Healthy animals for healthy lives in low- and middle-income countries
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Presented by Hung Nguyen, Vish Nene, Delia Grace Randolph, Silvia Alonso, Charity Kinyua, Nicholas Svitek, Elise Schieck, Bernard Bett, Fred Unger, Hussein Abkallo, Kristina Roesel and Sinh Dang-Xuan at the Tropentag 2021―Towards shifting paradigms in agriculture for a healthy and sustainable future, 15-17 September 2021
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Healthy animals for healthy lives in low- and middle-income countries
- 1. Better lives through livestock Healthy animals for healthy lives in low- and middle-income countries Hung Nguyen, Vish Nene, Delia Grace Randolph, Silvia Alonso, Charity Kinyua, Nicholas Svitek, Elise Schieck, Bernard Bett, Fred Unger, Hussein Abkallo, Kristina Roesel, Sinh Dang-Xuan Tropentag Conference 15 September, 2021
- 2. 2 Accelerating African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Development • highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9 and innovative synthetic biology approaches to fast-track rational development of ASFV vaccine candidates • Successfully established CRISPR/Cas9 system for editing ASFV genome • Synthetic Biology Platform for rapid modification of ASFV genome • Generated 10 ASFV live-attenuated vaccine candidates due to be tested in pigs Abkallo HM et al., 2021. Rapid CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of Genotype IX African Swine Fever Virus Circulating in Eastern and Central Africa. Front. Genet. 12:733674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.733674 Source: Ishino Y, Krupovic M, and Forterre P,2018. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JB.00580-17
- 3. 3 Biotechnology to fight antimicrobial resistance Diagnostics • Antibiotics are still used to treat undiagnosed infections AMR • Bacterial and viral infections typically induce different responses in the host - opportunity to use these markers for rapid test • Example bacterial marker: S100PBP • Example viral marker: MxA Schieck, E., Fossum, C., Hjertner, B. and Lutzelschwab, C. 2020. Diagnostics to reduce antimicrobial (mis)use. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/109788
- 4. 4 Biotechnology to fight antimicrobial resistance Prevention through bacteriophages • Demand for poulty predicted to increase by 800% by 2050 in Africa • Bacteriophages as an option to antibiotics! • eco-safe viruses that only kill bacteria • do not cause side effects, are ubiquitous, more specific than antibiotics and have the advantage of co-evolving with their bacterial host, reducing the emergence of long-term resistance Svitek, N., Makumi, A., Haan, N. de and Moineau, S. 2020. Bacteriophages a viable alternative to antibiotic use in poultry farming. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/109781 Makumi, A.; Mhone, A.L.; Odaba, J.; Guantai, L.; Svitek, N. Phages for Africa: The Potential Benefit and Challenges of Phage Therapy for the Livestock Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091085
- 5. 5 Emerging Infectious (Zoonotic) Diseases Okoth, E. and Oyola, S. 2020. Repurposing ILRI labs to support national COVID-19 testing in Kenya. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/109214 1. COVID-19 2. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever 3. Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease 4. Lassa fever 5. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) 6. Nipah and henipaviral diseases 7. Rift Valley fever 8. Zika 9. “Disease X”*
- 6. 6 Emerging Infectious (Zoonotic) Diseases • Incidence of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases - such as Rift Valley fever (RVF) - is increasing globally • Drivers of EID emergence/transmission: – Land use, climate, socio-economic and demographic changes • We are using statistical and simulation models to identify hotspots for these diseases • Hotspot mapping enables: – Risk-based surveillance – targeting high risk areas for early detection and response – Estimation of disease burden • Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses being used to characterize EID pathogens Risk of RVF in East Africa. Epidemics of the disease commonly occurs after periods of above normal precipitation and persistent flooding Mbotha D, Bett B, Kairu-Wanyoike S, Grace D, Kihara A, Wainaina M, Hoppenheit A, Clausen PH, Lindahl J. Inter-epidemic Rift Valley fever virus seroconversions in an irrigation scheme in Bura, south-east Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018 Feb;65(1):e55-e62. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12674. Epub 2017 Jul 14.
- 7. 7 Food safety and informal markets: Gaps in understanding how to manage disease risks Where to intervene? Farm Processing plant Market How to intervene? Technological (i.e. aflasafe™, resistant based variants) Institutional (i.e. T&C milk traders) Technically effective? Contribution to improved food safety and nutrition? Cost-effective? Will they take up the intervention? How many beneficiaries do we reach? Evidence Interventions: Impact
- 8. 8 Quantitative risk assessment & intervention (example Vietnam) • Population of Vietnam: 94 million people • Cases of foodborne diseases by Salmonella in pork at 17%: 16 million get sick • Cost $ 107 to treat one case: $ 1,712 million (0.8% GDP) Age and gender groups Estimated annual salmonellosis incidence rate, Hung Yen, Vietnam (Mean (90% CI)) (%) Children (under 5 years old) 11.18 (0 – 45.05) Adult female (6-60 years old) 16.41 (0.01 – 53.86) Adult male (6-60 years old) 19.29 (0.04 – 59.06) Elder (over 60 years old) 20.41 (0.09 – 60.76) Overall 17.7 (0.89 – 45.96) Dang-Xuan Sinh et al., 2017: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0921-x Hoang Van Minh et al., 2015: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.S2.S178 Low cost intervention at slaughter (Vietnam) and retail (Vietnam and Cambodia) © ILRI/Chi Manual for slaughter and retail
- 9. 9 Learning from failures (example: Tanzania) © ILRI/Ben Lukuyu © ILRI/Dave Elsworth Why training interventions fail: Findings from Tanzania (Charity Kinyua, Silvia Alonso, Emma Blackmore, Vusilizwe Thebe) professionalize, not criminalize © ILRI/Georgina Smith Kinyua, C., Alonso, S., Blackmore, E. and Thebe, V. 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114202
- 10. 10 Learning from failures (example: Tanzania) © ILRI/Ben Lukuyu © ILRI/Dave Elsworth Why training interventions fail: Findings from Tanzania (Charity Kinyua, Silvia Alonso, Emma Blackmore, Vusilizwe Thebe) professionalize, not criminalize © ILRI/Georgina Smith Kinyua, C., Alonso, S., Blackmore, E. and Thebe, V. 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/114202 success depends on: • Training design and delivery • Incentives for change • Long term funding
Editor's Notes
- Since 2005, ASF has spread across 66 countries on three continents (Africa, Asia and Europe). Specifically, as of June 2020, 32 countries in Africa,(1) 20 countries in Europe(2) and 14 countries in Asia(3) have notified this disease to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in genomes of bacteria CRISPR are found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes bacteria acquire CRISPR elements when they were infected with viruses (bacteriophages) – if they get re-infected with that virus, the bacteria destroy new viruses with a similar DNA profile (it is the bacteria’s acquired immune system) Cas-9 is a protein associated with CRISPR whose main function is to cut DNA (the molecular “scissor” in the genetic engineering process) The CRISPR-Cas9, a 2020 Nobel Prize winning technology, is a genetic engineering technique by which the genomes of a living organism can be modified with precision to study gene functions as well as generate live-attenuated vaccines.
- For now we are doing RT-qPCR (i.e. measuring RNA levels). We may move to protein level later, we will see. At this developmental stage we are using RNA from blood or PBMCs from animals that had known infections (bacterial/viral) and also in vitro samples: PBMCs that were stimulated with e.g. cytokines or similar.
- Bacteriophages are ecologically safe, do not cause side effects, are ubiquitous (everywhere), more specific than antibiotics and have the advantage of co-evolving with their bacterial host, reducing the emergence of long-term resistance Svitek, N., Makumi, A., Haan, N. de and Moineau, S. 2020. Bacteriophages a viable alternative to antibiotic use in poultry farming. Poster prepared for the Virtual Livestock CRP Planning Meeting, 8-17 June 2020. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/109781
- ILRIs history is rich in biotechnological research (see ASF) Including high-containment biosecurity lab That is why it has been “easy” to rapidly repurpse for COVID-testing More then 10,000 samples tested on behalf of Kenya MoH
- For one intervention to work, many things need to happen
- How many milk handlers were trained? Not a wide reach: Delivery mode, incentives for stakeholders and financing were inadequate ToC framework, interviews with consumers, vendors, middle-men, producers and selected sector KII in Arusha, Daresalam and Dodoma Conclusions: success depends on: Training design and delivery Incentives for change Long term funding
- How many milk handlers were trained? Not a wide reach: Delivery mode, incentives for stakeholders and financing were inadequate ToC framework, interviews with consumers, vendors, middle-men, producers and selected sector KII in Arusha, Daresalam and Dodoma Conclusions: success depends on: Training design and delivery Incentives for change Long term funding