Types of Data

‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫بسم‬
DR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD

DATA & ITS TYPES
Dr. Athar Khan
MBBS, MCPS, DPH, MBA, DCPS-HPE, DCPS-HCSM,
PGD-Statistics, PhD Scholar
Associate Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Classify data with examples
2. Describe the process of measurement of various
types of data
3. Discuss techniques and procedure to deal with
data collection

• Values of observations that have been collected. OR
• Data are the raw materials of statistics. OR
• Data consist of discrete observations of attributes or
events that carry little meaning when considered alone.
OR
• Data is raw facts and figures
unprocessed(meaningless)
DATA

Definition
• Data observed or collected directly from first-hand
experience is called Primary data.
• Published data and the data collected in the past or
other parties is called Secondary data.

Sources of
data
Records Surveys Experiments
Comprehensive Sample

DR SYED TAFAZZUL -JSMU

Population
 The complete collection of all elements (scores,
people, measurements, and so on) to be studied.
The collection is complete in the sense that it
includes all subjects to be studied.
• A population is a set of persons (objects) having a
common observable characteristics.

 Census
• The collection of data from every member of the
population.
 Sample
• A sub-collection of elements drawn from a population.
• A sample is a subset of a population.
DefinitionsDefinition

POPULATION
SAMPLE
Sample: a subset of a population

 A numerical measurement describing some characteristic
of a population
POPULATION
PARAMETER
PARAMETER

Definitions
A numerical measurement describing some characteristic
of a sample.
SAMPLE
STATISTICS
STATISTICS

VARIABLE
• Obtaining information on specific characteristics e.g.
age, height, weight are referred to as variable.
• A variable is any measured characteristic or attribute
that differs for different subjects. For example, if the
weight of 30 subjects were measured, then weight
would be a variable.

DATA

Continuous
Types of Data/Variable
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data
Discrète
Nominal
Ordinal

Qualitative (Categorical) data
•Observations by which individuals can be
categorized according to some characteristic or
quality.
•Example: gender (male/female) of LCMD students.

NOMINAL
Characterized by data that consist of names,
identifiers, labels, or categories only. The data
cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as
low to high)
Example: survey responses (yes, no)

Involves data that may be arranged in some order,
ascending or descending
Example: Course grades A, B, C, D, or F
ORDINAL

DR SYED TAFAZZUL -JSMUDR ATHAR KHAN - LCMD

Quantitative (Numerical) data
•Numbers representing counts or measurements.
•Example: weights of LCMD students

They must be integers i.e. whole numbers.
0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Example: The number of students in 4th Year MBBS
Quantitative DataDISCRETE

Values in fractions or decimals.
Example: weight of LCMD students
CONTINUOUS
2 3

 May be Interval or Ratio Type
• Interval: there is no absolute zero point e.g. temperature
• RatiO: there is a true zero point (zero means zero)
CONTINUOUS
0 Kg
320
F or 273K
0 0
C
0 lb

DEPENDENT- HEIGHT
INDEPENDENT-AGE
WIEGHT
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

Transformation of Data
• Quantitative data can be transformed into qualitative
data
• Example:
• Age in years - Quantitative data
• < 20 years
• 20 – 50 years Qualitative data
• > 50 years

Summary
 Nominal - categories only
 Ordinal - categories with some order
 Discrete – whole numbers
 Continuous - decimals
DISCRETE
CONTINUOUS

DR SYED TAFAZZUL -JSMU

THANK YOU

Types of Data

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