Functional

1. CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

2. RESEARCH DESIGN
• The conceptual structure within which research is
conducted; it constitutes the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data.
• The research design provides the backbone structure of the
study; it supports the study and holds it together.

3. RESEARCH DESIGN
The researcher’s overall plan for answering the research questions
or testing the research hypotheses.
A framework or blueprint for the research plan of action.
The planned sequence of the entire process involved in conducting
a research study

4. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH DESIGN
O - ORGANIZE
P - PROVIDE
M - MAINTAIN

5. PARTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
S - Sampling design
O – Observational design
S - Statistical design
O - Operational design

6. ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
1. Can lead to more ACCURATE results
2. Gives OPTIMUM EFFICIENCY and RELIABILITY
3. MINIMIZE the WASTE of TIME, RESOURCES, and
MONEY

7. RESEARCH DESIGN

8. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Quasi-experimental

9. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
 Describing existing conditions, behaviors, or
characteristics by systemically gathering information
without manipulating variables.
There are no intervention on the researcher’s part –
only data collection.

10. KEY ATTRIBUTES:
It purely describes the situation.
It does not explore potential relationships between
different variables or the causes that may underlie
those relationships.
Useful for generating insight into a research
problem by describing its characteristics.

11. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Identify and measure the relationship between two
or more variables without manipulating them.
Type of research design that is useful when you
want to know whether a change in one thing tends to
be accompanied by a change in another thing.

12. KEY ATTRIBUTES:
Useful when exploring potential relationships between
variables that cannot be manipulated or controlled for
ethical, practical, and logistical reason.
Helpful in developing predictions.
Can be implemented at a large scale.

13. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Use to determine if there is a causal relationship
between two or more variables.
Type of research design that allows the researcher to
manipulate one variable (the independent variable)
while controlling others (dependent variables).

14. KEY ATTRIBUTES:
Provides researchers with a powerful way to identify
and measure causal relationships between variables.
Small sample sizes
Reduced statistical power
Random assignment

15. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
 Used when the research aims to identify causal
relations but one cannot or doesn’t want to
randomly assign participants to different groups
for practical or ethical reasons.

16. KEY ATTRIBUTES:
 More difficult to confidently establish causality
between variables.
 The researcher has less control over other variables
that may impact the findings.
 Can be undertaken on a much larger scale than
experimental research design.

17. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Phenomenological
Grounded Theory
Ethnographic
Case Study

18. PHENOMENOLOGICAL R-DESIGN
Explores the meaning of lived experiences.
Seeks to understand people’s perspectives, emotions, and
behaviors in specific situations.
Aim to uncover the essence of human experience without
making any assumptions or imposing preconceived ideas on
their subjects.

19. PHENOMENOLOGICAL R-DESIGN
Typically involves in-depth interviews or open-ended
questionnaires.
Prone for potential biases in data collection and
interpretation.

20. GROUNDED THEORY R-DESIGN
Also know as “GT” aims to develop theories by
continuously and iteratively analyzing and comparing data
collected from a relatively large number of participants in a
study.
Letting the data to speak for itself without being influenced
by preexisting theories 0r the researcher’s preconceptions.

21. GROUNDED THEORY R-DESIGN
Typically involves collecting data through interviews or
observations and then analyzing it to identify patterns and
themes that emerge from the data.
These emerging ideas are then validated by collecting more
data until a saturation point is reached (i.e., no new
information can be squeezed from the data). From that
base, a theory can then be developed.

22. GROUNDED THEORY R-DESIGN
Suited to studies where the research aims involve theory
generation, especially in under-researched areas.
Type of research design can be quite time-intensive, given
the need for multiple rounds of data collection and analysis

23. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH DESIGN
Involves observing and studying a culture-sharing
group of people in their natural setting to gain insight
into their behaviors, beliefs, and values.
The focus is to observe participants in their natural
environment (as opposed to a controlled environment).

24. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH DESIGN
This typically involves the researcher spending an
extended period of time with the participants in
their environment, carefully observing and taking
field notes.

25. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH DESIGN
Also involves in-depth interviews to explore
participants’ views, beliefs, etc.
However, unobtrusive observation is a core
component of the ethnographic approach.

26. CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
 The researcher, investigates a single individual
(or a single group of individuals) to gain an in-
depth understanding of their experiences,
behaviors, or outcomes in this design.

27. CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
 Unlike other research designs that are aimed at
larger sample sizes, case studies offer a deep dive
into the specific circumstances surrounding a
person, group of people, event, or phenomenon,
generally within a bounded setting or context.

28. CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
 Case study research designs can have different
variations;
- single-case
- multiple-case
- longitudinal case

29. CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
Single-case design involves intensely
examining a single entity to understand its
unique characteristics and complexities.

30. CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
Multiple-case design, multiple cases are
compared and contrasted to identify
patterns and commonalities

31. CASE STUDY RESEARCH DESIGN
Longitudinal case design, a single case or
multiple cases are studied over an
extended period of time to understand how
factors develop over time. In longitudinal

32. OTHER NECESSARY INFORMATION TO ADD IN
CHAPTER 3:
Locale Of The Study
Population And Sampling Techniques
Data Gathering Procedure
Research Instrument
Statistical Analysis/Treatment

33. OTHER NECESSARY INFORMATION TO ADD IN
CHAPTER 3:
1. Locale Of The Study
- the setting of the study.
- Where will the study take place/be conducted

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2. Population And Sampling Techniques
Population is where the
samples/variables/participants will be taken.
Sampling frame is the list from which the potential
respondents are drawn.

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2. Population And Sampling Techniques
Sample is a smaller (representative) collection of
units taken from a population that is used to
determine truths about the population (Field, 2005).

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2. Population And Sampling Techniques
Sampling is the process of learning about the
population on the basis of a sample drawn from it.

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Non-Probability

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Probability

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Probability

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Probability

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Probability

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3. Data Gathering Procedure
Data collection is a systematic process of gathering
observations or measurements.
The primary and most important part of research.

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3. Data Gathering Procedure
Step 1: Define the aim of your research
Step 2: Choose your data collection method
Step 3: Plan your data collection procedures
Step 4: Collect the data

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4. Research Instrument
A tool used to obtain, measure, and analyze data
from the subjects around the research topic.
The tools are Questionnaire, Interview, Observation,
and Checklist.

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5. Statistical Treatment
A way of removing bias to the study by interpreting
data statistically.
 a process of taking raw data and turning it into
something that can be interpreted and used to make
decisions.

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CHAPTER 3:
DATA ANALYSIS - The process of inspecting,
cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with
the goal of discovering useful information,
informing conclusions, and supporting decision-
making.

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59. What Constitutes the Chapter 3?
1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
2. RESEARCH DESIGN
3. RESEARCH METHODS
4. STATISTICAL DATA ANALYSIS