- Treasury departments are structured differently depending on a company's size and complexity, ranging from one person to multiple divisions. - They typically have three main divisions: front office for daily transactions/risk management, middle office for independent risk monitoring and reporting, and back office for validation, settlement, accounting. - The front office includes dealers and traders who take positions and manage market risks. The middle office monitors exposures and reports to management. The back office confirms deals and handles bookkeeping. An audit team also inspects daily operations.

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Chapter
TREASURY ORGANIZATION AND
STRUCTURE
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KP Gwachha, PhD(S)
Sainik College

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What is the structure of a treasury department?
 Treasury departments are structured in different ways to best meet the needs of an
organization. They vary in size and structure according to the complexity of a business.
 In smaller companies, treasury operations are sometimes carried out by just one
person or may be a role conducted by a finance department.
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1. FRONT OFFICE
 Responsible for carrying out day-to-day
analysis and transactions relating to the
management of funding, risk, cash and
liquidity.
 The dealer and traders constitute the
front office.
 Responsible to take the decisions
regarding the trading and investment.
 Deal current market positions, and
management market risks.
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FRONT – OFFICE (Functions)
1. Performs the preliminary functions of treasury operation
2. Maintains the limit of individual deals and dealers.
3. Deals in interbank transactions, currency trading, placement decisions
and funds management.
4. Maintains the balance of position of currency.
5. Determination of exchange rate and interest rate for money and capital
market securities.
6. Maintain the liquidity position of the bank including cash reserve ratio
management.
7. Determination of the daily foreign exchange rate for cash, tom, spot and
forward transactions.
8. Assessment of periodic risk exposure.
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2. MIDDLE OFFICE
 Mid office is created exclusively to provide
information to the management and to
implement risk management system.
 Middle office monitors exposure limits and
stop loss limits to treasury
 Mid office take care of market and credit
risks. Independent of the treasury unit.
 Responsible for risk monitoring,
measurement analysis
 Risk assessment to asset liability committee
(ALCO)
 Daily tracking of risk exposures, individually
as well as collectively.
 Report directly to the top management
for control.
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MID – OFFICE (Functions)
1. Limit setting and monitoring exposures in relation to limits.
2. Assessing likely market movement based on internal assessments and
external/internal research.
3. Evolving hedging strategies for assets and liabilities.
4. Interacting with the bank’s risk management department.
5. Monitoring open currency position.
6. Calculating and reporting value at risk
7. Stress testing and back testing of investment and trading portfolio.
8. Risk and return analysis
9. Market open position to market to access unrealized gain and losses.
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3. BACK OFFICE
 Administers and supports the front office and
its main functions are to validate (confirm
and verify), settle, and account for deals.
 Undertakes accounting, settlement and
reconciliation operations.
 The back office is responsible for verification
and settlement of the deals concluded by the
dealers.
 The back office staff also confirms the deals
independently with the counterparties
(banks and other institutions) over phone
and verifies the authenticity of the
confirmation document.
 The back office takes care of all related
book-keeping and submission of periodical
returns to NRB.
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BACK – OFFICE (Functions)
1. Check the details of deal slip.
2. Issuance of deal confirmation to the counter party/obtain deal confirmation
from counter parties.
3. Match the deal confirmation received from counter party, if any alterations
immediately settle the differences.
4. Issuance of payment instructions.
5. Pass necessary accounting entries.
6. File the deal ticket, both confirmations issued by counter party and by
bank systematically.
7. Settlement on value date.
8. Keep track of payments made/received in Nostro Account.
9. Maintain up to date records and registers of all transaction.
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AUDIT TEAM/ GROUP
 The audit group independently
inspect/audits daily operations in the
treasury department to ensure
adherence to internal/regulatory
system and procedures.
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MEANING OF DEALERS
 Dealers do a host of transactions in different currencies in the interbank market or for
customers.
 In view of the large volumes, transactions offset one another leaving net open (uncovered)
positions in various currencies.
 The Treasury Front-Office maintains and manages all the forex positions of the bank.
 Dealers may or may not cover customer’s deals immediately, depending upon the market
situation, movements and dealers views on the markets.
 If not covered, they add to the bank’s open position.
 Thus, the forex deal book of the bank is the portfolio of long and short forex positions in different
currencies.
 These positions vary in amount and maturity.
 Spot deals mature in two working days (as of trade day) and forwards may mature any time up
to six months or even a year.
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ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DEALERS
1. Maintains the limit of individual deals and dealers.
2. Deals in interbank transactions, currency trading, placement decisions and
funds management.
3. Maintains the balance of position of currency.
4. Determination of exchange rate and interest rate for money and capital
market securities.
5. Maintain the liquidity position of the bank including cash reserve ratio
management.
6. Determination of the daily foreign exchange rate for cash, tom, spot and
forward transactions. Tom contract is the delivery is to take place on the
next business day when the banks are open for business.
7. Maximizing returns on cash investments.
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DEALERS ROOM
 Dealers room is the dealing room and also known
as trading room.
 A dealing room is a centralized establishment,
usually of a commercial bank, which is willing to
offer a two way dealing price for different
currencies.
 Basically a dealer has to maintain two positions,
funds position and currency (or asset) position.
 Any successful dealing room operations manual
will contain detailed deal process or standard
operating procedures.
 The more clear this manual, the more enabled
dealer leading to better operations
 control, monitoring and management.
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