Tuberculosis
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tuberculosis is one of the communicable disease which leads to a death per year. DOTs (direct observed therapy or treatment) is one of the therapy which is given in the health care centers. there are first line of drug that is isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampicin, pyrazinamide. this is also known as AKT4
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1. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans, which is transmitted through contact with infected animal urine or tissues. Common symptoms include jaundice, hemorrhage, and acute renal failure. Diagnosis is challenging due to low success of isolation and unreliable direct demonstration. Early antibiotic treatment is important to prevent complications.
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through airborne droplets from the lungs of infected individuals. Symptoms include hemoptysis and anorexia. Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, chest radiography, and sputum smear/culture. Standard treatment is a multi-drug
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This document discusses abdominal tuberculosis, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points include:
- Abdominal tuberculosis can involve the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, liver and spleen and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreading hematogenously from a primary pulmonary infection.
- Clinical manifestations depend on the site of involvement but commonly include abdominal pain, weight loss, fever and intestinal obstruction or perforation from strictures or ulcers. Chest x-rays often do not show evidence of pulmonary lesions.
- Diagnosis involves biopsy of affected tissue to identify granulomas and acid-fast bacilli on staining, and culturing bacteria. Abdominal tuberculosis is more common
ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
This document discusses abdominal tuberculosis, including its etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and involvement of different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Abdominal tuberculosis can affect the intestines, mesentery, peritoneum, and solid organs. It typically presents with nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. On examination, patients may have thickening of the intestinal walls and strictures that can cause obstruction. The document outlines the patterns of involvement seen on imaging and various intestinal manifestations of tuberculosis.
RESPIRATORY PART2-2.pptx
1. Paramyxoviruses are a family of enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several important human pathogens such as measles, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and parainfluenza viruses.
2. They cause a variety of respiratory diseases in humans and animals and are transmitted through respiratory secretions.
3. Diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture, antigen detection, molecular methods like RT-PCR, and serology. Treatment is generally supportive though antivirals and immunoprophylaxis are used in some cases.
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This document discusses various communicable diseases and their transmission and prevention. It covers diseases spread through oral-fecal transmission like typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis A. It also discusses airborne diseases like the common cold, measles, influenza, and tuberculosis. Vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, like malaria, are also covered. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, hygiene, vaccination, and controlling insect vectors to interrupt disease transmission.
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Tuberculosis
- 1. TUBERCULOSIS
- 2. • Tuberculosis is a infectious bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis - most commonly affects the lungs. • Transmitted from persons to person via droplets from the throat & lungs of people with the active respiratory disease.
- 3. History:- • Researchers theories that humans first acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago. • Development diseases depends upon the closeness of contact . • Incubation period may be weeks , months or years.
- 5. AGENT FACTORS Agent:- • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • -facultative intracellular parasite, ingested by phagocytes & resistant to intracellular killing. Source of infection:- • Human – human case positive for tubercle bacilli & who has either received no treatment or has not been fully treated. • Bovine – infected milk. Communicability: • Patients are infective as long as they remain untreated.
- 6. HOST FACTORS Age:- • Affects all ages • In India , 0 – 14 age group – 2% 15 – 24 age group – 20% Sex:- • More prevalent in males Nutrition:- • Malnutrition- predisposes to TB immunity-:- • Man has no inherited immunity against TB
- 7. ENVIRONMENTAL / SOCIAL FACTORS • Poor quality of life • Poor housing • Overcrowding • Population explosion • Under nutrition • Lack of education • Large families & lack of awareness of causes of illness
- 8. MODE OF TRANSMISSION • Transmitted by droplet infection and droplet nuclei by sputum positive patients with pulmonary TB • Coughing generates the larger number of droplets of all sizes.
- 9. INCUBATION PERIOD • Time from receipt of infection to the development of a positive tuberculosis test range from 3 to 6 weeks.