Tutorial Abdominal CT scan test.pdf
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This document provides an anatomy tutorial on abdominal CT scans. It identifies and labels key abdominal structures visible on CT images, including the stomach, pancreas, inferior vena cava, celiac artery and its branches, superior mesenteric vein, abdominal aorta, ovaries, and rectum. The tutorial also notes the normal appearance and location of these structures to aid in anatomical identification on abdominal CT scans.
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The document provides information on the anatomy of the thoracic wall and diaphragm. It discusses the following key points:
1. The thoracic wall is formed by bones including the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae. It is covered by muscles and fascia externally and pleura internally.
2. The 12 pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum by costal cartilages. There are three types of ribs.
3. The diaphragm is a double-domed muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has openings for structures to pass through.
4. During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm and external inter
USMLE CVS 001 Mediastinum anatomy medical chest .pdf
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs.
It is a three-dimensional space that houses various structures within the chest.
The mediastinum extends from the sternum (front of the chest) to the vertebral column (back of the chest) and from the superior thoracic aperture (top of the chest) to the diaphragm (bottom of the chest).
Understanding the anatomy of the mediastinum is crucial for healthcare professionals to interpret diagnostic findings and manage conditions affecting this central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
CVS Anaesthesiology.pptx
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has four chambers - right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The heart is supplied by coronary arteries which arise from the aorta. It has dual innervation - sympathetic increases heart rate while parasympathetic decreases it. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava and is pumped to the lungs by the right ventricle. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs and is pumped by the left ventricle throughout the body via the aorta. Heart valves ensure one-way blood flow through the chambers.
Embryology of heart
The heart develops from mesodermal cardiogenic fields on either side of the embryo that fuse to form a primitive heart tube. This tube undergoes looping to the right, forming the chambers. Partitioning forms the atrial and ventricular septa, separating the chambers. In fetal circulation, blood is shunted away from the lungs through openings like the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. At birth, these close as the lungs become functional and circulation assumes the postnatal pattern. Defects can occur if septation or closure of passages is incomplete, leading to congenital heart diseases.
Anatomy of Esophagus.pptx
The esophagus develops from the foregut and extends from the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage to the cardiac orifice of the stomach. It has striated muscle in the upper third, mixed muscle in the middle third, and smooth muscle in the lower third. The esophagus passes through the neck and thorax and has two sphincters - the upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter. It receives blood supply from the inferior thyroid, bronchial, and left gastric arteries and drains into the azygos, hemiazygos, and left gastric veins.
Cardiac anatomy and imaging techniques
This document provides an overview of cardiac anatomy and various imaging techniques used to examine the heart. It describes the layers of the pericardium and positions of the heart within the chest. It then details the anatomy of each chamber of the heart and major vessels, as well as standard imaging planes and cardiac imaging modalities like echocardiography, CT, MRI, and angiography. Standard views like the two chamber, three chamber, and four chamber views are explained as well as how cardiac gating improves imaging by reducing motion artifacts.
Heart n thorax
This document provides guidance on performing an ultrasound examination of the fetal heart. It begins by noting the importance of evaluating the fetal heart given the prevalence of congenital heart defects. The basic scan involves obtaining a four-chamber view of the heart to visualize the atria and ventricles. For a more detailed exam, the outflow tracts should also be examined. Proper scanning technique and fetal positioning are described for obtaining optimal views. Key features of normal ultrasound anatomy are outlined. Common abnormalities that may be detected on scans are also reviewed. The document provides a comprehensive overview of evaluating the fetal heart and lungs during the second trimester anatomy scan.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.pptx
The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery after passing through the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet connects the neck to the thorax and contains many structures including the subclavian vessels and brachial plexus. Thoracic outlet syndrome occurs when these structures are compressed as they pass through the thoracic outlet, most commonly due to scalene muscle abnormalities. It can cause neurogenic, venous, or arterial symptoms in the upper limb that are exacerbated by arm movements above the head. Treatment depends on the type of thoracic outlet syndrome but may include surgery or stenting.
CHEST XRAY
A chest x ray is a fast and painless imaging test that uses certain electromagnetic waves to create pictures of the structures in and around your chest. This test can help diagnose and monitor conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, lung cancer, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and lung tissue scarring, called fibrosis
Vm presentation
The document discusses the development of the aortic arch in embryos and its fate in adult life. It notes that the first arch arteries to appear are the right and left primitive aortas. It describes the fate of each of the six pairs of arch arteries, with the first, second, and fifth pairs disappearing and the third, fourth, and sixth pairs persisting into adulthood. The document also discusses variations that can occur in the branching pattern of the arch arteries.
Thoracic cavity Relationship
My Goals::::
1-Relationship of thorax to neck .
2-relationship of thorax to upper limb.
3-relationship of thorax to breasts : pleural cavity - pleural and Lung .
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Skeletal scintigraphy presenatation, dr.mustafa
1. The document discusses bone scintigraphy (bone scan), providing information on its uses, procedures, interpretations, and applications.
2. A bone scan uses radiopharmaceuticals like technetium-99m MDP to detect areas of abnormal bone metabolism that could indicate conditions like fractures, infections, tumors and metastases.
3. It is a sensitive test but not specific, so findings must be interpreted in the full clinical context. The document outlines patterns for various bone diseases and cancers.
The principles of head and neck PET/CT
This document discusses head and neck PET/CT scans. It provides information on:
- The types of cancers that PET/CT scans are used for in the head and neck region.
- The superiority of PET/CT over CT and MRI for detecting lymph node involvement, distant metastases, and unknown primary cancers.
- The key applications of PET/CT including pretreatment staging, radiotherapy planning, monitoring treatment response, follow-up care, and detecting unknown primary cancers.
Bengin breast lesion in nuclear medicine
Benign breast conditions can mimic breast cancer on PET/CT imaging. The most common cause of benign FDG uptake in the breast is inflammatory lesions. PET/CT is used along with other imaging like mammography and MRI to make a diagnosis. Common benign causes of FDG uptake include dense breast tissue, fat necrosis, lactation, silicone implants or granulomas, infection, trauma, and benign breast tumors. While normal breast tissue FDG uptake depends on density and menopausal status, benign conditions like fat necrosis, lactation, silicone rupture, infection, and benign tumors can have increased FDG uptake. Poorly FDG-avid cancers, lobular carcinoma, DCIS, and small tumors are also important considerations in
Incidental pet ct finding in the neck
A 48-year-old woman underwent a thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid cancer. A PET scan found uptake in her thyroid, and an ultrasound confirmed a nodule. A post-operative iodine scan found uptake in thyroid tissue, but no metastases. She was diagnosed with the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid cancer based on pathology. Papillary thyroid cancer is characterized by mutations affecting the MAPK pathway and is usually differentiated and radioiodine avid. Imaging with iodine scans, PET, and ultrasound can help identify the primary tumor and check for metastases following treatment.
Brain PET imaging
This document discusses brain PET imaging for tumors, including normal brain uptake patterns, radiotracers like FDG and amino acids, factors affecting glioma uptake, and clinical indications for PET/CT and PET/MR imaging in gliomas. It provides details on the various radiotracers, their uses, and examples of images. Key points are that PET is useful for differentiating tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis, tumor grading, delineating edges for surgery/radiation, and provides prognostic information. Amino acids are best for recurrence differentiation while FDG is more advantageous for grading.
MIBG scan presentation
used in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors.
Dr. Mustafa Ahmed Al-Thabhawee
Teharan university of medical sciences
Meckle's scan
meckle diverticulum diagnosis by using radiotracer by
Dr.Mustafa Al-thabhawee
Tehran university of medical sciences
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Tutorial Abdominal CT scan test.pdf
- 1. ABDOMEN CT TUTORIAL SLIDES Mustafa Ahmed Al-Thabhawee, MD
- 3. Identify the following structures in the body CT to the right. To view the location of the structure in the image click on the label at the left and the structure will be indicated in the image. Abdominal CT scans typically begin just above the diaphragm, so the first slice you see is of the lower chest.
- 21. PYLORUS
- 22. STOMACH
- 25. PANCREAS 1: Head of pancreas 2: Uncinate process of pancreas 3: Pancreatic notch 4: Body of pancreas 5: Anterior surface of pancreas 6: Inferior surface of pancreas 7: Superior margin of pancreas 8: Anterior margin of pancreas 9: Inferior margin of pancreas 10: Omental tuber 11:Tail of pancreas 12: Duodenum
- 28. IVC
- 34. CELIAC • Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the T12‘ one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta (the others are the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries).
- 35. CELIAC ARTERY BRANCHES • Left gastric artery • Common hepatic artery • Splenic artery
- 46. SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN • In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum). • At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, • the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. • The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta.
- 48. POSTERIOR VIEW
- 51. IVC
- 62. IVC
- 63. NORMAL ANATOMY- SECTION 8
- 66. 1: Head of pancreas 2: Uncinate process of pancreas 3: Pancreatic notch 4: Body of pancreas 5: Anterior surface of pancreas 6: Inferior surface of pancreas 7: Superior margin of pancreas 8: Anterior margin of pancreas 9: Inferior margin of pancreas 10: Omental tuber 11:Tail of pancreas 12: Duodenum
- 70. NORMAL ANATOMY- SECTION 9
- 76. NORMAL ANATOMY- SECTION 10
- 81. ABDOMINAL AORTA origin: Continuation of descending thoracic aorta at T12 • course: descends anterior and slightly to the left of the lumbar vertebral bodies. •Bifurcation of aorta:L4 • Note that the bifurcation (union) of the inferior vena cava is at L5and therefore below that of the bifurcation of the aorta)
- 85. NORMAL ANATOMY- SECTION 11
- 91. Normal Anatomy- Section 12
- 101. Normal Anatomy- Section 13
- 111. Normal Anatomy- Section 14 (female)
- 115. OVARIES
- 116. SACRUM
- 117. RECTUM- SACRUM
- 118. INGUINAL LIGAMENT