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Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic
               Membranous Nephropathy
Arrigo Schieppati, Lidia Mosconi, Annalisa Perna, Giuliano Mecca, Tullio Bertani, Silvio Garattini, and
                                         Giuseppe Remuzzi



   Volume                                July 8, 1993                               Number 2
 329:85-89
Probability of Adequate Renal Function in Untreated Patients with
               Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
Changes in the Clinical Status of Patients with Idiopathic Membranous
                             Nephropathy.
Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy




 Probability of Five-Year Kidney Survival According to the Degree of
                       Proteinuria at Base Line..
Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy




Base-Line Clinical and Laboratory Data for 100 Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy.
PONTICELLI TRIAL RESULTS: 10 YEAR RENAL SURVIVAL
PONTICELLI TRIAL RESULTS: PERCENT ACHIEVING REMISSION
TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA
       IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO

                (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA)

SCHIEPPATI A, PERNA A, ZAMORA J, GIULIANO GA, BRAUN N, REMUZZI G




La nefropatía membranosa idiopática (NMI) es la forma más
común de síndrome nefrótico en los adultos. La enfermedad
tiene un curso benigno o indolente en la mayoría de los
pacientes, con una alta tasa de remisión espontánea completa
o parcial del síndrome nefrótico, del 30% o superior. A pesar
de esto, del 30% al 40% de los pacientes progresan hacia la
insuficiencia renal terminal (IRT) en el lapso de cinco a 15
años.
TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA
       IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO

                    (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA)



Objetivos: Evaluar los beneficios y los daños del tratamiento
inmunosupresor para la NMI en los adultos.

Estrategia de búsqueda: Se realizaron búsquedas en el Registro
Especializado del Grupo Cochrane de Riñón (Cochrane Renal Group)
(diciembre de 2003), el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados
(CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials
(CENTRAL)) (la Cochrane Library Número 4, 2003), MEDLINE y Pre-
MEDLINE (1966 a diciembre de 2003), EMBASE (1980 a diciembre de
2003), las listas de referencias de los libros de texto de nefrología, artículos
de revisión, registros de ensayos prospectivos, ensayos pertinentes y
resúmenes de las reuniones científicas de nefrología y la Internet, sin
restricción de idiomas. Se estableció contacto con los investigadores
principales de los estudios controlados.
TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA
       IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO

                  (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA)



Resultados principales: Se incluyó un total de 18 ensayos, con 1025
pacientes. No se encontraron diferencias cuando se combinaron los datos
de todas las categorías de tratamiento como un grupo y se compararon con
placebo o ningún tratamiento. Glucocorticosteroides orales: no se
observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre las variables principales elegidas
para evaluar la eficacia. Los agentes alquilantes mostraron un efecto
beneficioso significativo sobre la remisión completa (RR 2,37; IC del 95%:
1,32 a 4,25; P=0,004) pero no sobre la remisión parcial (RR 1,22; IC del
95%: 0,63 a 2,35; P=0,56) o la remisión completa o parcial (RR 1,55; IC del
95%: 0,72 a 3,34; P=0,27). El tratamiento con ciclofosfamida resultó en una
tasa significativamente inferior de interrupciones debidas a eventos
adversos en comparación con el clorambucil (RR 2,34; IC del 95%: 1,25 a
4,39; P=0,008). No hubo pruebas de diferencias clínicamente pertinentes a
favor de la ciclosporina y no hubo datos suficientes sobre los agentes
antiproliferativos
TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA
       IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO

               (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA)



Conclusiones: Esta revisión no logró mostrar efectos a largo
plazo del tratamiento inmunosupresor sobre la supervivencia
de los pacientes o la supervivencia renal. Hubo un mayor
número de interrupciones debidas a eventos adversos en los
grupos con tratamiento inmunosupresor. Dentro de la clase de
agentes alquilantes no hay pruebas sólidas que apoyen la
eficacia de la ciclofosfamida en comparación con el
clorambucil. Por otro lado, la ciclofosfamida presentó menos
efectos secundarios que resultaban en el retiro del paciente en
comparación con el clorambucil.
BAJO RIESGO
                                   RIESGO MODERADO
      BAJO RIESGO
                                 PROTEINURIA 4 – 8 g/DIA
  PROTEINURIA < 4g/DIA                                        PROTEINURIA > 8g/DIA
 FUNCION RENAL NORMAL                                       FUNCION RENAL ALTERADA
                                 FUNCION RENAL NORMAL



                                                           RESTRICCION PROTEINAS
RESTRICCION PROTEINAS       RESTRICCION PROTEINAS DIETA
                                                                    DIETA
         DIETA                 IECA O ARA POR HTA O
                                                            IECA O ARA POR HTA O
 IECA O ARA POR HTA O
                                    PROTEINURIA
      PROTEINURIA                                                PROTEINURIA
                              ESTATINAS SI DISLIPIDEMIA
ESTATINAS SI DISLIPIDEMIA
                                                           ESTATINAS SI DISLIPIDEMIA
                                CONTROL EN 6 MESES
                                                               CORTICOIDES +
                                                            AGENTES CITOTOXICOS
                               PROTEINURIA DE RANGO
                              NEFROTICO PERSISTENTE +
                             PRESENCIA DE FACTORES DE
                                 POBRE PRONOSTICO
                                                            PROTEINURIA DE RANGO
                                                            NEFROTICO PERSISTENTE
                                                           DETERIORO FUNCION RENAL
                            ESTEROIDES ALTERNANDO CON
                                DROGAS CITOTOXICAS



                                                            CsA      MMF       FK506
                             FUNCION RENAL DETERIORADA
 LES
 DROGAS:     aines, sales oro, penicilamina,
  captopril
 INFECCIONES: Hep B, C, HIV, otras,
 Exposiciones crónicas solventes.
 CANCER: pulmón, colon, estomago,
  riñón, próstata, ovario, vejiga, linfoma,
  otros.
Creatinina >=1.2 en mujeres y >= 1.4 en


    hombres con proteinuria rango nefrótico.
    Proteinuria >8 g/24 h por mas 6 meses.


    Biopsia renal con 10% fibrosis


    intersticial y proteinuria rango nefrótico.
    Otros: masculino, hipertensión, edad >


    50 años.
PRESENCIA FACTORES
          PROGRESION




                             SI
 NO




                               TERAPIA
   TERAPIA                  CONSERVADORA
CONSERVADORA
                           INMUNOSUPRESION
CONTROL DE PRESION ARTERIAL: pas 120 O


    MENOS.
    IECA AUN SI HAY NORMOTENSION, ARA O


    BLOQUEADORES CALCIO NO
    DIHIDROPIRIDINICOS.
    RESTRICCION EN DIETA:

    › PROTEINAS 0,7 – 0,8 g/K/dia.

    › ADICIONAR: 1 g PROTEINAS POR CADA g/PROTEINURIA > 3g/DIA.

    › SAL : 100 – 120 mEq /DIA.
CONTROL LIPIDOS: EVITAR

    ESTROGENOS.
    DEJAR DE FUMAR.

    NO AINES.

    AAS.

    ACIDO FOLICO.

    ANTIOXIDANTES : VIT C 200 mg/DIA.

    EVITAR SOBREINGESTA HIDRICA.

CICLOFOSFAMIDA + PREDNISONA.


    CLORAMBUCIL + PREDNISONA.


    AZATHIOPRINA + PREDNISONA.


    CICLOSPORINA + PREDNISONA?.


    MICOFENOLATO + PREDNISONA?.

Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy



Results
Twenty-four (65 percent) of the 37 patients followed for at least five years
had complete or partial remission of proteinuria; in 6 others (16 percent),
end-stage renal disease developed, and they required dialysis. As calculated
by the Kaplan-Meier method, the estimated probability (±the standard error
of the estimate) of retaining adequate kidney function was 88 ±5 percent
after five years and 73 ±7 percent after eight years. The prognosis was
poorer in men and in patients over 50 years of age, but not in patients with
the nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia.


Conclusions
Most untreated patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy maintain
renal function for prolonged periods and are likely to have spontaneous
remission. These results do not support the use of glucocorticoids and
immunosuppressive drugs in patients with idiopathic membranous
nephropathy.
METHYLPREDNISOLONE PLUS CHLORAMBUCIL AS COMPARED WITH
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ALONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC
MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY

Author(s): PONTICELLI C, ZUCCHELLI P, PASSERINI P, CESANA B
Source: NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Volume: 327 Issue:
9 Pages: 599-603 Published: AUG 27 1992
Background and Methods. Treatment with methylprednisolone and
chlorambucil may protect renal function and increase the chance
of remission of the nephrotic syndrome in patients with idiopathic
membranous nephropathy. To determine whether similar results
might be obtained with methylprednisolone alone, we compared
the effects of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil with those of
methylprednisolone alone in 92 patients with the nephrotic
syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The
patients were randomly assigned to receive either alternating one-
month courses of methylprednisolone and then chlorambucil for a
total of six months (group 1) or methylprednisolone alone for six
months at the same cumulative dosage (group 2).
METHYLPREDNISOLONE PLUS CHLORAMBUCIL AS COMPARED WITH
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ALONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC
MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY

Author(s): PONTICELLI C, ZUCCHELLI P, PASSERINI P, CESANA B
Source: NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Volume: 327 Issue:
9 Pages: 599-603 Published: AUG 27 1992
Results. Four of the 45 patients in group 1 (9 percent) and 1 of the 47 in group
2 (2 percent) stopped treatment because of side effects. At one, two, and three
years, the percentage of patients who did not have the nephrotic syndrome was
significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. It was 58, 54, and 66 percent,
respectively, in group 1, as compared with 26, 32, and 40 percent in group 2 (P
= 0.002, 0.029, and 0.011). By year 4, the difference was no longer statistically
significant: 62 percent of the patients in group 1 and 42 percent of those in
group 2 did not have the nephrotic syndrome (P = 0.102). The patients in group
1 were in remission longer than those in group 2 (P = 0.008).
Conclusions. In patients with the nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic
membranous nephropathy, treatment with methylprednisolone and
chlorambucil for six months induces an earlier remission of the nephrotic
syndrome than methylprednisolone alone, but the difference may diminish with
time.
CHARACTERISTIC             GROUP 1      GROUP 2        P

No. of cases                46             47
Age (yr)                37.2 ± 12.4    38.0 ± 13.6    0.77
range                    16 to 66       18 to 64
Gender ratio               27:19          30:17       0.67
Disease duration (mo)   11.7 ± 6.2     10.8 ± 7.9     0.48


Serum creatinine        1.17 ± 0.22    1.21 ± 0.31    0.48
(mg/dl)

MDRD GFR (ml/min)         84 ± 22        89 ± 26      0.32

Serum albumin (g/dl)    2.42 ± 0.81    2.34 ± 0.58    0.58


Serum cholesterol       306.4 ± 88.2   336.7 ± 99.6   0.12
(mg/dl)

Proteinuria (g/d)        5.91 ± 2.2     6.11 ± 2.5    0.68
Kaplan-Meier plots showing probabilities of dialysis-free survival (A), survival without reaching either end point (B),
complete remission (C), and complete or partial remission (D). Solid line, group 1; dashed line, group 2.
The course of proteinuria (A) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) estimated GFR (eGFR; B)
during the follow up-period. group 1, group 2. *P < 0.05; #P < 0.01; **P < 0.0001.
                            ,         ,
In conclusion:
Untreated IMN with nephrotic syndrome is
associated with a high risk for
deterioration of
renal function. A 6-mo regimen of
cyclophosphamide and steroids induces
remissions in a high proportion, arrests
progression
of renal insufficiency, and improves quality
of life.

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Tratamiento Glomerulonefritis Membranosa

  • 1.
  • 2. Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Arrigo Schieppati, Lidia Mosconi, Annalisa Perna, Giuliano Mecca, Tullio Bertani, Silvio Garattini, and Giuseppe Remuzzi Volume July 8, 1993 Number 2 329:85-89
  • 3. Probability of Adequate Renal Function in Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy
  • 4. Changes in the Clinical Status of Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy.
  • 5. Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Probability of Five-Year Kidney Survival According to the Degree of Proteinuria at Base Line..
  • 6. Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Base-Line Clinical and Laboratory Data for 100 Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy.
  • 7.
  • 8. PONTICELLI TRIAL RESULTS: 10 YEAR RENAL SURVIVAL
  • 9. PONTICELLI TRIAL RESULTS: PERCENT ACHIEVING REMISSION
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA) SCHIEPPATI A, PERNA A, ZAMORA J, GIULIANO GA, BRAUN N, REMUZZI G La nefropatía membranosa idiopática (NMI) es la forma más común de síndrome nefrótico en los adultos. La enfermedad tiene un curso benigno o indolente en la mayoría de los pacientes, con una alta tasa de remisión espontánea completa o parcial del síndrome nefrótico, del 30% o superior. A pesar de esto, del 30% al 40% de los pacientes progresan hacia la insuficiencia renal terminal (IRT) en el lapso de cinco a 15 años.
  • 15. TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA) Objetivos: Evaluar los beneficios y los daños del tratamiento inmunosupresor para la NMI en los adultos. Estrategia de búsqueda: Se realizaron búsquedas en el Registro Especializado del Grupo Cochrane de Riñón (Cochrane Renal Group) (diciembre de 2003), el Registro Cochrane Central de Ensayos Controlados (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)) (la Cochrane Library Número 4, 2003), MEDLINE y Pre- MEDLINE (1966 a diciembre de 2003), EMBASE (1980 a diciembre de 2003), las listas de referencias de los libros de texto de nefrología, artículos de revisión, registros de ensayos prospectivos, ensayos pertinentes y resúmenes de las reuniones científicas de nefrología y la Internet, sin restricción de idiomas. Se estableció contacto con los investigadores principales de los estudios controlados.
  • 16. TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA) Resultados principales: Se incluyó un total de 18 ensayos, con 1025 pacientes. No se encontraron diferencias cuando se combinaron los datos de todas las categorías de tratamiento como un grupo y se compararon con placebo o ningún tratamiento. Glucocorticosteroides orales: no se observaron efectos beneficiosos sobre las variables principales elegidas para evaluar la eficacia. Los agentes alquilantes mostraron un efecto beneficioso significativo sobre la remisión completa (RR 2,37; IC del 95%: 1,32 a 4,25; P=0,004) pero no sobre la remisión parcial (RR 1,22; IC del 95%: 0,63 a 2,35; P=0,56) o la remisión completa o parcial (RR 1,55; IC del 95%: 0,72 a 3,34; P=0,27). El tratamiento con ciclofosfamida resultó en una tasa significativamente inferior de interrupciones debidas a eventos adversos en comparación con el clorambucil (RR 2,34; IC del 95%: 1,25 a 4,39; P=0,008). No hubo pruebas de diferencias clínicamente pertinentes a favor de la ciclosporina y no hubo datos suficientes sobre los agentes antiproliferativos
  • 17. TRATAMIENTO INMUNOSUPRESOR PARA LA NEFROPATÍA MEMBRANOSA IDIOPÁTICA EN ADULTOS CON SÍNDROME NEFRÓTICO (REVISIÓN COCHRANE TRADUCIDA) Conclusiones: Esta revisión no logró mostrar efectos a largo plazo del tratamiento inmunosupresor sobre la supervivencia de los pacientes o la supervivencia renal. Hubo un mayor número de interrupciones debidas a eventos adversos en los grupos con tratamiento inmunosupresor. Dentro de la clase de agentes alquilantes no hay pruebas sólidas que apoyen la eficacia de la ciclofosfamida en comparación con el clorambucil. Por otro lado, la ciclofosfamida presentó menos efectos secundarios que resultaban en el retiro del paciente en comparación con el clorambucil.
  • 18.
  • 19. BAJO RIESGO RIESGO MODERADO BAJO RIESGO PROTEINURIA 4 – 8 g/DIA PROTEINURIA < 4g/DIA PROTEINURIA > 8g/DIA FUNCION RENAL NORMAL FUNCION RENAL ALTERADA FUNCION RENAL NORMAL RESTRICCION PROTEINAS RESTRICCION PROTEINAS RESTRICCION PROTEINAS DIETA DIETA DIETA IECA O ARA POR HTA O IECA O ARA POR HTA O IECA O ARA POR HTA O PROTEINURIA PROTEINURIA PROTEINURIA ESTATINAS SI DISLIPIDEMIA ESTATINAS SI DISLIPIDEMIA ESTATINAS SI DISLIPIDEMIA CONTROL EN 6 MESES CORTICOIDES + AGENTES CITOTOXICOS PROTEINURIA DE RANGO NEFROTICO PERSISTENTE + PRESENCIA DE FACTORES DE POBRE PRONOSTICO PROTEINURIA DE RANGO NEFROTICO PERSISTENTE DETERIORO FUNCION RENAL ESTEROIDES ALTERNANDO CON DROGAS CITOTOXICAS CsA MMF FK506 FUNCION RENAL DETERIORADA
  • 20.  LES  DROGAS: aines, sales oro, penicilamina, captopril  INFECCIONES: Hep B, C, HIV, otras,  Exposiciones crónicas solventes.  CANCER: pulmón, colon, estomago, riñón, próstata, ovario, vejiga, linfoma, otros.
  • 21. Creatinina >=1.2 en mujeres y >= 1.4 en  hombres con proteinuria rango nefrótico. Proteinuria >8 g/24 h por mas 6 meses.  Biopsia renal con 10% fibrosis  intersticial y proteinuria rango nefrótico. Otros: masculino, hipertensión, edad >  50 años.
  • 22. PRESENCIA FACTORES PROGRESION SI NO TERAPIA TERAPIA CONSERVADORA CONSERVADORA INMUNOSUPRESION
  • 23. CONTROL DE PRESION ARTERIAL: pas 120 O  MENOS. IECA AUN SI HAY NORMOTENSION, ARA O  BLOQUEADORES CALCIO NO DIHIDROPIRIDINICOS. RESTRICCION EN DIETA:  › PROTEINAS 0,7 – 0,8 g/K/dia. › ADICIONAR: 1 g PROTEINAS POR CADA g/PROTEINURIA > 3g/DIA. › SAL : 100 – 120 mEq /DIA.
  • 24. CONTROL LIPIDOS: EVITAR  ESTROGENOS. DEJAR DE FUMAR.  NO AINES.  AAS.  ACIDO FOLICO.  ANTIOXIDANTES : VIT C 200 mg/DIA.  EVITAR SOBREINGESTA HIDRICA. 
  • 25. CICLOFOSFAMIDA + PREDNISONA.  CLORAMBUCIL + PREDNISONA.  AZATHIOPRINA + PREDNISONA.  CICLOSPORINA + PREDNISONA?.  MICOFENOLATO + PREDNISONA?. 
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28. Prognosis of Untreated Patients with Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Results Twenty-four (65 percent) of the 37 patients followed for at least five years had complete or partial remission of proteinuria; in 6 others (16 percent), end-stage renal disease developed, and they required dialysis. As calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, the estimated probability (±the standard error of the estimate) of retaining adequate kidney function was 88 ±5 percent after five years and 73 ±7 percent after eight years. The prognosis was poorer in men and in patients over 50 years of age, but not in patients with the nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, or hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Most untreated patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy maintain renal function for prolonged periods and are likely to have spontaneous remission. These results do not support the use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive drugs in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.
  • 29. METHYLPREDNISOLONE PLUS CHLORAMBUCIL AS COMPARED WITH METHYLPREDNISOLONE ALONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY Author(s): PONTICELLI C, ZUCCHELLI P, PASSERINI P, CESANA B Source: NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Volume: 327 Issue: 9 Pages: 599-603 Published: AUG 27 1992 Background and Methods. Treatment with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil may protect renal function and increase the chance of remission of the nephrotic syndrome in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. To determine whether similar results might be obtained with methylprednisolone alone, we compared the effects of methylprednisolone and chlorambucil with those of methylprednisolone alone in 92 patients with the nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either alternating one- month courses of methylprednisolone and then chlorambucil for a total of six months (group 1) or methylprednisolone alone for six months at the same cumulative dosage (group 2).
  • 30. METHYLPREDNISOLONE PLUS CHLORAMBUCIL AS COMPARED WITH METHYLPREDNISOLONE ALONE FOR THE TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY Author(s): PONTICELLI C, ZUCCHELLI P, PASSERINI P, CESANA B Source: NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE Volume: 327 Issue: 9 Pages: 599-603 Published: AUG 27 1992 Results. Four of the 45 patients in group 1 (9 percent) and 1 of the 47 in group 2 (2 percent) stopped treatment because of side effects. At one, two, and three years, the percentage of patients who did not have the nephrotic syndrome was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. It was 58, 54, and 66 percent, respectively, in group 1, as compared with 26, 32, and 40 percent in group 2 (P = 0.002, 0.029, and 0.011). By year 4, the difference was no longer statistically significant: 62 percent of the patients in group 1 and 42 percent of those in group 2 did not have the nephrotic syndrome (P = 0.102). The patients in group 1 were in remission longer than those in group 2 (P = 0.008). Conclusions. In patients with the nephrotic syndrome caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy, treatment with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil for six months induces an earlier remission of the nephrotic syndrome than methylprednisolone alone, but the difference may diminish with time.
  • 31.
  • 32. CHARACTERISTIC GROUP 1 GROUP 2 P No. of cases 46 47 Age (yr) 37.2 ± 12.4 38.0 ± 13.6 0.77 range 16 to 66 18 to 64 Gender ratio 27:19 30:17 0.67 Disease duration (mo) 11.7 ± 6.2 10.8 ± 7.9 0.48 Serum creatinine 1.17 ± 0.22 1.21 ± 0.31 0.48 (mg/dl) MDRD GFR (ml/min) 84 ± 22 89 ± 26 0.32 Serum albumin (g/dl) 2.42 ± 0.81 2.34 ± 0.58 0.58 Serum cholesterol 306.4 ± 88.2 336.7 ± 99.6 0.12 (mg/dl) Proteinuria (g/d) 5.91 ± 2.2 6.11 ± 2.5 0.68
  • 33. Kaplan-Meier plots showing probabilities of dialysis-free survival (A), survival without reaching either end point (B), complete remission (C), and complete or partial remission (D). Solid line, group 1; dashed line, group 2.
  • 34. The course of proteinuria (A) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) estimated GFR (eGFR; B) during the follow up-period. group 1, group 2. *P < 0.05; #P < 0.01; **P < 0.0001. , ,
  • 35. In conclusion: Untreated IMN with nephrotic syndrome is associated with a high risk for deterioration of renal function. A 6-mo regimen of cyclophosphamide and steroids induces remissions in a high proportion, arrests progression of renal insufficiency, and improves quality of life.