transportation and relation to economics and environment

2. TRANSPORTATION
Relation With
Economics and Environment
Presented by: Fazal Haseen Atif
Roll No: 20 14 16

3. TRANSPORTATION
 The Term Is Derived From The Latin Trans ("Across") And Portare ("To Carry").
 The Movement Of People, Animals And Goods From One Place To Another.
 A Way Of Traveling From One Place To Another Place.
 A System For Moving Passengers Or Goods From One Place To Another.
 “Safe, Efficient, Reliable, And Sustainable Movement Of Persons And Goods Over Time And
Space”

4. Mode of Transportation
• Transport modes are the means by which people and freight
achieve mobility.
• They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over
what surface they travel – land (road, rail and pipelines),
water (shipping), and air.
• Each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and
will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and
route.

5. 1. Land transportation:
• covers all land-based transportation systems that provide for
the movement of people, goods and services.
• plays a vital role in linking communities to each other.
• key factor in urban planning.
It has 2 kinds they are,
Rail ways:
• A train consists of one or more connected vehicles that
operate on the rails.
Road:
• A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or
more places.
• Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared
to allow easy travel;

6. Cont.
• Advantages of land transport:
• 1. Cheap and convenient
• 2. Flexible
• 3. Useful for perishable goods
• 4. Fast deliver
• Disadvantages of Land transport:
• 1. Traffic delay
• 2. Driving regulation
• 3. Bad weather
• 4. Careless driving can cause problem

7. 2. Waterways transportation
• Is cheapest method of transportation.
• Large volume of world trade in done through ships.
• Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of
transporting large quantities of non- perishable goods.
• Advantages of water transport:
• 1. Cheap.
• 2. Useful for bulky goods.
• 3. significance for Foreign trade
• Disadvantages of water:
• 1. Slow speed
• 2. More risky

8. 3. Air transportation
• Air Transportation is the transportation of passengers and cargo by aircraft and helicopters.
• An efficient air transport contributes to economic growth and development.
• Advantage of air TR:
• 1. Easy transport.
• 2. High speed.
• 3. Free from physical barriers.
• Disadvantages of air TR:
• 1. High cost and
• 2. more risks

9. 4. Pipeline transport
• is the transportation of goods or material through a pipe.
• The best data, in 2014, gives a total of slightly less than
3.5 million km of pipeline in 120 countries of the world.
• Advantages:
1. Large-volume transportation
2. Excellent safety
3. Secure supply
4. Cost efficiency
• Disadvantages:
1. Not flexible
2. Capacity can’t be increased
3. Underground pipeline can’t be easily repaired.

10. Role of Transportation in Logistics
• Transportation is the physical link connecting
the firm to its suppliers and customers.
• Transportation also adds value to the product
by providing time and place utility for the
firm’s goods.

11. The strategy
• must acknowledge the following elements:
• Customer requirements
• Timely shipments
• Mode selection
• Carrier relationships
• Measurement
• Regulatory impact
• Flexibility

12. Significance Of Transportation
1. Growth of industries whose product requires quick
marketing.
2. increase in the demand for goods.
3. Transport creates place utility.
4. Transport creates time utility.
5. stabilization of price.
6. ensures even flow of commodities.

13. Cont.
7. enables the consumers to enjoy the benefits of goods not produced locally.
8. identifies competition
9. increases mobility of labor and capital.
10. Bring countries closer.
11. Creates employment.
12. Serve several purposes.

14. The Economic Importance of Transportation
• The transportation sector moves goods and people, employs millions of workers, generates
revenue, and consumes materials and services produced by other sectors of the economy.
• Good transport network is crucial for sustained economic growth and development of a
nation.
• This vital infrastructure is regarded as an important determinant for the success of a nation’s
effort in diversifying its production base, expanding trade and linking together resources and
markets into an integrated economy.

15. Cont.
• At the macroeconomic level (the importance of transportation for a whole economy),
transportation and the mobility it confers are linked to a level of output , employment
and income within a national economy.
• In many developed countries, transportation accounts between 6% and 12% GDP.
• At the microeconomic level (the importance of transportation for specific parts of the
economy) transportation is linked to producer, consumer and production costs .
• The importance of specific transport activities and infrastructure can thus be assessed
for each sector of the economy.
• Transportation accounts on average between 10% and 15% of household expenditures
while it accounts around 4% of the costs of each unit of output in manufacturing.

16. Transport and the environment
• Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum.
• This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor
to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing
emission sector.
• By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.
• Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced individual vehicle emissions
however, this has been offset by increases in the numbers of vehicles and in the use of each
vehicle.
• Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied.

17. Cont.
• Transportation infrastructural requirements like parking places, roadways, airports etc.
need space for which we cut trees on a large scale, shrink our agricultural fields or even
cover our water bodies.
• Air-conditioning systems constitute CFCs caused ozone layer depletion.
• Habitat fragmentation is also responsible for endangering our bio-resources.
• Transportation of hazardous substances increases a risk of spillage for ex. Oil spilling.
• Transport allows urban expansion which consumes valuable agricultural lands.
• Noise and vibrations cause mental disability, irritation and lack of concentration.
• Transport can increase bio-security risks.
• Transportation produces solid wastes in bulk through the maintenance of old parts or when
vehicles become old. Besides, regular change of oil etc. also leads to water and soil pollution
• Energy crisis as energy is the most worrisome resource.

18. Environmentalists