Contribution of Delta Works in NL to hydraulic developments

1. Transitions in Hydraulic
Engineering
Impact of the Delta Works on the Recent
Developments in Hydraulic Engineering
Krystian W. Pilarczyk
(former) Rijkswaterstaat
Hydraulic Engineering Institute, Delft
krystian.pilarczyk@gmail.com

2. Transitions in
Hydraulic Engineering
Content:
• Introduction
• (brief) History of Netherlands
in coping floods
• Delta Works overview
• Impact of Delta Works on
recent developments in
hydraulic engineering
• Conclusions
- erosion – scour - closures – bottom protection – revetments – filters – geotextiles

3. Introduction
The Netherlands
Low-lying country
With dikes
"God created the world, and the Dutch created
Without dikes the Netherlands"

4. Dutch History "God created the world, and the
Dutch created the Netherlands"
Flood protection
in
The Netherlands
through the
centuries

5. Dutch history
(MSL)

6. Watersystem & Rainfall problems in NL
Storage
Storage
Storage
land
River
Sea
Polder
water
water
water
"God created the world, and the Dutch created the Netherlands."

7. Zeeland about 1500

8. Turning point: Disaster 1953
Dike breaches and
inundation

9. Why is flood defence
important ?
Flood events:
flood event damage victims
Sea 1953 ƒ 1.500 106 1835
Meuse 1993 ƒ 250 106 ----
6
Rhine 1995 ƒ 500 10 ----
Meuse 1995 ƒ 165 106 ----
Rainfall 1998 ƒ 1.100 106 ----
Road and Hydraulic Engineering Devision, Delft
1 US $=2 f
We can not avoid the floods
but we can/must minimize the
consequences
(victims, economical damage)
High safety standards needed

10. 1997
From Disaster 1953
(open)Eastern
Scheldt barrier
Western Scheldt
to Delta Works Antwerp
Deltaplan

11. Closure
Techniques
Dike
wheel
Scour hole
Caisson-closure
Cable-line
(also during the 1st stage
Eastern Scheldt closure)
scour
Bottom
protection

12. From Closed to Open
Eastern Scheldt Project
Environment & Ecology
1973 start discussion on environmental issues
!974 stop execution full closure
1976 decision Open Storm Surge Barrier
http://foto.telenet.be/photo-gallery/tags/label-oosterschelde.html

13. Storm-surge barrier Eastern Scheldt
Final

14. From the past to the present
Eastern
Scheldt
Zierikzee
Rotterdam City rights 1248
Vlissingen
Zierikzee
Eastern Scheldt
View from the Expo Center
Vlissingen Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier
http://www.zierikzee-monumentenstad.nl/

15. Techniques
Overview of the
Eastern Scheldt
Storm Surge Barrier
scour – bottom protection – foundation –
superstructure – high tolerance requirements

16. Techniques

17. Techniques
From traditional to
modern

18. Modern Techniques

19. Techniques
Storm-surge barrier
Rotterdam (1997)

20. Transition into integrated/multidisciplinary approach
Transitions in
hydraulic engineering
Impact Delta Works
Soil –Water –
Structure interactions
but also
Environment
Environmental Impact Assessment

21. Transition from deterministic to probabilistic approach
Design Philosophy & Methodology
Failure or inundation
Risk
<Typ naam hier>
Loading
<Typ titel hier> Resistance
<Typ naam hier> <Typ naam hier> <Typ naam hier>
<Typ titel hier> <Typ titel hier> <Typ titel hier>
Failure modes & Failure tree

22. Transition from traditional to Closure by dumped
modern techniques method
(rock, blocks, bags)
Closing using cable-line
techniques
• Gradual closures
– Horizontal
– Vertical Principles of closure
techniques
• Sand closures
– Pipe discharged
– Dumped
• Sudden closures
– Caissons

23. Transition to innovative techniques
Sand Closures

24. Techniques &
problems
Grevelingen Dam and sluice
(Siphon) High salinity
Density
Low salinity current
High salinity and
erosion
Low salinity

25. Scour and
Bottom
protection
600m

26. Scour and Bottom protection
Eastern Scheldt Barrier

27. Research as design tool
Scour research
Scour prediction

28. Scour
research
Prototype tests Brouwersdam
Discharge sluice

29. Scour
prototype
results
undermining
Prediction instability of upper slope
- still a problem

30. Flow slides
Flow slide (Zeeland)
schematic view
of a flow-slide
After flow-slide
Before flow-slide

31. Liquefaction
and flow slide in sand
maximum 200m
Average slope
Shear failure
30 m
after flo w s lide in sand
maximum 50 m average slope
clay 30 m
loose sand
after flow slide with cla y on top

32. Scour &
bottom
protection
design
rules

33. Transition in design techniques of revetments
Revetments
Riprap/rubble mound structures
From Hudson: Hs/∆Dn50 = (KD cotα)1/3
0.2
Hs = 6.2 0.18 ⎛ S ⎞ -0.5
Into Van der Meer: P ⎜ ⎟ ξm
∆ Dn 50 ⎝ N⎠

34. From riprap into pitched stone/blocks
Block
Revetments
Internal erosion

35. Bank To
Rotterdam
Protection
Basic research
Model tests
Prototype tests
Also
PIANC
guidelines
Application
To Antwerp

36. environmental
Techniques
Salt-fresh water separation

37. Transition in filter design: from
extension of design criteria for filters
geometrically closed into load-based design
Granular Filters
Various test facilities

38. Filters
From granular filters into geotextiles and
composite filters ; from geometrically open to
hydrodynamically sandtight (based on loading)
geotextiles

39. Filters
Possible extension of design
criteria for filters

40. Some other aspects
• Geosynthetics
• Geosystems
• Waste & Alternative materials
• Technology Transfer

41. Dissemination
of knowledge
Validation

42. Knowledge development: Laboratory tests
Simulation of the flow through a
dikeTesting grass cover as revetment
gap
Delta flume

44. Transition into
Alternative Techniques
Sand and clay bags closure
Granular filters from
brick material

45. Conclusions
Large projects (like Delta Works)
need usually some specific solutions.
It stimulates new research and
innovation, which contribute strongly
to new developments in hydraulic &
coastal engineering
A systematic & comprehensive
approach must be taken to solve
stream & shoreline problems

46. Knowledge is Knowledge cycles
always going
ahead
We are always in
Transition

47. Thank you for
your attention
Further information:
www.Tawinfo.nl
www.deltawerken.com

48. I wish you a pleasant stay in the Netherlands

49. The end
www.enwinfo.nl, (english, downloads)