphragms should be of sufficient thickness and appropriate
material to prevent degradation or permeation in specific process-fluid applications.
10.Inlet Manifold. Allows fluid to enter the pump through the intake port located at the bottom of the pump.
In Al Tajir Glass,AODD pumps are used for transporting lubricating oil. Gear pumps or centrifugal
pumps,because of the shear they exert on the fluid,negatively affect the lubricant properties. Hence
AODD’s,despite their higher cost,are used for pumping lubricants.
VALVES
4.3 Ball Valve
A ball valve is a valve with a spherical disc, the part of the valve which controls the flow through it. The sphere
has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will
occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The
handle or lever will be inline with the port position letting you "see" the valve's position.
24. 4.4 Globe Valve
A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type
element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Globe valves are named for their spherical body shape with the two halves of the body being separated by an
internal baffle. This has an opening that forms a seat onto which a movable plug can be screwed in to close (or
shut) the valve. The plug is also called a disc or disk.In globe valves, the plug is connected to a stem which is
operated by screw action using a handwheel in manual valves. Typically, automated globe valves use smooth
stems rather than threaded and are opened and closed by an actuator assembly.
4.5 Butterfly valve
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing mechanism takes the
form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shut off. Butterfly valves are
generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight,
25. meaning less support is required. The disc is positioned in the center of the pipe, passing through the disc is a
rod connected to an actuator on the outside of the valve. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or
perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always present within the flow, therefore a pressure
drop is always induced in the flow, regardless of valve position.
26. Chapter 5: Equipment & Instrumentation
The equipment used in a glass industry are slightly different from the ones used in a typical process plant.
The following are the key equipment and instrumentation involved in Al Tajir Glass Industry.
1. Philips PW 2400 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
2. Perkin Elmer UV-VIS Spectrometer Lambda 20
3. Perkin Elmer FT-NIR Spectrometer 100N
4. Hays Gauge
5. Actuators
6. Solenoid Operating Valve
5.1 Philips PW 2400 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer
27. What is X-Ray Spectroscopy ?
X-ray spectroscopy is a gathering name for several spectroscopic techniques for characterization of
materials by using x-ray excitation. When an electron from the inner shell of an atom is lost due to some
sort of excitation, it is replaced with an electron from the outer shell; difference in energy is emitted as
an X-ray photon of characteristic for the element wavelength (there could be several of characteristic
wavelengths per element). Equipment Specifications
Type: automatic sequential wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
PW 2400 (Philips)
Year of construction: 1996
HT generator: high frequency (ultra sonic), microprocessor controlled, 60 kV, 125
mA, 3000 W max., 0.0005 % stability
Tube: super sharp end window X-ray tube, 60 kV, 125 mA, 3000 W max.,
Rhodium anode
Spectrometer: sample changer (2 positions), spinner 30 rpm, 8 analysing crystals
(LiF 200, LiF 220, PE 002, Ge 111, PX1 multilayer, PX2 multilayer, PX4
multilayer, TlAP 100 coated), Argon flow counter 2 µm (13° to 148° 2theta, 2000
KCPS max.), scintillation counter (0° to 104° 2theta, 1000 KCPS max.), masks 10,
25, 30 and 35 mm
Goniometer: theta/2theta decoupled, direct optical position sensors, slewing speed
40° 2theta/s, scanning speed 0.0001° to 2° 2theta/s,angular accuracy 0.0025°
theta,2theta, angular reproducibility 0.0001° theta,2theta
Multi channel analyser: non-linearity > 1 %
Filters: Al (200,750 µm), Brass (100,300 µm), Pb (1000 µm)
Primary collimators: 150, 300, 700 µm
Beam path: Vacuum or He (liquids)
MS Windows based Super-Q / Semi-Q software
Peripherals: automatic fusion machine Perl’X 3 (Philips)
28. 5.2 Perkin Elmer UV-VIS Spectrometer Lambda 20
The UV-VIS spectrometer is used for the optical properties analysis of glass samples.After the sample
has been fed in,we get information regarding the dominant wavelength,purity and brightness via the
attached computer.Windows-95 based PRISMA 100 is used in Al Tajir Glass.
5.3 Perkin Elmer FT-NIR Spectrometer 100N
Near Infrared Spectrometry is used especially to check for entrapped water molecules in the final glass product.
The instrument is designed for safe use in indoor conditions, within ambient temperatures of 5o
C to 40o
C and a
voltage fluctuation of not more than ± 10 %.
29. 5.4 Hays Gauge
Hays Cleveland Model D-06200-00 MULTIPOINTER GAUGES, available in semi-flush or
surface-mounted enclosures, are designed for applications requiring two or more indicating
scales in a limited area and on a limited budget. A three-way selector valve is a standard feature
that permits the operator to reset to zero and clean the sample lines without disturbing the
unit's factory-set calibration. Another standard feature is a special beryllium calibrating spring
that provides permanent, unvarying tension.
5.5 Actuators
The commonly used actuator types are shown in the following figures.
31. 5.6 SOLENOID OPERATING VALVE:
A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric
current through a solenoid coil. Solenoid valves may have two or more ports: in the case of a two-port valve the
flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet
ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.
Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release,
dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching,
high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and
compact design.
Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and rocker
actuators are also used.
32. Chapter 6 : Environment, Health and Safety (EHS)
6.1 Fire Safety
With the growing stringent environmental regulations and human rights awareness, the EHS department of any
company these days occupies a crucial position. It is no different at Al Tajir Industries.
Owing to the techniques used in the packing and palletizing section, fire is a very prominent hazard. Here’s a
brief discussion on the topic.
Fire is a chemical reaction in which heat & gas are generated. Technically it is called Combustion. For fire to
take place, three things viz. FUEL, OXYGEN & SUFFICIENT HEAT SOURCE are necessary.
There are 3 common ways in which a fire-break out can be controlled
Starving : By removing the fuel/combustible substance from the site of fire.
Smothering : By cutting off the supply of oxygen to the fire.
Cooling : By reducing the temperature of the ambient air.
Types of Fire
Fires are classified on the basis of the fuel involved. This helps in identifying the right type of extinguisher to be
used in a particular situation.
Class A : Fire caused due to solid fuels like paper, rubber, clothes, etc.
Class B : Source of fire is liquids like petrol,kerosene,paint oil,etc.
Class C : Fire caused due to gases like methane,butane,etc.
Class D : Fire caused due to metals like magnesium,aluminium,etc.
Class E : Fires caused due to overloaded electrical circuits,short circuits and bad practices.
33. Types of fire extinguishers and cases where they can be used
Class of Fire Extinguishing Agent (Effective Range) Colour of the cylinder
Water (30-40 ft)
RED
Foam(10-12 ft)
CREAM
CO2 (3-8 ft)
BLACK
DCP(5-20 ft)
BLUE
A YES YES NO YES
B NO YES YES YES
C NO YES YES YES
D NO NO NO YES
E NO NO YES YES
Fire Fighting facilities and preventive measures at Al Tajir Glass
Portable Fire Control Equipment
1. Extinguishers
2. Fire blankets
3. Fire buckets
Fixed Fire control Equipment
1. Fire station with Control Room, Booster pumps, Store for fire fighting accessories.
2. Mobile phones and naked flames not allowed near the LPG and Fuel Oil yard.
3. Smoke detectors placed at regular intervals; connected to sprinklers
4. Hose reels
6.2 Effluent Treatment
Water usage in the plant is limited to furnace cooling and glass-mold cooling.As such,water disposal is not a
problem and there is no hazard to the underground water-table.
The plant,however,has to adhere to strict standards as whereas gaseous emissions are concerned.
34. The commonly monitored gaseous components are
NOx,SO2,CO,Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC),CO2,water % and O2 %.
The Furnace Exhaust Abatement Device suggested for Al Tajir Glass is a combination of Electrostatic
Precipitator(ESP) and dry scrubber.
ESP
It is a series flow,multiple zone system.The electrodes are connected to high voltage rectifiers/transformers.As
the gaseous stream is passed through the ESP,the particles get negatively charged and get attracted to the
collection plate(which is maintained at ground potential).
These particles are removed by vibration with a rapping hammer/sonic horn.
A stack fan is used to force the exhaust out of the system.
Dry Scrubber
A dry re-agent such as soda ash/sodium bicarbonate is usually milled to a fine powder and injected to the
exhaust stream.
The reagent reacts with the exhaust to form a sulphate precipitate,thereby removing the SOx gas.
The solid precipitate is then collected by the ESP or Bag House.
With a relatively small pressure difference of 125 Pa and reasonable maintenance charges,the ESP-Dry scrubber
combination is an economical option.