This document provides a chronological overview of key events related to Turkey from 1453 to 2005. Some of the major events and developments included:
- In 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, establishing Ottoman control over the city (now Istanbul). Over subsequent centuries, the Ottoman Empire expanded its territory and reached the height of its power under Sultan Suleiman in the 1600s.
- Throughout the 1500s-1700s, the Ottoman Empire engaged in military conflicts with neighboring powers like Austria and Russia. It also maintained a slave trade, capturing Christians from places like Russia and Ukraine to sell in Ottoman markets.
- The Ottoman Empire began declining in the 1800s and collapsed after
Presentation created to support the teaching of the Habitudes Book 1: The Art of Self Leadership program at Instituto Bilingüe La Silla, Junior High School, in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México.
Habitudes is a trademark of Growing Leaders, and Dr. Tim Elmore.
All images belong to their photographers.
This presentations was not created for profit, but for educational purposes only.
An audio file with samples of music by Hans Zimmer plays along as the presentation rolls along, and the facilitator (myself) guides the discussion.
Presentation created to support the teaching of the Habitudes Book 1: The Art of Self Leadership program at Instituto Bilingüe La Silla, Junior High School, in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México.
Habitudes is a trademark of Growing Leaders, and Dr. Tim Elmore.
All images belong to their photographers.
This presentations was not created for profit, but for educational purposes only.
An audio file with samples of music by Hans Zimmer plays along as the presentation rolls along, and the facilitator (myself) guides the discussion.
Libya Vision 2020 - Let’s build a stable, democratic, and prosperous Libya movelibyaforward
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Recently, the Turkish PM, Recep Tayip Erdogan lashed out at Israel and made vicious statements accusing it of “massacre” in the wake of the Gaza bound “flotilla of hate” originating from Turkey (9 terror supporting activists, most of them Turkish citizens, where killed when the IDF opened fire on violent, murderous activists).
The Turkish hypocrisy is overwhelming, in view of its horrendous past genocidal acts and more recent acts of murder and destruction. This is a reminder of Turkey’s recent history.
Aidarbek Chalbaev from International Relations Department of International Ataturk Alatoo University is talking about the Ottoman Empire .Subject: Turkey in World Politics Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Koncak
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State-Building Nationalism, secularism, and great power .docxdessiechisomjj4
State-Building
Nationalism, secularism, and great power politics at the turn of the 20th century
Some questions to consider:
Islamists are in power in both Iran and Turkey. Why is Turkey so different from Iran?
Why is the government in Egypt so different from the government in Saudi Arabia?
Why has the military played an important role in the politics of Turkey?
1914
Two (major) political entities in the region:
The Ottoman Empire (Egypt, Tunisia)Iran
Ten years later…
Turkey Egypt IraqTransjordan (later Jordan)SyriaLebanonSaudi ArabiaIran
The Ottoman Empire:
the balance among linguistic, regional, and religious groupings was disturbed by European interventions and the internal political changes.
The Ottoman decline:
By the turn of the 20th century the Ottoman state became unstable.
Keep in mind:
The religious foundations of Ottoman rule.
Legitimacy of the Ottoman Empire
As long as loyalty to the empire appeared consistent with loyalty to the best interests of Islam (the ties of the ummah were paramount) most Arab Muslims accepted the legitimacy of the Ottoman rule.
Modernism, Humanism, political liberalism, and the Enlightenment.
A transition from communities of faith to national communities;Secular (universal) citizenship;Loyalty to the state and its institutions rather than to communal (mostly tribal) identities. Constitutional government;Anti-monarchismReligious pluralism, freedom, individualism; Unified legal, judicial, educational system;The expansion of the state instituions (bureaucracy, surveillance).
The Ottoman swings in opposite direction:
Constitutionalism;
Religious restoration.
Young Ottomans (bureaucracy):
Secularization (legal, judicial, educational systems);Universal citizenship;The 1876 Constitution.
Religious restoration
(sultan Abdul Hamid II)
Technological and administrative modernization, railways, post offices, warships but:
Refurbished the long neglected title of caliph,Broadcasting pan-Islamic appeals, and Topped up the ranks of his administration with Arabs.
Religious restoration and identity
Pan-Islamisms
Rather than:
Ottomanism
1908
Widespread opposition to the sultan’s tyranny.
A military rising in Monastir and Salonika (Rumelia); The sultan forced to call elections;The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) won a majority across the empire.
The 1908 Young Turk “revolution”
Officers demand that Abdul Hamid II restore the constitution.
On July 24, 1908, the constitution was declared once again in effect.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) government
Overriding aim was the preservation of the empire, at whatever cost.
They weren’t liberals but nor were they purely anti-colonial.
The threats to the Ottoman Empire
came from European powers or their regional allies,
but the Young Turks did not reject the West culturally or politically.
The 1909 counterrevolution
Led by common soldiers and t.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. 3
1949-51 – The CIA had active operations going into Albania, the Baltic,
Ukraine and from Turkey into southern Russia. Agents parachuting in, walking in,
boating in, but, most of these operations failed. Philby played a part in
compromising CIA agents in eastern Europe.
1970’s – BCCI established offices in every country it was allowed to., including
Turkey. Rep offices which were not allowed to collect deposits or make loans. It
also set up joint venture banks in partnership with other foreign banks or local
investors.
28 May 1971 – Israeli Consul Efraim Elrom was assassinated in Istanbul. The
Turkish Liberation Army in alliance with Palestinians claimed responsibility.
1973 – In Turkey Lockheed were more involved, paying commissions of $876,000
over a few years. In 1973 their agent in Ankara, Nezih M Dural, asked for his fee
to be increased to $5,000 a month, but Lockheed said that in future he must buy
influence not just intelligence. Dural’s great opportunity came after the Turks
invaded Cyprus, when the US imposed an embargo on arms to Turkey. It was
circumvented with the secret approval of the State Department, when Turkey
brought two squadrons of Starfighters, produced in Italy. For one squadron
Dural received a commission of $240,000. Three years later he was arrested on
charges of currency fraud.
1976 – By 1976 the Turks were spending more than $2 billion a year on defence,
or more than 30% of their budget. Turkey brought arms wherever they could.
Including Northrop Tigers via Libya and Iran and submarines and torpedo boats
from West Germany. A proposed tank factory was to be built by the West
Germans in Turkey.
11 August 1976 – Attack on terminal at Istanbul airport. PFLP, Japanese Red
army terrorists killed four people including an American, Harold Rosenthal, and
injured 20 others.
11 August 1976 – Istanbul machine gun grenade attack killed four people and
wounded 17.
4. 4
29 May 1977 – Istanbul baggage area explosion killed five people and inured 24.
1978 – The PKK was formed as a Marxist Leninist group in 1978, by political
science student Abdullah Ocalan.
13 October 1980 – Turkish Boeing 72 Istanbul to Ankara was hijacked to Iran.
It landed in Diyarbakir Turkey. The plane was stormed and four hijackers
arrested.
7 August 1982 – Ankara machine gun attack killed nine people and wounded 71.
15 August 1984 – The first time the PKK elements launched an attack against
Turkish government installations.
15 August 1984 – The PKK began an armed struggle against Turkey. During
the conflict with Turkey 40,000 people were killed and more than 5,000 Kurdish
villages destroyed and two million Kurdish refugees fled their homes.
1985 – Turkish embroidery. Pauline Johnson. Victoria and Albert museum.
ISBN 0-9481-0702-2
July 1986 – An article by Judith Miller in the New York Times magazine
described a terrorist attack in Ankara Turkey, a synagogue bombing. Clearly
marked communist weapons the direct sponsors of the attack were Syria, Libya
and Iran.
27 January 1989 – Three simultaneous bombings of US businesses in Istanbul
and Ankara. The Dev sol revolutionary left claimed responsibility.
12 June 1989 – US Consul boat bombed in Bosphorus straits, no injuries. The
Warriors of June 16th movement claimed responsibility.
11 October 1989 – Bombing outside a US military px. Dev sol claimed
responsibility.
6. 6
19 October 1999 – Egypt air flight 838 Istanbul to Cairo was hijacked over
Turkey. It flew to Hamburg and the hijacker was arrested after a promise of
asylum.
15 March 2001 – Airliner hijacking in Istanbul. Three Chechens hijacked a
Russian airliner during a flight from Istanbul to Moscow and forced it to fly to
Medina Saudi Arabia. The plane carried 162 passengers and a crew of 12.
After a 22 hour seige during which more than 40 passengers were released. Saudi
security forces stormed the plane, killing a hijacker, a passenger and a flight
attendant.
1 November 2001 – Turkey announced it would send 90 troops to northern
Afghanistan to train northern alliance forces.
29 April 2002 – Turkey officially agrees to assume command of the
peacekeeping mission in Afghanistan. The Turkish government plans to take
control of the 4,500 member 18 nation force from the UK in six months. Turkey
currently has 270 peacekeepers in Afghanistan and is the only Muslim country
that has contributed to the peacekeeping mission.
2003 – The bulk of the drug money enters Turkey in suitcases carried by
couriers.
November 2003 – A Turkish man admitted receiving $50,000 from an Iranian
source and sent it to Turkey to fund last months suicide bombings in Istanbul.
(Iranfilter 21 Dec 2003)
15 November 2003 – Synagogue bombing in Istanbul. Two suicide truck bombs
exploded outside the Neve Shalom and Beth Israel synagogues in Istanbul killing
25 people and wounding at least 300 more. A Turkish militant group, the great
eastern Islamic raiders, claimed responsibility. An al-Qaeda connection was
suspected. An al-Qaeda branch called, the brigades of the martyr Abu Hafz alMasri, claimed responsibility.
20 November 2003 – Two more suicide truck bombings in Istanbul, devastated
the British HSBC bank and the British consulate general in Istanbul, killing 27
7. 7
people and wounding at least 450. The dead included consul general Roger short.
Al-Qaeda was suspected. The great eastern Islamic raiders front claimed
responsibility.
17 May 2004 – Four small bombs exploded outside branches of HSBC in
Ankara and Istanbul before Tony Blair’s visit to Turkey.
20 May 2004 – In the Acibadem district of Istanbul a bomb exploded in the
parking lot of a McDonalds restaurant, breaking windows, destroying one car and
damaging several other vehicles. No group claimed responsibility.
3 August 2005 – A blast in Istanbul killed two people.
5 August 2005 – Five Turkish soldiers died in aq bomb attack blamed on the
PKK in Hakkari province.
To be continued …