One most efficient structural systems against heavy wind loads is the bundled tube structural system  A bundled tube typically consists of a number of individual tubes interconnected to form a multicell tube, in which the frames in the lateral load direction resist the shears, while the flange frames carry most of the overturning moments. يجب أن تقاوم الجمل الإنشائية structural systems المستخدمة في الأبنية العالية الأحمال الجانبية كما يجب أن توفر حلاً اقتصادياً بحيث تُستخدم المواد استخداماً فعالاً. فأكثر الجمل الإنشائية فعالية تلك التي تقاوم القوى الجانبية من دون زيادة تذكر في استهلاك المواد عن تلك اللازمة لمقاومة الأوزان الشاقولية، أي لا تنتج كلفة إضافية عن الزيادة في ارتفاع البناء. وبناء على هذا تصنف الجمل الإنشائية في الأبنية العالية

1. 1
‫ل‬
Dr youssef Hammida
DDDDDDDDDDDDrOooo
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻧﯾﺔ‬‫اﻻ‬ ‫واﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل‬‫ﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬
High-rise Building &
tubular structures

2. 2
‫.ـ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔوﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂت‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫أﻧ‬

3. 3
‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺈطﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬ (4) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻗﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻮاﺋﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫إطﺎرات‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ (5) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

4. 4
‫أﻧﺒﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫إطﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ (6) ‫ﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ا‬
:‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻵﺗ‬ ‫اع‬‫و‬‫اﻷﻧ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔوﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺂت‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻒ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺂت‬multistory‫ات‬‫ر‬‫إطﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫إطﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﺳﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺄﻟﻒ‬
‫طﺔ‬‫ﻣر‬braced frames‫ﻞ‬ ‫)اﻟﺷ‬4.(
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬structural systems‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻛﺛر‬ .ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣ‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺧدم‬ُ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ً‫ﺎ‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗوﻓر‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﺟب‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫اﻷﺣﻣﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻣ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻬﻼك‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺗذ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬‫دو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻘو‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠك‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋ‬
‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫أ‬ ،‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟ‬ ‫ان‬‫ز‬‫اﻷو‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬‫ﺗﺻﻧﻒ‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺎء‬ ‫و‬ .‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟز‬
:‫ﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻹطﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬rigid frames‫ﻧﺣو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬‫و‬ ‫اﺋز‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟوﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻔذ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬
‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﻟوﺻﻼت‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﺗم‬ ‫و‬ .‫اﻟﻠﺣﺎم‬ ‫ﺑوﺳﺎطﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠب‬‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬90.‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬‫دو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺗ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻗوﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻗص‬ ‫اﺋز‬‫و‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠ‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫إطﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬vertical shear trusses‫ان‬‫ر‬‫ﺟد‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺗوﻧ‬ ‫ﻗص‬concrete shear walls‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻼ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫وذﻟك‬‫ﻟﻠﺑﻧﺎء‬lateral
rigidity‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ .‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬150) ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺷ‬ .ً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺗ‬5.(
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺑو‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻹطﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬framed tube structure‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎر‬ ‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺄﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﺗزداد‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺣ‬300‫ﻞ‬ ‫)اﻟﺷ‬ .‫ﻣﺗر‬
6.(

5. 5
) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬7‫اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬ (
‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺑو‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷ‬trussed tube‫ﺗر‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻠ‬ ‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻗطر‬diagonal bracing‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗر‬ ‫ﻫذا‬ ‫ﯾرﻓﻊ‬ .‫اﻟﺟﻬﺎت‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺎﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺳﻣﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﺛﯾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬360‫ر‬ ‫ﺗذ‬ ‫ﺎدة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ن‬‫دو‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺗ‬
‫اﻷ‬ ‫ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫)اﻟﺷ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﺎل‬7.(
‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫رزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬bundled tube‫ﻌﺿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ّ‫ﻣ‬ُ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺑو‬ ‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اﻹطﺎ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺄﻟﻒ‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺑدء‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻣﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫وﺗﺻ‬ ‫أﻛﺑر‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻌطﻲ‬ ‫ﻌض‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬75.ً‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﺗ‬
‫ﺳﯾرز‬ ‫ﺑرج‬ ‫ﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫذﻩ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﺧدﻣت‬Sears Tower‫ﻞ‬ ‫)اﻟﺷ‬ .‫ﺎﻏو‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬3.(

6. 6
‫ﺷﯿﻜﺎﻏﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺮز‬ ‫ﺑﺮج‬ (3) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

7. 7
8888‫ﻷﺑراج‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫وﻧﺎطﺣﺎت‬‫ال‬‫ﻷﺑراج‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫وﻧﺎطﺣﺎﺗب‬‫واﻧظﻣﺔھﯾﺎاﻹﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔﺳﺣﺎب‬‫واﻧظﻣﺔ‬‫اﻟﮭﯾﺎﻛل‬‫اﻹﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬8
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻣﺎرﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺣﺿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟطراز‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫ﻗد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬
‫واﻻﻧﻔﺗﺎح‬ ‫ﺣدود‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﯾث‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟﻛﻼﺳﯾﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻛﺎل‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﺗﻰ‬‫واﻟﻣﻠﺗوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠوﻟﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻛﺛر‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾف‬ ‫وﺗم‬
‫ﯾﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬ ‫واﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻧطﺎق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﻌرف‬:
‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫إطﺎرات‬.
‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫إﺟﮭﺎدات‬ ‫إطﺎرات‬.
‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫ﻻﺟﮭﺎد‬ ‫أوﺗﯾﺟر‬ ‫ﻣدادات‬.
‫أﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ( ‫ھﯾﺎﻛل‬ ) ‫إطﺎرات‬.
‫أﻧﺑو‬ ‫إطﺎرات‬‫داﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾﺔ‬.
( ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻌﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻣوﺣدة‬ ‫أﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫إطﺎرات‬.
‫داﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﺑدون‬ ‫ﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫إطﺎرات‬.

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10
‫وﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻔرﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣرة‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫واﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻛرة‬ ‫ﺗﻘوم‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ووﺛﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣر‬
1.‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬‫ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺗراﺑطﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺟدران‬ ‫اﻻطﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻓراﻏﯾﯨﺔ‬ ‫اﺷﻛﺎل‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
2.‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣوﺛوق‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺻﻧدوق‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺟﺎھﺎت‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫وﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻘد‬
3.‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻣل‬
4.‫وﻣﺗﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯾرة‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫أﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻋن‬ ‫ﻋﺑﺎرة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﻲ‬ ‫واﻻطﺎر‬
5.‫ﻛﺑﯾرة‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫ﻋﻣﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣرة‬ ‫وﯾرﺑطﮭﺎ‬‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎطﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬
6.‫اﻟﺷﺎوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫واﻟرﯾﺎج‬ ‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾوﻛل‬
‫اﻻﻧﺑوﯾﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫اﺷﻛﺎل‬ ‫وﻣن‬
-‫ﺑﻌﺿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣروﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫وﺣدات‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
-‫اﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻣرات‬ +
-‫ﺟﻣل‬‫ﺑرﯾﺳﻧك‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺻﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗطرﯾﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺑطﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺑﺎﺑﯾب‬
-‫اﻛﺑر‬ ‫اﻧﺑوب‬ ‫داﺧل‬ ‫اﻧﺑوب‬ ‫ﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬

11. 11
-‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻطﺎرات‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﺷﯾﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺟﻣل‬

12. 12
‫راج‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬‫وﻧﺎطﺣﺎب‬‫واﻧظﯾﺔ‬ i0
‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫اﺷﻛﺎل‬‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻟﻧوﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻔﺿل‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺻﻰ‬ ‫واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﻟﺑﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺟدران‬ ‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬
‫واﻻطﺎرات‬
‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫ﺑﻌض‬ ‫ﯾﺗواﺟد‬ ‫ﻗد‬‫وﻣﺣﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠطﺔ‬

13. 13
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﯾﮫ‬ ‫اﻟوﺻول‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫اﻟذي‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺻﻰ‬ ‫واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠطﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫اﻧواع‬
‫واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎن‬ ‫وﺗﺣﺣﻘﯾﻖ‬ ‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔواﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻻطﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺻﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺟدران‬

14. 14


15. 15

16. 16
‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫واﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ااﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻘطرﯾﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫واﻻطﺎرات‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺣﯾطﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬

17. 17

18. 18
 Wall structures as well as cores are usually made of reinforced concrete.
Steel frames can be used together with concrete cores, and/or walls, leading to
composite structures, which may be called also 'dual structures'.
When steel frames are braced, different types of bracing can be used according
to structural and functional requirement
-‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠط‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
-‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫ﻗد‬‫اﻟﻛور‬‫اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬‫ﺳﺗﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻔوﻻذ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬
-‫اﻟﻧوﻋﯾن‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣرﻛب‬ ‫اﻧﺷﺎء‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﺗﯾل‬ ‫ﻣﻌدﻧﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺗﯾل‬ ‫ﻣﻌدﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫ﯾﻛون‬ ‫وﻗد‬

19. 19
‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫ورزﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬

20. 20
 One most efficient structural systems against heavy wind
loads is the bundled tube structural system
 A bundled tube typically consists of a number of individual
tubes interconnected to form a multicell tube, in which the
frames in the lateral load direction resist the shears, while the
flange frames carry most of the overturning moments.
 The Willis Tower in Chicago used this design, employing nine
tubes of varying height to achieve its distinct appearance. It
consists of exterior framed tube stiffened by interior frames to
reduce the effect of shear lag in the exterior columns.
 The bundled tube system can be visualised as an assemblage of
individual tubes resulting in multiple cell tube.
 The increase in stiffness is apparent. The system allows for the
greatest height and the most floor area. This structural form was
used in the Sears Tower in Chicago.
1) In this system, introduction of the internal webs greatly reduces
the shear lag in the flanges.

21. 21
1) Hence, their columns are more evenly stressed than in the single
tube structure and their contribution to the lateral stiffness is
greater.
2(‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﺿل‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻼﺻﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺟﺎورة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟوﺣدات‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬
a.‫واﻟزﻻزل‬
3(‫ﻣﺎﯾﺷﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬‫ﻣﻘطﻊ‬‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬‫و‬‫اﻻطﺎرات‬‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫ﻗوة‬ ‫اﺗﺟﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
a.Web‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
4(‫اﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎﻣد‬ ‫واﻟﺟﻧﺎح‬flange‫ﻓوى‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎوم‬‫اﻻﻧﻌطﺎ‬‫ف‬‫ﻛﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻛﻣرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻟﯾﺔ‬
a.‫ﻛور‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﺷﺑﺔ‬ ‫او‬‫ﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﺣدة‬ ‫ﻛﺗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‬‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫ﻗوى‬
‫واﻟﻌزم‬
5(‫ﯾﺟب‬‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗزوﯾد‬‫اﻻﻧ‬‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯾب‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﺣد‬ ‫ﺗوﻗف‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﻣﺣﯾطﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺣزام‬ ‫اطﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬
a.‫ﺗراﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺗواﺟد‬ ‫او‬‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫واﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺣوﯾل‬ ‫ﻛﺟﺎﺋز‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻧﮫ‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋن‬
b.‫اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻼطﺔ‬ ‫دﯾﺎﻓرام‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬
6(‫ا‬ ‫واﻟﺟدران‬ ‫اﻟﻘواطﻊ‬ ‫ﺗواﺟد‬ ‫ان‬‫ﻗص‬ ‫اﺟﮭﺎدات‬ ‫ﻧﺷﻛل‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﯾزﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﺎﻟﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻻطﺎرﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺗل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧوﺑﺔ‬shear lag in the flanges
7(‫ﺗ‬ ‫واﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﺗﺣﻧﯾب‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧﺎح‬ ‫ﺳﻧد‬bucling‫اﻻﺟﮭﺎد‬ ‫وﺿﻌف‬
i.‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ‬

22. 22
‫ﺗواﺟد‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ‬ ‫اﯾﺟﺎد‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫دﺳﺎﺗﯾر‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫اﺗﺑﺎع‬ ‫وﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗص‬ ‫وﻗوى‬ ‫اﻧﺣﺎء‬ ‫ﻋزوم‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺿﺎﻏطﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﺣورﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗوى‬
‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻣرة‬ ‫ﻣﻘطﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫رأﯾﻧﺎ‬ ‫وﻛﻣﺎ‬‫ﻛﺟدران‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾﻣﮫ‬ ‫اوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛطرﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫واﻟﻌزم‬ ‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎوم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺟﺎه‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻠزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟﻣوازﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟدران‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻗﺻﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟوﯾب‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻛوﺣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﯾدوﯾﺎ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﺳب‬ ‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫او‬
‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻋزم‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎوﻣﺎن‬ ‫واﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧﺎح‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻠﻧﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎوم‬
‫واﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬‫ﻧﻌﺗﺑر‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدﺳﺎﺗﯾر‬‫ﻛﺟدار‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻘﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬
‫اﻓرادﯾﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻛﻣرة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣود‬ ‫ﻣﻘطﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﺳﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺗم‬ ‫ﺛم‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‬

23. 23

24. 24

25. 25

26. 26
nest stBundled Tube Structural System and
how it effects the floor plan

27. 27
Steel Framed Tube buildings involve column spacings of 3m to 5m on the
exterior which can be transferred or transitioned into wider spacings, if
required, at the lower storeys to integrate street level activities. Such
tubular systems have been used extensively for structures of 30 to 110
storeys in heigh
‫ا‬‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾر‬ ‫طواﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟواﺋز‬ ‫ﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬‫دﯾﺎﻓرام‬ ‫ﺑﻼطﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺄﻣﯾن‬
‫ﺻﻠب‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻧﺎﺻر‬ ‫واﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻗوى‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻹﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﺗﺑﺎﻋد‬ ‫وزﯾﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟطﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﺔ‬ ‫اوﺑﻼطﺎت‬ ‫ﺟواﺋز‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن‬ ‫ﻛذﻟك‬

28. 28

29. 29
structural diagram of bundled tubes
============================--

30. 30
This variation of the framed tube consists of an outer
frame tube, the “Hull,” together with an internal
elevator and service core.
The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both -gravity
and lateral loading.
 The outer framed tube and the inner core interact
horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a
wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased
lateral stiffness.
 This is a type of framed tube consisting of an outer-framed tube
together with an internal elevator and service core.
 The inner tube may consist of braced frames.
The outer and inner tubes act jointly in resisting both gravity and
lateral loading in steel-framed buildings.
 However, the outer tube usually plays a dominant role because of
its much greater structural depth.

31. 31
 This type of structures is also called as Hull (Outer tube) and Core
(Inner tube) structures. A typical Tube-in-Tube structure
-‫ﺳوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺷﺎرﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﻲ‬ ‫واﻻطﺎر‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺑوب‬ ‫اﻟﻛور‬ ‫اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوب‬
‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫وﻛذﻟك‬
-‫ﯾدوي‬ ‫اوﻟﻲ‬ ‫وﻛﻧﺻﻣﺑم‬‫اواﻟﺟدران‬ ‫واﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻣرات‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻻطﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻊ‬
‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺣﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻧوﺟد‬‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘص‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠث‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻧﺑوب‬
‫ﺛم‬‫ﻛور‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬‫اﻟﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔرض‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫او‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬‫اﻟﻧﺳﺑﯾﯨﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌطﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋزم‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎوي‬
‫ﻛور‬ ‫ﻟﻛل‬‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﻘط‬ ‫ﻣﻘطﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫او‬‫ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻛور‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻠث‬ ‫ﻧوﺟد‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬
‫اﻟطواﯾﻖ‬‫اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘص‬ ‫ﻗوة‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌد‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧطﻼق‬ ‫وﻣﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫اوﺟدار‬ ‫اطﺎر‬ ‫ﻛل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬

32. 32
Figure 2-3 Partial elevation of exterior bearing-wall frame
showing exterior wall module construction.
 Figure 2-3 presents a partial elevation of this exterior wall at typical
building floors.
 Construction of the perimeter-wall frame made extensive use of
modular shop prefabrication.
‫ﺗﻔﺼﺒﻞ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮر‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﻌﺰم‬ ‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪة‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬

33. 33
‫واﻟﻜﻤﺮات‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺺ‬
 In general, each exterior wall module consisted of
three columns, three stories tall, interconnected by the
spandrel plates, using all-welded construction.
 Cap plates were provided at the tops and bottoms of
each column, to permit bolted connection to the modules
above and below.

34. 34
Figure 2-4 Base of exterior wall frame.

35. 35

36. 36

13 Load-bearing external wall
17 Core box column
20 Floor slab
 Note that the buildings are stiffened by the composite steel-
concrete floors. The floors are an integral part of the structural
system. Without the composite floor slabs, the buildings would
soon collapse.

37. 37

The wall thickness and grade of steel in the external columns are
varied in successive steps in the upward direction: wall thickness
decreasing from 12.5 to 7.5 mm, yield point of the steel from
70.0 to 29.5 kg/mm2.
 To ensure that the floors remain plane, i.e., free from
warping distortion, the external columns are so designed that the
stresses, and therefore the strains, produced in them by vertical
loads are equal to those produced in core columns (mild steel
with yield point of 24 kg/mm2).
 The reserve stress capacity in the external columns which is
provided by the progressively graded qualities of steel serves to
absorb wind load.
 The design value adopted for wind pressure over the entire
height of the building is 220 kg/in2.
 The calculated maximum deflection at the top of the building
is 28 cm.
 Floors
 Composite floors comprise 900mm deep bar joists (spaced at
2.04 m centres and braced transversely by secondary joists) and

38. 38
a 10 cm thick lightweight concrete slab laid on steel trough
decking as permanent formwork.
 Composite action between the concrete and the steelwork is
ensured by extending the diagonal web members of the joists
through the steel decking and embedding them in the slab.
 Diagram (above): Constructional features of a prefabricated floor
unit ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻻت‬ ‫وﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫دﯾﺎﻓﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼطﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﻼطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺪك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﻲ‬ ‫واﻻطﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮر‬
‫ﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮ‬ ‫وﻣﺴﺎﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
21 Floor covering
22 In-situ concrete
23 Trough decking
24 Bar joist

39. 39
25 Electrical services duct
26 Air-conditioning duct
Foundations
 Rock with a permissible bearing pressure of 39
kg/cm2
occurs at a depth of 22.5 m.
 The excavation for the basement and foundations, area
440,000 in2
, is enclosed by a 90 cm thick reinforced concrete
diaphragm wall anchored back into the surrounding ground.
 The column foundations comprise two-layer grillages which
transmit the loads through a concrete base slab, 2.1 m thick, to the
underlying rock.
Diagram (below left): Plan of foundation for a tower block
Diagram (below right): Grillage foundation under a core column
33 Concrete base slab
34 Grillage beams
37 Core column

40. 40

41. 41
1. Diagram (above): Shock absorbers between floor girders and
external wall: plan and elevation
32 Rock
33 Concrete base slab
34 Grillage beams
36 External column
37 Core column

42. 42
(‫)ﻛواﻻﻟﻣﺑور‬ ‫ﺑﺗروﻧﺎس‬ ‫ﺑرﺟﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎء‬ ‫طرﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﯾدﻋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎة‬ ‫ﺟﺳر‬ ‫اﻟﺑرﺟﯾن‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫يﺻل‬
‫اﻟﺟواﻧب‬ ‫اﺣد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻧزﻟﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻧﺎد‬
‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟرﯾﺎح‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘوى‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺗؤﺛر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺣﯾث‬

43. 43
‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻطﺎرات‬
 Its structural system consists of an external framed tube located on the
perimeter
together with three horizontal trusses, which act as ring belts.
.The variation of the resisting cross-section makes this structure similar to
a big cantilever with variable section.
‫اﻻطﺎرات‬‫اﻟﻣﺑدإ‬ ‫ﻧﻔس‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﺣﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻛﻣرات‬ ‫اﻋﻣدة‬ ‫وﺗواﺟد‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﻣوﺛوق‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣر‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋز‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬ ‫وﺗﺣﺳب‬‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﺛل‬
Framed Tube

44. 44

45. 45
 The proportions of the Framed Tube require wide members
for both beams and columns, and they need to be rigid at the
joints.
 In concrete, the rigid joint is achieved by the use of in-situ
concrete, whereas in structural steel, the joints need to be
welded for rigidity and the members built-up for larger widths.
 The use of a prefabricated FramedTube"Tree" element
(Figure 7) where all welding can be done in the shop in a
horizontal position has made the steel Framed Tube more
practical and efficient.
 The "Trees" are then erected by bolting at mid-span of the
beams. Considerable speed of construction of the order of 3
to 4 storeys per week can result if "Trees" are used.
 Steel Framed Tube buildings involve column spacings of 3m to 5m
on the exterior which can be transferred or transitioned into wider
spacings, if required, at the lower storeys to integrate street level
activities.
 Such tubular systems have been used extensively for structures of
30 to 110 storeys in height.

46. 46


47. 47
A. Fig. 3: Floor plan of Two Shell Plaza showing
columns and shear walls in a "tube in a tube" system
B. framed tube” meaning that closely spaced columns on the
building perimeter, combined with the beams connected to it
acted as a rigid frame, like a wall with holes punched though it
for windows.
C. The tube acts similar to a cantilever beam projecting out of
the ground and resists lateral (wind) forces.
D. The design of the Brunswick building has a “tube-in-tube”
system where the second tube is formed by the interior “shear
walls”, which are the concrete walls surrounding the building
core.

48. 48
‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻣﺣﺎور‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻛﺑﯾر‬ ‫وﻣﺟﺎز‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬
‫وﺳطﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻋﻣدة‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬ ‫وﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻛور‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫اطﺎرات‬ ‫وﻓﻖ‬ ‫وﺗﺣﺳب‬

49. 49

50. 50

51. 51
‫اﻻﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬‫واﻟﺷﺑ‬‫ﻛﯾ‬‫ﺎت‬‫اﻟﻘطرﯾ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
Diagonalized Braced Tube

52. 52
 the most efficient structure acting as a cantilever is the
exterior Diagonalized system
 The system is essentially a Trussed Tube with the fascia diagonals
not only acting as a truss in the plane, but also interacting with the
trusses on the perpendicular facades to develop the tube action (Figure 9b).
 A principal advantage of the Trussed Tube is that it eliminates the need for
the closely spaced columns of a framed tube.
 Further improvements of the tubular system can be made by cross bracing
the frame with X-bracing over many stories, as illustrated in Fig. 3.14(b).
 This arrangement was first used in Chicago's John Hancock Building in 1969.
As the diagonals of a braced tube are connected to the columns at each
intersection, they virtually eliminate the effects of shear lag in both the flange
and web frames.
 As a result the structure behaves under lateral loads more like a braced
frame reducing bending in the members of the frames.
 Hence, the spacing of the columns can be increased and the depth of the
girders will be less, thereby allowing large size windows than in the conventional
framed tube structures.
 In the braced tube structure, the braces transfer axial load from the more
highly stressed columns to the less highly stressed columns and eliminates
differences between load stresses in the columns.
‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻧوع‬ ‫ھذا‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠط‬
‫واﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣوﻻت‬ ‫وﯾوزع‬ ‫ﯾﺣول‬ ‫اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻔس‬ ‫ھو‬ ‫اﻟواﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘطري‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎطﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﻋﻧد‬‫ﻣﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯾر‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﺣﻣوﻻت‬ ‫ﺑﯾن‬ ‫وﯾوازن‬ ‫ﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻘطري‬ ‫ﺣﯾث‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋدة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣوﺛوق‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺟﺎﺋز‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻣل‬

53. 53

54. 54

55. 55
‫وﺟدران‬ ‫اﻋﻣدة‬ ‫ﺣﻣوﻻت‬ ‫واﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺑوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺋز‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻘطري‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﯾف‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣظ‬
‫اﻟواﺟﮭﺎت‬‫اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﺿﻼع‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬

56. 56

57. 57

58. 58
‫واﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔوﻻذ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠطﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬‫واﻟﻣرﻛﺑﺔ‬
 Mixed systems which involve reinforced concrete and structural
steel components in forms that are generally applicable, such as the
Composite Tubular system, and Concrete Core Braced systems, have
been widely used.
 Composite structures in a true sense, they have liberated the
traditionally rigid discipline of either steel or concrete elements.
 The properties of concrete that are most attractive are its rigidity
and its ability to be cast into different types of structural elements.
 Therefore, most mixed systems rely on concrete for lateral load
resistance.
 Shear wall elements and/or punched wall or framed-tube
elements with monolithically cast beam-column joints are of higher
strength concrete.
 Concrete has extended the application to structures of 50 to 80
storeys in height. Concrete strengths of 40N/mm2 to 55N/mm2 are
commonly used, but in some cases, strengths up to 95N/mm2 have
been used.
Mixed Steel-Concrete Systems

59. 59
 The floor framing is of steel in mixed systems, which is
advantageous because of the ability to span longer distances with
lighter members.
 Thus larger column-free spaces are possible.
‫اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻣل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺗﻣد‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬ ‫ﻣﻌظم‬
‫اﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﻛب‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺷﺎء‬‫اﻟﺟﺎھزة‬ ‫اﻟﻔوﻻذﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻊ‬
‫اﻟزﻻزل‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻘﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﺎﻗوﻟﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﻣوﻻت‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻼﺑﺔ‬ ‫واﻛﺛر‬ ‫وأﻣﺗن‬ ‫اﺻﻠب‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣظﮭر‬ ‫وروﻧﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫واﻟرﯾﺎح‬

60. 60

61. 61

62. 62
Dr Youssef Hammida