This document discusses various networking devices and wireless technologies. It describes how hubs operate at the physical layer by flooding traffic to all ports, while switches operate at the data link layer by examining packets and only sending to necessary ports. Modems convert between analog and digital signals. Bridges separate network segments, while routers connect different networks and use IP addresses. Wireless technologies discussed include Wi-Fi Direct for device-to-device connections, Wi-Fi HaLow for low power long range connections, Miracast for cable-free display sharing, ZigBee for mesh networks, and WiMax for high speed wireless broadband.

1. Network Devices and Wireless
Technologies
BY
SHUBHAM BATHE (FYMCA02)

2. The Hub
 Hubs are cheap and simple, but wastes a lots of
bandwidth
 Each incoming bit is replicated on all other
interfaces
 Hubs are the cheapest way to create a simple
network
 Hub causes a lots of unnecessary traffic
problems and network congestion due to packet
flooding
 Hubs work with the raw data so they operate at
the Physical Layer of OSI reference model

3. The Switch
 Unlike hubs, switches examine each packet and
process it accordingly rather than simply repeating
the signal to all ports
 Switches map the Ethernet addresses of the nodes
residing on each network segment and then allow
only the necessary traffic to pass through the switch
 Switches are easy to install and self learning
devices that’s why they are more smarter than Hubs
 Switches work with MAC addresses so they operate
at the Data-Link Layer of the OSI reference model

4. Modems
 A modem is a device or program that enables a
computer to transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines.
 Computer information is stored digitally whereas
information transmitted over telephone lines is
transmitted in the form of analog waves.
 The main function of a modem is to converts
between these two forms i.e. Analog signal to Digital
signal and vice versa

5. Bridges
 A bridge is a device that separates two or more
network segments within one logical network
 A bridge is usually placed between two
separate groups of computers that talk with
each other, but not that much with the
computers in the other group
 Bridge is a device that connects a local area
network (LAN) to another local area network
that uses the same protocol (for example,
Ethernet or token ring).

6. Routers : The device that ties networks
together
 Hubs and Switches are devices that can be used to
create networks , but what if we want to establish a
connection between two or more networks ??
 So a Router is hardware device designed to
receive, analyze and move incoming packets to
another network
 Routers can analyze the data being sent over a
network, change how it is packaged, and send it
over a different network
 For example, routers are commonly used in home
networks to share a single Internet connection
between multiple computers

7. Routers
 Routers work with IP addresses so they
operate at the Network Layer of the OSI reference
model

8. Functions of Router
 Routing the packets from source to the destination
 Performing Network Address Translation
 Assigning IP addresses to Host
 Broadcasting a WiFi signal

9. Top Wireless Technologies
 Wi-Fi Direct : Portable Wi-Fi that goes with
you anywhere
 Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Wi-Fi Direct® is a certification
mark for devices supporting a technology that
enables Wi-Fi devices to connect directly enabling
them to do things like printing, sharing, syncing
 Mobile phones, cameras, printers, PCs, and
gaming devices connect to each other directly to
transfer content and share applications quickly and
easily
 Devices can make a one-to-one connection, or a
group of several devices can connect
simultaneously

10. Top Wireless Technologies
 Wi-Fi HaLow : Low power, long range Wi-Fi
 With industry momentum mounting around a low
power Wi-Fi® solution, Wi-Fi Alliance® has
introduced Wi-Fi HaLow™ as the designation for
products incorporating IEEE 802.11ah technology
 Wi-Fi HaLow operates in frequency bands below
one gigahertz, offering longer range, lower power
connectivity to Wi-Fi CERTIFIED™ products
 Wi-Fi HaLow’s range is nearly twice that of today’s
Wi-Fi
 Wifi Halow will be powering Smart Home,
connected car, and digital healthcare

11. Top Wireless Technologies
 Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Miracast
 Wi-Fi CERTIFIED Miracast™ is a groundbreaking
solution for seamlessly displaying multimedia
between devices, without cables or a network
connection
 Users can do things like view pictures from a
smartphone on a big screen television, share a
laptop screen with the conference room projector in
real-time, and watch live programs from a home
cable box on a tablet
 Miracast connections are formed using Wi-Fi
CERTIFIED Wi-Fi Direct®, so access to a Wi-Fi®
network is not needed – the ability to connect is
inside Miracast-certified devices

12. Top Wireless Technologies
IEEE 802.15.4 : ZigBee
 The ZigBee protocol offers 128-bit AES encryption. The
technology is
 also used in Mesh networks, which allow nodes to be
connected
 together through multiple pathways. The wireless
technology is hoped
 to ultimately be implemented in things like smart home
devices.

13. Top Wireless Technologies
IEEE 802.16: WiMax
 WiMax stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access
 This wireless technology allows data to be transferred at a rate
of 30-40 megabits per second
 The technology was once used by several mobile carriers
 WiMAX is intended to serve as the next step in the evolution of
3G mobile phones, via a potential combination of WiMAX and
CDMA standards called 4G.
 The technology can be used both indoors and outdoors,
however, WiMax devices typically produce a better signal when
used outside or by a window