Methods of Research Chapter 3

1. TYPES OF
RESEARCHES
Chapter III

2. HELLO!
I am Joy Marie Blasco
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3. Types of Researches
-formulative or exploratory
- historical
-descriptive
- experimental
-ethnographic
-biblical
- feasibility or project study 3

4. Formulative or
Exploratory research4
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5. Formulative or Exploratory
research
Emphasis on discovery of ideas and insights
To clarify concepts, establish priorities for
further research, gather information
about practical possibilities
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7. Formulative or Exploratory
research
Methods of Exploration:
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1. Literature Survey
- Review of professional literature
which can lead to further
research

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9. Formulative or Exploratory
research
Methods of Exploration:
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2. Analysis of Insight-Stimulating Cases
Getting insights from sources
Example: In studying a business firm with declining productivity, get
insights from the following:
New comers, those working in the top management, individuals in
transition, deviants, workers with different positions, insight of the
researcher

10. Formulative or Exploratory
research
Methods of Exploration:
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3. Experience Survey
It is wasteful to interview people with little
or no competence or experience

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12. Formulative or Exploratory
research
Methods of Exploration:
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4. Focus Groups
A panel of 12 respondents led by a trained
moderator.
The output is a list of ideas and behavioural
observations

13. Formulative or Exploratory
research
Methods of Exploration:
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4. Focus Groups

14. Summary:
Formulative or Exploratory research
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Methods of Exploration:
• Literature Survey
• Analysis of Insight-stimulating Cases
• Experience Survey
• Focus Groups

15. Historical research
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16. Historical Research
-studying, understanding and explaining past
events to explain present events and
anticipate future ones
- there should be a hypothesis
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17. Historical Research
Sources of Historical Data
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18. Historical Research
Sources of Historical Data
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- Primary sources- first hand : eyewitness reports
and original documents
- Secondary sources- secondhand : description
done by another person, not the eyewitness, and review
of works done by others.

19. Historical Research
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20. Historical Research
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21. Historical Research
Criticism of Data
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Internal Criticism- credibility of the sources.
External Criticism- genuineness of the
document itself.

22. Historical Research
Organization of materials
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* Chronological arrangement
* Thematic or topical arrangement

23. Summary:
Historical Research
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Sources of Historical Data:
• Primary Sources
• Secondary Sources
Criticism of Data
• Internal Criticism
• External Criticism
Organization of Materials:
• Chronological
• Thematic

24. Descriptive research
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25. Descriptive Research
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Involves collecting data
in order to test
hypotheses or answer
questions concerning
the current status of the
subject of the study.

26. Types of Descriptive Research
Descriptive Normative Surveys
Provide descriptive information of the demographic nature of the
population
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Univariate Design
Asks about the size, form, distribution, or existence of a variable.
Bivariate Descriptive Design
Inquiring into one variable in relation to another variable
Multi-variate Descriptive Design
Two or more variables are looked into in relation to another
variable.

27. Descriptive Normative Surveys
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28. Types of Descriptive Research
Correlational Study
Attempts to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists
between two or more quantifiable variables.
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a. Simple Correlation
Two sets of scores of the same individual may be correlated.
* Product Moment Coefficient of Correlations
(positive correlation, covaries; negative correlation, does not covary)
* Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Expresses the strength in relationship in numbers ranging between + 1.00 to -1.00.
A high absolute value indicates a strong relationship, a near zero indicates a very weak
relationship.

29. Types of Descriptive Research
Correlational Study
Attempts to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists
between two or more quantifiable variables.
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b. Spearman Rank Correlation
Measured in terms of ordinal or rank order data rather than in precise
scores.
Example: “ Is there a strong relationship between the ranks of candidates in
poll surveys and the amount of money they spent on their campaigns”?
Interpreted in the same manner as Pearson Correlation Coefficient

30. Types of Descriptive Research
Correlational Study
Attempts to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists
between two or more quantifiable variables.
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c. Partial Correlation
Is used when one wants to know the relationship between
two variables if the influence of the third variable were
reduced or eliminated.

31. Types of Descriptive Research
Correlational Study
Attempts to determine whether and to what degree a relationship exists
between two or more quantifiable variables.
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d. Multiple Correlation
States the relationship between a combination of several
variables and some other variables.

32. Types of Descriptive Research
Evaluation Research
- selecting appropriate information and
collecting and analysing information in
order to report summary data useful to
decision-makers
-special form of applied research.
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33. Types of Descriptive Research
Categories of Evaluation
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 Summative or Outcome Evaluation
- The effects of the program
- “does it work?”
- Done after a program, or after it has been in
existence long enough
 Formative Evaluation
- “what is it?” “how does it work?”
- Helps revise and improve programs

34. Types of Descriptive Research
Types of Descriptive Evaluative Research
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 Longitudinal
survey
Evaluation of change
over time involving the
investigation of the same
situations or persons at
two or more points in life.

35. Types of Descriptive Research
Types of Descriptive Evaluative Research
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Cross-sectional
study
Evaluate change over time by
comparing at the same point
in time different people
representing different stages
of development.

36. Types of Descriptive Research
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37. Types of Descriptive Research
Types of Descriptive Evaluative Research
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Descriptive comparative study
(quasi-experimental or naturalistic
research)
is a comparative study where the researcher
considers at least two entities and compares which
is better.

38. Types of Descriptive Research
The Case Study Method
- seeks to answer a research problem by writing a case study of
a problematic situation
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Five major criteria in case writing
Significance
Informativeness
Originality
Emotionality
Responsibility

39. Summary Descriptive Research
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1. Descriptive Normative Surveys
• Univariate Design
• Bivariate Descriptive Design
• Multi-variate Descriptive Design
2. Correlational Study
• Simple Correlation
- Product Moment Coefficient of Correlations
- Pearson Correlation Coefficient
• Spearman Rank Correlation
• Partial Correlation
• Multiple Correlation

40. Summary Descriptive Research
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3. Evaluation Research
• Categories of Evaluation
- Summative or Outcome Evaluation
- Formative Evaluation
• Types of Descriptive Evaluative Research
-Longitudinal survey
- Cross-sectional study
- Descriptive comparative study
4. The Case Study Method

41. Experimental
research 41
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42. Experimental Research
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Independent variable
- manipulated
Dependent variable
- affected

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44. Experimental Research
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a. Casual inference from experiments
- Experimental
group is
exposed and
the control
group is not;
results are then
compared.

45. Experimental Research
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b. Types of experimental research
Laboratory Experiment
Done by isolating the research in
a physical situation apart from
the routine of everyday living,
and manipulating one or more
independent variables.
Strength: precise
Weakness: artificial

46. Experimental Research
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b. Types of experimental research
Field Experiment
Research study in a realistic
situation in which one or more
independent variables are
manipulated by the
experimenter.

47. Experimental Research
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b. Types of experimental research designs
• Quasi- experimental
participants are randomly assigned to either the treatment or
the control group, whereas they are not assigned randomly in a
quasi-experiment
• True experiments
the control and treatment groups differ not only in terms of the
experimental treatment they receive, but also in other, often
unknown or unknowable, ways. Thus, the researcher must try to
statistically control for as many of these differences as possible

48. Summary Experimental Research
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a. Casual inference from experiments
b. Types of experimental research
• Laboratory Experiment
• The Field Experiment
C. Types of Experimental Research Designs
• Quasi- experimental
• True experiments

49. Project Feasibility Study
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50. Project Feasibility Study
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Type of research undertaken to establish the viability of a product,
service or any business before it is actually launched.
 General Aspect
 Product and Market Aspects
 Technical Aspects
 Financial Aspects
 Social Soundness
 Spread Effects
 Social Impact: Equity

51. Market Research
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52. Market Research
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Obtain a total picture of how big the market is, what slices of
the market are going to grow in the future.
• Who will be the buyers and users?
• To what uses would they put the
product?
• Why would they want it?
• How strongly would they want the
product?
• Who in particular would do the buying or
influence the choice?
• Where and how do they buy?
• What are the buyer motivations behind
their buying?

53. Market Research
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1. Intermediary Market Research
- Concerned mainly
with the purchases
he can get from
immediate buyers
like the buying
agents, assemblers,
whole salers, etc.

54. Market Research
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2. Consumer Market Research
-Concerned not only
with his immediate
buyers but also with
the ultimate buyers
and consumers.

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THANKS!
Any questions?