- Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It requires tRNA, mRNA, ribosomes, and various translation factors. - In prokaryotes, initiation involves 3 initiation factors, elongation 3 elongation factors, and termination 3 termination factors. In eukaryotes, initiation involves 9 initiation factors, elongation 4 elongation factors, and termination 2 termination factors. - There are differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation, including the ribosome composition and size, presence or absence of gap between transcription and translation, modifications to mRNA, and initiation and termination factors.

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2. Translation
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ن‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺴ‬
ٰ
‫ﯿ‬‫ﻦ‬
InProkaryotes Eukaryotes
By
DPT 5TH
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3. Before GoingTo the main topic 1st recall the importance ofWhat is ActuallyTranslation?
Kahani thodi ZubaniRequirements ofTranslation:
1.t-RNA
2.m-RNA
3.Ribosomes
4.Translation Factors
Initiation
Factors
Elongation
Factors
Termination
Factors
Proteins
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4. Need to Know!
t-RNA Charging / Activation of aa:
Ø2 steps and 1 enzyme involved
1. Acylation of Amino acids:
2.Transfer of Acylated Amino acid to t-RNA:
Acylated Amino acid t-RNA Amino-acylated t-RNA
C
R
H
:
35
ATP Amino acid Acylated Amino acidAmino-acylated t-RNAATPAmino acid t-RNA aa t-RNA
Synthetase
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5. IF3
50s
30s
30s
30s Ribosome unit
UAAAUG
AE P
UCCUC
(16s r-RNA)
I
F
3
I
F
1
AGGAG
mRNA
Shine Dalgarno
Sequence
IF1
IF2
Initiation:
It is mainly controlled by 3 Initiation Factors:
I
F
2
Prokaryotes
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6. 30s
30s Ribosome unit
UAAAUG CUC
Elongation:
It is mainly controlled by 3 Elongation Factors:
EFTU
EF G
EFTS
1.
2.
3.
Prokaryotes
PeptidylTransferase
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7. 30s
30s Ribosome unit
Termination:
It is mainly controlled by 3Termination Factors:
RF-l
RRF
RF-ll
UAAAUG UUU
Prokaryotes
Translation in Eukaryotes
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8. Initiation:
1.PIC 40s
2.m-RNA Activation
3.Scanning
4.Assembly of 60s
1.PIC 40s
40s
40s Ribosome unit
60s
40s
40s Ribosome unit
It is mainly controlled by 4 Initiation Factors:
1.eIF1
2.eIF2
3.eIF3
4.eIF1A
Eukaryotes
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9. Initiation:
2. m-RNA Activation
It is mainly controlled by 1 Initiation Factor:
AUG UAG
eIF4 Complex
1.eIF4A
2.eIF4B
3.eIF4E
4.eIF4G
Eukaryotes
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10. Initiation:
3. Scanning
40s Ribosome unit
UAGAUG
Eukaryotes
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11. 2.eIF2
1.eIF1
3.eIF3
4.eIF1A
5.eIF4A
6.eIF4B
7.eIF4E
8.eIF4G
Initiation:
4. Assembly of Large Subunit
40s Ribosome unit
AUGAUG
9.eIF5B
Eukaryotes
CUC
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12. Elongation:
It is mainly controlled by 4 Initiation Factors:
1.eEF1A
2.eEF1B
3.eEF1D
4.eEF1G
UAGAUG CUC
Eukaryotes
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13. Elongation:
Co-translationalTranslocation
Eukaryotes
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14. Termination:
It is mainly controlled by 2Termiation Factors:
UAGAUG
1.eRF1
2.eRF3
Eukaryotes
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15. Eukaryotic v/s ProkaryoticTranslation:
Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
r-RNA 70S (50s & 30s) 80S (60s & 40s)
Gape b/w transcription &
Translation
No Yes
m-RNA Non modified/Polycistronic
Having Cap &
Tail/Monocistronic
First Amino acid f-MET MET
Initiation 3-Factors 9-Factors
Termination 3-Factors 2-Factors (majorly 1)
Duration Less (20 aa/sec) More (1 aa/sec)
Modifications Not common Yes (PTMs)
Specificity
Polycistronic (Shine Dalgarno
Secquence)
MonocistronicYoutube/SukheraIllustratorz

16. Any Question?
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17. ‫ﺗ‬‫ﮭ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﮏ‬U
Thank You!
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