The fungus genus Trichoderma contains opportunistic species that display various interactions with other fungi, plants, and animals. They are commonly found in soil and on decaying wood. Genomic analyses of Trichoderma species reveal genes for extracellular enzymes that allow them to live saprotrophically on dead organic matter or biotrophically through mycoparasitism of other fungi. Many Trichoderma species can also interact beneficially with plants through biocontrol of pathogens or stimulation of plant growth. Their diverse lifestyles are supported by environmental opportunism and an ability to switch between saprotrophic and biotrophic interactions through mycotrophy.
This document provides an overview of insect biotypes and their management. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of a biotype as a group of insects with similar genetics. Biotypes can develop when insect pests evolve in response to selective pressures from insect-resistant crop varieties. Factors that can lead to biotype development include selection pressure from resistant crops and improper management practices. Studying biotypes is important for breeding resistant crop varieties and insect pest control. Several methods are described for detecting biotypes, and examples of biotypes in important pests like brown plant hopper, rice gall midge, and whitefly are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies to address biotype development such as gene pyramiding
Avs significant achievements and present status of trichoderma spp. inAMOL SHITOLE
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the significant achievements and present status of Trichoderma spp. in biocontrol of plant diseases.
The summary includes:
1) Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi commonly used as biocontrol agents due to their ability to control plant pathogens through competition, mycoparasitism, and induced resistance.
2) Mutation induction using physical and chemical mutagens has been used to improve the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. by impacting their morphological, biochemical, and mycoparasitic properties.
3) Studies presented show mutants exhibiting increased growth, sporulation, antibiotic production, and tolerance to stress
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are beneficial soil-dwelling roundworms that parasitize and kill insect pests. They have two life stages - an infective juvenile stage that seeks out host insects, and an adult stage that reproduces inside the insect cadaver. EPNs carry symbiotic bacteria that produce toxins to quickly kill the insect host. EPNs have been mass produced and formulated for use in biological control of agricultural insect pests. Their host range, safety for plants and animals, and ability to control resistant insect pests make EPNs a promising alternative to chemical insecticides.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
This document discusses the role of endophytes in nematode management. It defines endophytes as microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues without causing harm. Endophytes can benefit plants by producing toxins that kill nematodes, competing with nematodes for resources, and inducing plant defenses. Effective endophytes have been isolated from roots of various crops that can reduce nematode infections under greenhouse and field conditions. Further research is needed to explore more sources of safe and potent endophytic organisms for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
The document discusses mycorrhizae and their potential as biocontrol agents. It describes the evolution and discovery of mycorrhizal fungi. There are different types of mycorrhizal associations based on the relationship with host plants. The document discusses the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi among host and non-host plants. It explains how vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) can act as biocontrol agents by suppressing soil-borne pathogens through various mechanisms like physiological alterations in host plants, competition for space and nutrients, and changes in root exudates. The mycorrhizal intensity was found to be higher in healthy plants compared to diseased plants in fields studied
This document provides an overview of insect biotypes and their management. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of a biotype as a group of insects with similar genetics. Biotypes can develop when insect pests evolve in response to selective pressures from insect-resistant crop varieties. Factors that can lead to biotype development include selection pressure from resistant crops and improper management practices. Studying biotypes is important for breeding resistant crop varieties and insect pest control. Several methods are described for detecting biotypes, and examples of biotypes in important pests like brown plant hopper, rice gall midge, and whitefly are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of management strategies to address biotype development such as gene pyramiding
Avs significant achievements and present status of trichoderma spp. inAMOL SHITOLE
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the significant achievements and present status of Trichoderma spp. in biocontrol of plant diseases.
The summary includes:
1) Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi commonly used as biocontrol agents due to their ability to control plant pathogens through competition, mycoparasitism, and induced resistance.
2) Mutation induction using physical and chemical mutagens has been used to improve the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma spp. by impacting their morphological, biochemical, and mycoparasitic properties.
3) Studies presented show mutants exhibiting increased growth, sporulation, antibiotic production, and tolerance to stress
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are beneficial soil-dwelling roundworms that parasitize and kill insect pests. They have two life stages - an infective juvenile stage that seeks out host insects, and an adult stage that reproduces inside the insect cadaver. EPNs carry symbiotic bacteria that produce toxins to quickly kill the insect host. EPNs have been mass produced and formulated for use in biological control of agricultural insect pests. Their host range, safety for plants and animals, and ability to control resistant insect pests make EPNs a promising alternative to chemical insecticides.
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
This document discusses the role of endophytes in nematode management. It defines endophytes as microorganisms that inhabit plant tissues without causing harm. Endophytes can benefit plants by producing toxins that kill nematodes, competing with nematodes for resources, and inducing plant defenses. Effective endophytes have been isolated from roots of various crops that can reduce nematode infections under greenhouse and field conditions. Further research is needed to explore more sources of safe and potent endophytic organisms for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes.
This document discusses the early history of plant pathology and the role of fungi in plant diseases. It describes how ancient texts like the Rig Veda and Vraksha Ayurveda showed early understanding of plant diseases and their microbial causes. Throughout history, plant diseases were often attributed to supernatural causes. However, in the 17th-18th centuries, scientists like Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Pier Antonio Micheli began careful microscopic study of fungi and their role in plant diseases. This laid the foundations for the modern science of plant pathology.
The document discusses mycorrhizae and their potential as biocontrol agents. It describes the evolution and discovery of mycorrhizal fungi. There are different types of mycorrhizal associations based on the relationship with host plants. The document discusses the distribution of mycorrhizal fungi among host and non-host plants. It explains how vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) can act as biocontrol agents by suppressing soil-borne pathogens through various mechanisms like physiological alterations in host plants, competition for space and nutrients, and changes in root exudates. The mycorrhizal intensity was found to be higher in healthy plants compared to diseased plants in fields studied
This document discusses entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) which are beneficial nematodes that can parasitize and kill insects. EPNs have a wide host range and can be used as biological control agents against many crop insect pests. They have advantages over chemical insecticides in that they are non-toxic and can be incorporated into integrated pest management programs. The document describes the life cycle and symbiotic relationship of EPNs with bacteria, as well as their mass production using wax moth larvae. It provides examples of using EPNs to control pseudostem weevil and rhizome weevil in banana crops.
4068 isolation, identification and characterization of entomopathogenicSheena Prem
Control of white grub using entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabdtidae and steinernematidae )and entomopathogenic fungi Isolation of Symbiontic bacteria of antomopathogenic nematode .
This document summarizes a review article on the reproductive toxic effects of pyrethroid pesticides in non-target species. The review finds that pyrethroid exposure decreases fertility in both sexes by disrupting endocrine function and steroid hormone levels. It decreases sperm counts and increases fetal mortality in females mated with exposed males. Histopathological examination found abnormalities in testes, epididymis and ovaries after pyrethroid exposure. The review concludes that pyrethroids impair reproduction in animals and vitamin E may help prevent some toxic effects due to its antioxidant properties.
This document discusses biorational insecticides, which are pesticides derived from biological or natural origins that have limited adverse environmental effects. It defines biorational pesticides and provides examples of their benefits over conventional insecticides. The main types of biorational pesticides are then summarized, including those from plants, animals, microorganisms, insect growth regulators, and semiochemicals. Specific examples like neem, pyrethrum, Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are then discussed in more detail regarding their origin, active ingredients, and mode of action.
This document summarizes biological control of nematodes using various organisms. It discusses (1) the mechanisms of biological control including predation, parasitism, competition and antibiosis by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, and other organisms, (2) the modes of action of common biological control agents like fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and predatory nematodes, and (3) the advantages and disadvantages of biological control compared to chemical pesticides. Biological control offers an environmentally friendly approach but also has limitations like specific host ranges and delayed effects.
Endophyte(by: elham lasemi PhD of nematology)Elham Lasemi
This document discusses endophytes and their potential use in sustainable agriculture. It defines endophytes as microorganisms that live inside plants without causing disease. Common endophytes include fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. Endophytes can have mutualistic relationships with plants, providing benefits like heat and drought tolerance, pathogen resistance, and production of valuable compounds. Molecular studies of endophytes can provide insights into their interactions with hosts and roles in nutrient cycling, bioremediation, and biocontrol. Their applications include improving plant growth, producing bioactive compounds, and reducing environmental waste.
Microbial endophytes are microorganisms that live within plant tissues without causing disease or harm. They have been isolated from many plant species worldwide and show diversity across environments. Endophytes are isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues and identified based on genetic sequencing. Bacterial endophytes provide benefits like nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, biocontrol of pathogens, and abiotic stress resistance. Fungal endophytes also produce secondary metabolites and biocontrol pathogens. Future work aims to develop endophytes as biofertilizers and biopesticides through improved isolation techniques and delivery methods.
The document discusses a study on the effect of different carbon sources on the production of hydrolytic enzymes in Trichoderma sp strains T13 and T14 and their ability to act as mycoparasites. Key findings include:
- Chitin was found to induce maximum production of chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase enzymes.
- T. reesei was able to produce hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase when grown in soil in the presence of various fungal pathogens like Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii
"Bio - Warfare During Host Pathogen Interactions in Indigenous Crop Plants" b...Md. Kamaruzzaman
This is a analysis of some collected information of the subject of my M.S. theory semester. Course title was Plant Pathogenesis and Genetics of Plant Pathogens
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
This document discusses mycorrhizae, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. It describes the different types of mycorrhizae including endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, and ectendomycorrhizae. Applications of mycorrhizae include increasing nutrient uptake, plant diversity, and resistance to diseases and drought. The document also discusses methods for isolating and mass producing mycorrhizal fungi for use as biofertilizers to improve soil health and crop yields.
Interactions between microorganisms and plantsMSC yusur alani
Microorganisms interact with plants in various ways. Some interactions are mutualistic, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes and cyanobacteria that provide nutrients to plants like Azolla. Mycorrhizal fungi also have mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping uptake nutrients and providing other benefits. However, some microbes harm plants as pathogens, through production of diseases. The document also discusses how plant growth-promoting bacteria can stimulate plant growth through hormone production or nutrient transformations in the rhizosphere. Microorganisms additionally play roles in biocontrol of agricultural pests and pathogens.
This document provides an overview of nematodes, including their tiny worm-like structure, prevalence in soils worldwide, and ability to severely impact plant growth. It describes some major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes found in the US, such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, and the symptoms and damage they cause, such as root galling, stunting, and wilting. The document also notes nematodes have a wide host range and discusses some of their soil and climate preferences that influence their populations.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Seminar Trichogramma :a living insecticide?prajshi123
Trichogramma wasps are tiny parasitic wasps that lay their eggs within the eggs of other insect hosts. Several Trichogramma species have been used as biological control agents against important agricultural pests around the world. This document discusses Trichogramma brassicae, T. japonicum, and T. chilonis which have been used to control lepidopteran rice and vegetable pests in India. It also describes studies on the use of T. evanescens against olive moth in Egypt, T. ostriniae against European corn borer in North America, and various Trichogramma species against cotton and tobacco pests.
This document discusses various methods for managing plant parasitic nematodes. It covers regulatory, cultural, physical, chemical, and biological control methods. Regulatory methods include quarantine and using nematode-free soil and plants. Cultural controls involve crop rotation, fallowing, organic amendments, resistant varieties, flooding, adjusting planting times, and trap cropping. Physical controls include heat treatment, solarization, and oils. Chemical controls use fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides. Biological controls utilize predators, parasites such as fungi, and nematophagous fungi.
PLANT RESIDENT MICROORGANISM IN DISEASE MANAGEMNTajjit kumar
The document discusses plant resident microorganisms and their role in disease management. It defines endophytes and epiphytes as microorganisms that inhabit interior plant tissues and aerial plant parts, respectively. Common plant-associated microbes include fungi such as Trichoderma and bacteria like Pseudomonas. The document outlines how endophytes enter plants and provide benefits like improved growth and disease resistance. Case studies demonstrate how endophytes isolated from healthy crops effectively control pathogens like Phytophthora through mechanisms such as antibiosis, competition, and induced resistance. The association between plants and resident microbes provides an eco-friendly approach to disease control.
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified internationally. They are found in soils worldwide and can colonize plant materials and roots. Trichoderma was first described in the late 18th century and its potential as a biocontrol agent was recognized in the early 20th century.
-
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens for over 70 years.
- Trichoderma has many advantages as a biocontrol agent, including high reproduction rates, ability to survive harsh conditions, and promotion of plant defenses. However, some species can also be plant pathogens in certain situations.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified
This document discusses entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) which are beneficial nematodes that can parasitize and kill insects. EPNs have a wide host range and can be used as biological control agents against many crop insect pests. They have advantages over chemical insecticides in that they are non-toxic and can be incorporated into integrated pest management programs. The document describes the life cycle and symbiotic relationship of EPNs with bacteria, as well as their mass production using wax moth larvae. It provides examples of using EPNs to control pseudostem weevil and rhizome weevil in banana crops.
4068 isolation, identification and characterization of entomopathogenicSheena Prem
Control of white grub using entomopathogenic nematode (Heterorhabdtidae and steinernematidae )and entomopathogenic fungi Isolation of Symbiontic bacteria of antomopathogenic nematode .
This document summarizes a review article on the reproductive toxic effects of pyrethroid pesticides in non-target species. The review finds that pyrethroid exposure decreases fertility in both sexes by disrupting endocrine function and steroid hormone levels. It decreases sperm counts and increases fetal mortality in females mated with exposed males. Histopathological examination found abnormalities in testes, epididymis and ovaries after pyrethroid exposure. The review concludes that pyrethroids impair reproduction in animals and vitamin E may help prevent some toxic effects due to its antioxidant properties.
This document discusses biorational insecticides, which are pesticides derived from biological or natural origins that have limited adverse environmental effects. It defines biorational pesticides and provides examples of their benefits over conventional insecticides. The main types of biorational pesticides are then summarized, including those from plants, animals, microorganisms, insect growth regulators, and semiochemicals. Specific examples like neem, pyrethrum, Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are then discussed in more detail regarding their origin, active ingredients, and mode of action.
This document summarizes biological control of nematodes using various organisms. It discusses (1) the mechanisms of biological control including predation, parasitism, competition and antibiosis by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, mites, and other organisms, (2) the modes of action of common biological control agents like fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and predatory nematodes, and (3) the advantages and disadvantages of biological control compared to chemical pesticides. Biological control offers an environmentally friendly approach but also has limitations like specific host ranges and delayed effects.
Endophyte(by: elham lasemi PhD of nematology)Elham Lasemi
This document discusses endophytes and their potential use in sustainable agriculture. It defines endophytes as microorganisms that live inside plants without causing disease. Common endophytes include fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes. Endophytes can have mutualistic relationships with plants, providing benefits like heat and drought tolerance, pathogen resistance, and production of valuable compounds. Molecular studies of endophytes can provide insights into their interactions with hosts and roles in nutrient cycling, bioremediation, and biocontrol. Their applications include improving plant growth, producing bioactive compounds, and reducing environmental waste.
Microbial endophytes are microorganisms that live within plant tissues without causing disease or harm. They have been isolated from many plant species worldwide and show diversity across environments. Endophytes are isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues and identified based on genetic sequencing. Bacterial endophytes provide benefits like nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, biocontrol of pathogens, and abiotic stress resistance. Fungal endophytes also produce secondary metabolites and biocontrol pathogens. Future work aims to develop endophytes as biofertilizers and biopesticides through improved isolation techniques and delivery methods.
The document discusses a study on the effect of different carbon sources on the production of hydrolytic enzymes in Trichoderma sp strains T13 and T14 and their ability to act as mycoparasites. Key findings include:
- Chitin was found to induce maximum production of chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase enzymes.
- T. reesei was able to produce hydrolytic enzymes like chitinase, protease and beta-glucanase when grown in soil in the presence of various fungal pathogens like Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii
"Bio - Warfare During Host Pathogen Interactions in Indigenous Crop Plants" b...Md. Kamaruzzaman
This is a analysis of some collected information of the subject of my M.S. theory semester. Course title was Plant Pathogenesis and Genetics of Plant Pathogens
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
Plant growth-promoting mechanisms of endophytesThe Tiny Domain
The global changes in climate and increasing population have unfortunate effects in food production and will become insufficient to feed the world. The green revolution could alleviate poor crop production by using high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. But excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals has resulted in the deterioration of soil fertility. Hence, agronomic practices are moving toward sustainable and environment friendly approach.
This document discusses mycorrhizae, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. It describes the different types of mycorrhizae including endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, and ectendomycorrhizae. Applications of mycorrhizae include increasing nutrient uptake, plant diversity, and resistance to diseases and drought. The document also discusses methods for isolating and mass producing mycorrhizal fungi for use as biofertilizers to improve soil health and crop yields.
Interactions between microorganisms and plantsMSC yusur alani
Microorganisms interact with plants in various ways. Some interactions are mutualistic, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with legumes and cyanobacteria that provide nutrients to plants like Azolla. Mycorrhizal fungi also have mutualistic relationships with plant roots, helping uptake nutrients and providing other benefits. However, some microbes harm plants as pathogens, through production of diseases. The document also discusses how plant growth-promoting bacteria can stimulate plant growth through hormone production or nutrient transformations in the rhizosphere. Microorganisms additionally play roles in biocontrol of agricultural pests and pathogens.
This document provides an overview of nematodes, including their tiny worm-like structure, prevalence in soils worldwide, and ability to severely impact plant growth. It describes some major genera of plant-parasitic nematodes found in the US, such as root-knot, cyst, and lesion nematodes, and the symptoms and damage they cause, such as root galling, stunting, and wilting. The document also notes nematodes have a wide host range and discusses some of their soil and climate preferences that influence their populations.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Seminar Trichogramma :a living insecticide?prajshi123
Trichogramma wasps are tiny parasitic wasps that lay their eggs within the eggs of other insect hosts. Several Trichogramma species have been used as biological control agents against important agricultural pests around the world. This document discusses Trichogramma brassicae, T. japonicum, and T. chilonis which have been used to control lepidopteran rice and vegetable pests in India. It also describes studies on the use of T. evanescens against olive moth in Egypt, T. ostriniae against European corn borer in North America, and various Trichogramma species against cotton and tobacco pests.
This document discusses various methods for managing plant parasitic nematodes. It covers regulatory, cultural, physical, chemical, and biological control methods. Regulatory methods include quarantine and using nematode-free soil and plants. Cultural controls involve crop rotation, fallowing, organic amendments, resistant varieties, flooding, adjusting planting times, and trap cropping. Physical controls include heat treatment, solarization, and oils. Chemical controls use fumigants and non-fumigant nematicides. Biological controls utilize predators, parasites such as fungi, and nematophagous fungi.
PLANT RESIDENT MICROORGANISM IN DISEASE MANAGEMNTajjit kumar
The document discusses plant resident microorganisms and their role in disease management. It defines endophytes and epiphytes as microorganisms that inhabit interior plant tissues and aerial plant parts, respectively. Common plant-associated microbes include fungi such as Trichoderma and bacteria like Pseudomonas. The document outlines how endophytes enter plants and provide benefits like improved growth and disease resistance. Case studies demonstrate how endophytes isolated from healthy crops effectively control pathogens like Phytophthora through mechanisms such as antibiosis, competition, and induced resistance. The association between plants and resident microbes provides an eco-friendly approach to disease control.
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified internationally. They are found in soils worldwide and can colonize plant materials and roots. Trichoderma was first described in the late 18th century and its potential as a biocontrol agent was recognized in the early 20th century.
-
This document summarizes information about the genus Trichoderma, a type of fungus known for its ability to control plant pathogens and promote plant growth. Some key points:
- Trichoderma species are common soil fungi that can attack and kill other fungi through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, and competition for resources. They have been widely used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogens for over 70 years.
- Trichoderma has many advantages as a biocontrol agent, including high reproduction rates, ability to survive harsh conditions, and promotion of plant defenses. However, some species can also be plant pathogens in certain situations.
- Over 100 Trichoderma species have been identified
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Use of Semiochemicals, Auditory stimuli and Visual f.pptmanjeetnauni
Semiochemicals are chemical substances produced by organisms such as plants and animals, such substances elicit a physiological or behavioral response in individuals of the same or another species. Semiochemicals are classified into pheromones and allelochemicals.
Antagonistic potentiality of trichoderma harzianum against cladosporium spher...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma harzianum against three pathogenic fungi - Cladosporium spherospermum, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum. The study found that in dual culture experiments, T. harzianum inhibited the growth of all three pathogenic fungi, with the highest inhibition of A. niger at 75%, followed by C. spherospermum at 72.2%, and F. oxysporum at 25%. The antagonism is likely due to T. harzianum's production of volatile and non-volatile antibiotics. The results suggest that T. harzianum shows promise
CHAPTER 15Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecolo.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 15
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
15.1 Parasites Draw Resources from Host Organisms
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species. One species—the parasite—benefits from a prolonged, close association with the other species—the host—which is harmed. Parasites increase their fitness by exploiting host organisms for food, habitat, and dispersal. Although they draw nourishment from the tissues of the host organism, parasites typically do not kill their hosts as predators do. However, the host may die from secondary infection or suffer reduced fitness as a result of stunted growth, emaciation, modification of behavior, or sterility. In general, parasites are much smaller than their hosts, are highly specialized for their mode of life, and reproduce more quickly and in greater numbers than their hosts.
The definition of parasitism just presented may appear unambiguous. But as with predation the term parasitism is often used in a more general sense to describe a much broader range of interactions (see Section 14.1). Interactions between species frequently satisfy some, but not all, parts of this definition because in many cases it is hard to demonstrate that the host is harmed. In other cases, there may be no apparent specialization by the parasite or the interaction between the organisms may be short-lived. For example, because of the episodic nature of their feeding habits, mosquitoes and hematophagic (blood-feeding) bats are typically not considered parasitic. Parasitism can also be used to describe a form of feeding in which one animal appropriates food gathered by another (the host), which is a behavior termed cleptoparasitism (literally meaning “parasitism by theft”). An example is the brood parasitism practiced by many species of cuckoo (Cuculidae). Many cuckoos use other bird species as “babysitters”; they deposit their eggs in the nest of the host species, which raise the cuckoo young as one of their own (see Chapter 12 opening photograph). In the following discussion, we use the narrower definition of parasite as given in the previous paragraph, which includes a wide range of organisms—viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and an array of invertebrates, among them arthropods. A heavy load of parasites is termed an infection, and the outcome of an infection is a disease.
Parasites are distinguished by size. Ecologically, parasites may be classified as microparasites and macroparasites. Microparasites include viruses, bacteria, and protists. They are characterized by small size and a short generation time. They develop and multiply rapidly within the host and are the class of parasites that we typically associate with the term disease. The infection generally lasts a short time relative to the host’s expected life span. Transmission from host to host is most often direct, although other species may serve as carriers.
Macroparasite ...
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Insecticidal activities of diketopiperazines of Nomuraea rileyi entomopathoge...IJEAB
Entomopathogenic fungi are fungal organisms extensively used in various parts of the world as biopesticides against insect pests that cause important economic damage. Various secondary metabolites produced by these fungi have many potential biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts and pure compounds from Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson entomopathogenic fungi against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera) and Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera), three insect pests that generate serious economic losses in the northwest of Argentina. Diketopiperazines were extracted from the culture free supernatant of the media with ethyl acetate. Antifeedant properties were detected in all extracts under dietary choice conditions (300 ug/ g of diet). The maximum antifeedant activity was noted in cycles (Pro-Val) (86.02) and cycle (Pro-Phe) (73.47), while the rest of the extracts and metabolites exhibited varying degrees of moderate or less toxic effects. The maximum oviposition deterrence against C. capitata (55.86%) was recorded with cycle (Pro-Phe) at a 50 µm/cm2 dose. Culture medium extracts supplemented with insect remains and all pure compounds showed repellent action against T. castaneum. The main repellency was observed in phenylacetic acid and cycle (Pro-Val) with RI values of 42 and 41% respectively. The present study would suggest the possible utilization of entomopathogenic fungal metabolites as an effective agent for controlling insect pests that cause important economic losses.
This document reviews the potential for using spiders as biological control agents of mosquitoes. It discusses how spiders have a wide insect prey range and can act as natural predators of mosquitoes. Certain spider species have been shown to specialize in preying on mosquitoes. The document reviews research on the mosquito-eating behaviors of spider species like Evarcha culicivora from East Africa and Paracyrba wanlessi from Southeast Asia. It discusses how these spiders use vision and olfaction to target mosquitoes that have recently fed on blood, helping to control disease-transmitting mosquito populations. The review concludes that further understanding predator-prey relationships between spiders and mosquitoes could help develop biological control programs utilizing
A Lab-Based Study Of Temperate Forest Termite Impacts On Two Common Wood-Rot ...Dustin Pytko
This study investigated interactions between the eastern subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes and two common wood-rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The study found that termite cuticular washes containing salivary secretions inhibited the growth of P. chrysosporium spores in laboratory assays. Additionally, when termites were placed on wood disks containing the fungi, they inhibited the growth of P. chrysosporium but not G. trabeum. Analysis of termite gut contents found Trichoderma fungi but not the wood-rot fungi, suggesting the latter may not survive ingestion.
Fungi-Nematode Interaction: Diversity, Ecology and Bio-control Prospects in A...UASR, UASD
Nematodes in the genera Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Ditylenchus and Tylenchus are among the most common fungivorous nematodes
Fungivorous nematodes feed on a diversity of soil fungi, including saprophytic, plant-pathogenic and plant-beneficial (such as mycorrhizal) fungi and are known as polyphagous nematodes
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
This document provides an overview of the genus Alternaria, including:
- Alternaria is a fungal genus that causes diseases on over 380 host plant species and opportunistically infects humans.
- It was first recognized in 1817 and taxonomy has been studied extensively since then. Species produce dark-colored spores in chains.
- Alternaria species are pathogens of many crops and weeds worldwide. They cause leaf spots, blights, and rot on plant tissues. Environmental conditions like temperature and moisture influence spore production and infection.
The document summarizes a study that tested different potting soil mixtures and biocontrol agents for their ability to prevent the spread of Phytophthora cactorum, a root pathogen, in ornamental container plants. Three plant species were planted in four different potting soil mixtures, which varied in their composition of peat moss, perlite, compost, and bark. The plants were treated with one of two biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis or Trichoderma atroviride) or received no treatment. After inoculation with P. cactorum, the plants' drainage water was tested for the presence of the pathogen. Results showed that plants in the soil with the most peat
Effect of Host Plant Resistance on Thrips DevelopmentRepository Ipb
This document summarizes research on resistance to thrips in pepper plants. The researchers tested 32 pepper accessions and found some were highly resistant, medium resistant, or susceptible to thrips. Their results showed that resistance affected oviposition rate and larval survival of thrips but not adult survival. Resistant accessions blocked thrips larval development. Certain compounds correlated with resistance levels and some are known to affect insects. Resistance was found to operate through antibiosis rather than antixenosis or morphological traits. Metabolites were detected that correlated with resistance and may be involved in the resistance mechanism.
Ecological interactions form the backbone of an ecosystem. It helps in maintaining the
dynamic equilibrium of an ecosystem. All organisms are linked to at least one other species in a
variety of critical ways, for example, as predators or prey, or as pollinators or seed dispersers with the
result that each species is embedded in a complex network of interactions. Consequently, the
extinction of one species can lead to a cascade of secondary extinctions in ecological networks.
Moreover, interactions between species can lead to ‘community closure’ after the loss of a species,
with the result that a locally extinct species cannot re-establish itself if it is reintroduced. Many
ecological interactions involve flagship species and keystone species as in the case of Macaca
silenus & Cullenia exarillata. Then some interactions like mycorrhiza help in nitrogen fixation.
Strategies like predation reduce the loss of vegetation through grazing. Interaction can be either intraspecific or interspecific. Interactions between individuals of the same species
and those between individuals of different species are called intra- & interspecific interactions.
respectively. The lichen serves as an example of interspecific interaction and dog fighting.
for a common prey for intraspecific interaction.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
This document discusses different types of parasitism in plants. It defines parasitism as an organism that depends on another organism for living. There are two main types of parasites - ectoparasites which live on the external surface of the host, and endoparasites which live inside the host's tissues. Parasites can also be classified as destructive if they kill the host, balanced if they do not kill the host, facultative if they can switch between parasitic and saprophytic lifestyles, or obligate inappropriate if they can be cultured artificially. A key classification of parasitism proposed by Everett Stanley Luttrell divides parasites into biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, and
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.