Types of Earthing Systems.pptx
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Types of Earthing Systems: Ensuring Electrical Safety Introduction Electrical safety is paramount in all aspects of life, from homes to industrial facilities. Electrical systems can pose serious risks, but these can be mitigated through earthing systems. Earthing, or grounding, involves connecting electrical systems and equipment to the Earth's surface. This provides a path for fault currents to dissipate and prevents electrical hazards. Different types of earthing systems have been developed to meet various safety and operational needs. In this guide, we explore these systems, their applications, selection criteria, and their advantages and disadvantages. The Importance of Earthing Systems To understand the significance of earthing systems, it's crucial to recognize the dangers posed by electrical faults. Electrical systems rely on the flow of electrons to carry electrical energy. However, faults such as short circuits or equipment malfunctions can lead to excessive current flow, causing hazards like electric shock, equipment damage, and fires. Earthing addresses these dangers by providing a low-resistance path for fault currents to safely reach the Earth's surface. This serves several vital purposes: Safety: Earthing reduces the risk of electric shock by ensuring that fault currents avoid human contact and flow harmlessly to the Earth. Equipment Protection: It safeguards electrical equipment by directing fault currents away from sensitive components, preventing damage. Voltage Stabilization: Earthing helps maintain stable voltage levels, ensuring that electrical equipment operates within specified limits. Fire Prevention: By safely dissipating fault currents, earthing systems minimize the risk of electrical fires, protecting lives and property. Continuity of Supply: These systems contribute to the uninterrupted supply of electrical energy by reducing downtime caused by faults. Common Types of Earthing Systems Several earthing systems exist, each with distinct characteristics and applications. The choice of an earthing system depends on factors like the type of installation, local regulations, and environmental conditions. Here, we explore the most common types: TT System (Terre-Terre): In the TT system, each electrical installation has its dedicated grounding connection to the Earth. This setup is typical in residential and small-scale installations. TN System (Terre-Neutre): The TN system combines grounding for both the earth and neutral conductors. It includes subtypes like TN-C, TN-S, and TN-C-S, commonly found in industrial and commercial installations. IT System (Isolated Terre): In the IT system, there's no direct connection to Earth, and insulation is maintained at a high level. It is preferred in sensitive environments like hospitals and data centres.
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
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train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
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- 2. INTRODUCTION TO EARTHING SYSTEMS Definition: Earthing is an efficient way of protecting the appliances from electrical hazard when current surge or overload current is supplied. Purpose: To provide a safe path for fault currents and minimize electrical hazards.
- 3. COMMON TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEMS • TT System (Terre-Terre) • Description: Separate grounding for each electrical installation. • Application: Common in residential and small-scale installations.
- 4. COMMON TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEMS 2. TN System (Terre-Neutre) • Description: Combined grounding for earth and neutral conductors. • Types: TN-C, TN-S, TN-C-S. • Application: Common in industrial and commercial installations.
- 5. COMMON TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEMS 3. IT System (Isolated Terre) • Description: No direct connection to earth; high insulation. • Application: Sensitive environments like hospitals and data centers.
- 6. SELECTION CRITERIA Choosing the right earthing system depends on factors such as: • Electrical load and equipment. • Soil resistivity. • Environmental conditions. • Safety regulations and codes.
- 7. KEY CONSIDERATIONS • Soil Resistivity Measurement • Grounding Electrodes Selection • Fault Current Path • Step and Touch Voltage Analysis
- 8. EXAMPLES • TT System Example: Residential Building • TN System Example: Commercial Complex • IT System Example: Hospital
- 9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES • TT System: Simple but may offer limited protection. • TN System: Common and balanced but can be affected by ground faults. • IT System: High reliability but complex and costly.
- 10. CONCLUSION • The choice of earthing system is critical for electrical safety. • Selection should be based on specific requirements and regulations. • Regular maintenance and testing are essential for the effectiveness of the chosen system.