Coastal Management
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Coastal management refers to protecting coastlines from flooding and erosion. Hard engineering uses man-made structures like sea walls and breakwaters to stop coastal processes, while soft engineering works with natural systems through beach replenishment, relocating structures, and stabilizing dunes and mangroves. Both approaches aim to reduce erosion, but hard structures disrupt longshore drift while soft options are more environmentally friendly but require more maintenance.
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Coastal pollution.ppt 2
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
Coasts Introduction
The document discusses coastal environments and the processes that impact coastlines. It describes coasts as zones where land and sea interact and are influenced by terrestrial, human, marine and atmospheric factors. Coasts experience rapid change from both short-term processes like storms and long-term processes like sea level rise. Over half the world's population lives near coasts, putting increasing pressure on coastal resources and ecosystems. Coastal management is important given human development and climate change impacts. The document outlines different coastal zone types and diagrams the factors affecting coasts.
Coastal Erosion Notes
This document discusses coastal erosion and the various natural processes that cause erosion along coastlines. It identifies different types of erosion including weathering, where rock breaks down but remains in place, and erosion, where broken down rock is transported. The key agents that drive coastal erosion are winds, waves, currents, tides, sea level change, and erosion itself. These forces can gradually shape coastlines over long periods and temporarily redistribute sediment. The document outlines different types of coastal landforms that form, like barrier islands and dunes, as well as human-built coastal structures used to combat erosion.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Marine pollution
This document discusses various sources and types of marine pollution. The main sources of marine pollution include land-based activities such as agricultural and industrial runoff entering rivers and oceans, air pollution, oil spills, shipping activities, mining, and plastic waste. Some key pollutants discussed are nutrients, sediments, pathogens, chemicals, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, thermal pollution, noise pollution, and invasive species. The effects of marine pollution include harm to sea life and birds, risks to human health and fisheries/aquaculture industries, eutrophication, hypoxia, and plastic entering the food chain. Control measures discussed focus on containing and cleaning oil spills.
Sec 3 NA Coastal Protection Measures
There are two main types of coastal protection measures - hard engineering and soft engineering. Hard engineering uses man-made structures like seawalls, breakwaters, and groynes to absorb wave energy. Soft engineering works with natural systems through beach nourishment, planting vegetation to stabilize dunes and mangroves, and encouraging coral reef growth to reduce wave energy hitting the shore. Both approaches have advantages in protecting the coastline from erosion but also have disadvantages including high costs and potential environmental impacts.
Coastal protection
This document discusses various coastal protection methods, including structural and non-structural approaches. Structural methods involve hard infrastructure like seawalls, bulkheads, revetments, dikes, breakwaters, groins, and jetties/piers. Seawalls are massive structures that resist wave forces to prevent erosion and damage. Bulkheads are smaller vertical walls that prevent land sliding. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy. Dikes and levees are embankments that regulate water levels and prevent erosion and flooding. Non-structural methods include planting vegetation, which stabilizes the soil and provides habitat, and beach nourishment, which adds sand to increase the beach width.
coastal erosion
This document discusses coastal erosion and mechanisms. It defines coastal terminology and describes the various agents that affect coastal erosion, including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It also examines the erosional and depositional landforms created by coastal processes, such as headlands, sea stacks, beaches, and barrier islands. Additionally, it covers the concepts of coastal erosion, longshore drift, and coastal deposition. The effects of coastal erosion are also addressed, as well as the importance of understanding coastal dynamics and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce erosion.
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Coastal pollution.ppt 2
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as: harm to living resources; hazards to human health; hindrance to marine activities including fishing; impairing the quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities
Coasts Introduction
The document discusses coastal environments and the processes that impact coastlines. It describes coasts as zones where land and sea interact and are influenced by terrestrial, human, marine and atmospheric factors. Coasts experience rapid change from both short-term processes like storms and long-term processes like sea level rise. Over half the world's population lives near coasts, putting increasing pressure on coastal resources and ecosystems. Coastal management is important given human development and climate change impacts. The document outlines different coastal zone types and diagrams the factors affecting coasts.
Coastal Erosion Notes
This document discusses coastal erosion and the various natural processes that cause erosion along coastlines. It identifies different types of erosion including weathering, where rock breaks down but remains in place, and erosion, where broken down rock is transported. The key agents that drive coastal erosion are winds, waves, currents, tides, sea level change, and erosion itself. These forces can gradually shape coastlines over long periods and temporarily redistribute sediment. The document outlines different types of coastal landforms that form, like barrier islands and dunes, as well as human-built coastal structures used to combat erosion.
The Ocean Waves
Waves are never ending dynamic surfaces created by the action of wind on ocean surfaces. Waves are undulations of the surface layers of bodies of sea waters. Large bodies of water are almost constantly in motion. Ocean surface are never calm and smooth.They are uneven, irregular, rough and restless. Sea waves are defined as undulations of seawater characterized by unique features. Waves are moving energy patterns. They travel along the interface between ocean and the atmosphere.
Marine pollution
This document discusses various sources and types of marine pollution. The main sources of marine pollution include land-based activities such as agricultural and industrial runoff entering rivers and oceans, air pollution, oil spills, shipping activities, mining, and plastic waste. Some key pollutants discussed are nutrients, sediments, pathogens, chemicals, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, thermal pollution, noise pollution, and invasive species. The effects of marine pollution include harm to sea life and birds, risks to human health and fisheries/aquaculture industries, eutrophication, hypoxia, and plastic entering the food chain. Control measures discussed focus on containing and cleaning oil spills.
Sec 3 NA Coastal Protection Measures
There are two main types of coastal protection measures - hard engineering and soft engineering. Hard engineering uses man-made structures like seawalls, breakwaters, and groynes to absorb wave energy. Soft engineering works with natural systems through beach nourishment, planting vegetation to stabilize dunes and mangroves, and encouraging coral reef growth to reduce wave energy hitting the shore. Both approaches have advantages in protecting the coastline from erosion but also have disadvantages including high costs and potential environmental impacts.
Coastal protection
This document discusses various coastal protection methods, including structural and non-structural approaches. Structural methods involve hard infrastructure like seawalls, bulkheads, revetments, dikes, breakwaters, groins, and jetties/piers. Seawalls are massive structures that resist wave forces to prevent erosion and damage. Bulkheads are smaller vertical walls that prevent land sliding. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy. Dikes and levees are embankments that regulate water levels and prevent erosion and flooding. Non-structural methods include planting vegetation, which stabilizes the soil and provides habitat, and beach nourishment, which adds sand to increase the beach width.
coastal erosion
This document discusses coastal erosion and mechanisms. It defines coastal terminology and describes the various agents that affect coastal erosion, including wind, waves, tides, and currents. It also examines the erosional and depositional landforms created by coastal processes, such as headlands, sea stacks, beaches, and barrier islands. Additionally, it covers the concepts of coastal erosion, longshore drift, and coastal deposition. The effects of coastal erosion are also addressed, as well as the importance of understanding coastal dynamics and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce erosion.
Coastal Erosion And Its Control
Erosion is when wind, water, and ice take sediments away.
Erosion on coasts by wind and water.
Water is major agent of erosion.
About 21% of all erosion in done by coastal erosion.
Marine Ecosystem
1. The document discusses various types of aquatic ecosystems including estuaries, mangrove swamps, coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, and barrier islands. It describes the key features and organisms found in each.
2. Coastal ecosystems like estuaries and mangrove swamps provide many important ecological services including habitat, nurseries for marine life, and protection from storms. They also have economic value through fisheries, recreation, and tourism.
3. Coral reefs have exceptionally high biodiversity but are very vulnerable to threats like bleaching from rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. Widespread damage to coral reefs could have serious ecological and economic
Rivers and streams
Streams are smaller bodies of water with a current, while rivers are larger. They are part of a watershed - the area where all water drains. Streams join to form rivers and eventually drain into oceans, lakes, or other bodies of water. Rivers and streams have upper, middle, and lower courses. Organisms in rivers and streams have adaptations like streamlined bodies to deal with currents. Human impacts like dams, channelization, and urbanization disrupt natural river flows and habitats.
Coastal Management
Sea walls provide the highest level of short-term protection against coastal erosion but are very expensive to build and maintain, with erosion issues resurfacing once the wall ends. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift and build beaches, but only provide protection for 15-20 years. Piecemeal coastal protection schemes can exacerbate erosion issues down drift as sediment builds up in protected areas, leaving undefended shorelines more vulnerable. Beach nourishment involves adding new sand to eroding beaches and is one of the few options that both protects land and preserves beach resources long term.
Chapter 1 introduction to coastal engineering and management strategies
This document provides an overview of coastal engineering and beach processes. It begins with an introduction to coastal engineering and management. It then discusses coastal zone terminology and beach profile terminology. The key processes in the nearshore zone are described, including wave shoaling, breaking, refraction, diffraction, longshore and rip currents. The key components of beaches and how they respond dynamically to sea forces like waves, tides, currents, and storms are also summarized.
Coastal management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
Coastal Management 1194172427916177 5
Coastal areas face problems of erosion and flooding due to rising sea levels and increased storm activity. This threatens homes, businesses and tourism. Coastal defenses use hard engineering like seawalls and groynes, or soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect coastlines. However, all methods have disadvantages such as visual impacts or increasing erosion elsewhere. Coastal resorts also struggle with declining visitor numbers from overseas competition and require solutions like improving attractions to revitalize their economies.
Sand Dune Ecosystems
The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution comes from various land-based and sea-based sources and can take many forms. The main types of pollution discussed are oil, eutrophication, metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal, radioactive, and litter/plastics. Oil pollution primarily comes from tanker accidents and operations while eutrophication results from nutrient runoff from agriculture and sewage. Metals and chemicals can accumulate in organisms and biomagnify up the food chain. Thermal and radioactive pollution impact ecosystems through temperature changes and radioactivity. Litter, especially plastics, injures and kills marine life and enters the food web. Reducing inputs and treating wastes are important to solving marine pollution.
Methods of flood control
Flood control refers to methods used to reduce or prevent flood damage. Some key flood control methods include dams, diversion canals, self-closing flood barriers, river defences, and coastal defences. Dams are designed to control floods by reserving space in reservoirs to store floodwaters. Diversion canals redirect excess water to less impacted areas. Self-closing barriers deploy automatically during floods to protect areas. River defences like levees and weirs hold back high water. Coastal flooding is addressed with structures like sea walls.
Coastal zone management
The document discusses coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a complex coastline affected by natural hazards. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is presented as a dynamic, multidisciplinary process to promote sustainable management. Key components of ICZM in Bangladesh include a coastal zone policy, coastal development strategy, and priority investment program. Challenges to management include implementation difficulties, poverty, pollution, and climate change impacts. Improved governance, policies, information sharing, and sustained political support are seen as important initiatives needed for effective coastal zone management.
Marine pollution and its effect on environment
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including oil pollution, eutrophication, conservative pollutants such as metals and halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal pollution, radioactive pollution, and litter and plastic pollution. It outlines sources of each type of pollution and their impacts on the marine environment such as oil spills harming ecosystems, nutrients from eutrophication causing algal blooms, metals and plastics bioaccumulating in marine organisms and entering the food chain, and litter entangling and being ingested by animals. The conclusion states that education on marine pollution through awareness, research, and dissemination is key to reducing pollution in oceans.
Conservation of marine ecosystem
Marine conservation aims to protect ocean ecosystems through planned management to prevent overexploitation of resources. It addresses issues like species loss, habitat degradation, and ecosystem changes. Conservation techniques include marine protected areas with different zones allowing varying human activities. Technologies help protect endangered species and habitats while benefiting fishermen. Notable protected areas include the Great Barrier Reef and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Laws govern conservation internationally and within countries.
Coastal environment
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Physical oceanography
The Physical Oceanography is an essential part of the study in oceanography. It is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
Coastal Protection Methods
This document discusses several coastal protection methods:
Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
Floodplain wetland
This document discusses habitat modification to improve fisheries in floodplain wetlands. It begins with an introduction to wetlands, noting that they cover 12% of Earth's surface and are important ecosystems. It then discusses the classification and origins of different types of floodplain wetlands. Next, it covers the physical and chemical properties of wetland soils and waters, as well as primary production. The document then discusses fish diversity and yields in wetlands, and different fishery management approaches. It concludes with an overview of the uses and importance of wetlands, as well as the goals of the Ramsar Convention to protect wetland habitats internationally.
Tides
Tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun interacting with Earth's oceans, which creates two bulges of water that result in two high tides and two low tides each day. The changing positions and distances of the moon and sun relative to Earth cause variations in tide heights and times. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the sun and moon are aligned, producing the highest tides, while neap tides happen when the sun and moon are at right angles, resulting in lower tides.
Marine pollution ppt
This document defines marine pollution and discusses its causes and impacts. It states that marine pollution is the introduction of contaminants into aquatic environments that harms ecosystems or organisms. The main causes of marine pollution discussed are direct discharge of waste, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Major impacts include eutrophication, toxicity, and effects on sea creatures like death from ingestion of plastics. Prevention techniques mentioned include following anti-pollution acts and not littering to prevent trash from entering waterways.
Coral Reefs
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
Mangroves as coastal defence
Mangroves provide important coastal protection from storms and sea level rise. They reduce wave energy and heights by 13-66% over 100m as waves pass through aerial roots and branches. Mangrove soils also actively accumulate sediments at rates up to 10mm/year, allowing mangroves to potentially keep pace with rising seas. Studies found wave heights reduced exponentially with distance through mangrove forests. Mangroves have been shown to reduce tsunami heights by 5-30% over widths of several hundred meters.
Coastal Management
The document discusses coastal erosion issues in Happisburgh, England. It notes that over 250m of land was lost between 1600-1850, and 125m was lost between 1992-2007 at a rate of around 8m/year. The cliffs are comprised of glacial sands and clays that are easily eroded by the sea and saturated by rainwater. Coastal defenses could worsen the situation by disrupting sediment flows, while rising seas and stronger storms from climate change also increase erosion risks. The rapid erosion is negatively impacting the local community and environment through lost homes and infrastructure as well as valuable farmland.
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Coastal Erosion And Its Control
Erosion is when wind, water, and ice take sediments away.
Erosion on coasts by wind and water.
Water is major agent of erosion.
About 21% of all erosion in done by coastal erosion.
Marine Ecosystem
1. The document discusses various types of aquatic ecosystems including estuaries, mangrove swamps, coral reefs, rocky shores, sandy beaches, and barrier islands. It describes the key features and organisms found in each.
2. Coastal ecosystems like estuaries and mangrove swamps provide many important ecological services including habitat, nurseries for marine life, and protection from storms. They also have economic value through fisheries, recreation, and tourism.
3. Coral reefs have exceptionally high biodiversity but are very vulnerable to threats like bleaching from rising water temperatures, ocean acidification, pollution, and destructive fishing practices. Widespread damage to coral reefs could have serious ecological and economic
Rivers and streams
Streams are smaller bodies of water with a current, while rivers are larger. They are part of a watershed - the area where all water drains. Streams join to form rivers and eventually drain into oceans, lakes, or other bodies of water. Rivers and streams have upper, middle, and lower courses. Organisms in rivers and streams have adaptations like streamlined bodies to deal with currents. Human impacts like dams, channelization, and urbanization disrupt natural river flows and habitats.
Coastal Management
Sea walls provide the highest level of short-term protection against coastal erosion but are very expensive to build and maintain, with erosion issues resurfacing once the wall ends. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift and build beaches, but only provide protection for 15-20 years. Piecemeal coastal protection schemes can exacerbate erosion issues down drift as sediment builds up in protected areas, leaving undefended shorelines more vulnerable. Beach nourishment involves adding new sand to eroding beaches and is one of the few options that both protects land and preserves beach resources long term.
Chapter 1 introduction to coastal engineering and management strategies
This document provides an overview of coastal engineering and beach processes. It begins with an introduction to coastal engineering and management. It then discusses coastal zone terminology and beach profile terminology. The key processes in the nearshore zone are described, including wave shoaling, breaking, refraction, diffraction, longshore and rip currents. The key components of beaches and how they respond dynamically to sea forces like waves, tides, currents, and storms are also summarized.
Coastal management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management used to reduce erosion and protect coastlines. Hard engineering options like sea walls, groynes, and revetments aim to reduce erosion but are expensive and can damage the environment. Soft engineering options like beach nourishment, managed retreat, and beach reshaping are often more sustainable and cost-effective but provide only temporary protection. The document provides details on each method, including how they work, advantages, and disadvantages.
Coastal Management 1194172427916177 5
Coastal areas face problems of erosion and flooding due to rising sea levels and increased storm activity. This threatens homes, businesses and tourism. Coastal defenses use hard engineering like seawalls and groynes, or soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat, to protect coastlines. However, all methods have disadvantages such as visual impacts or increasing erosion elsewhere. Coastal resorts also struggle with declining visitor numbers from overseas competition and require solutions like improving attractions to revitalize their economies.
Sand Dune Ecosystems
The sand dunes show different stages of development as you move inland from the shoreline. Embryo dunes near the beach are less than 1 meter tall and only stabilized by debris. Foredunes a little further inland reach up to 5 meters tall with grasses like marram grass stabilizing the sand. Yellow dunes have greater plant diversity as conditions improve, with dunes 5-10 meters tall and 80% plant coverage.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution comes from various land-based and sea-based sources and can take many forms. The main types of pollution discussed are oil, eutrophication, metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal, radioactive, and litter/plastics. Oil pollution primarily comes from tanker accidents and operations while eutrophication results from nutrient runoff from agriculture and sewage. Metals and chemicals can accumulate in organisms and biomagnify up the food chain. Thermal and radioactive pollution impact ecosystems through temperature changes and radioactivity. Litter, especially plastics, injures and kills marine life and enters the food web. Reducing inputs and treating wastes are important to solving marine pollution.
Methods of flood control
Flood control refers to methods used to reduce or prevent flood damage. Some key flood control methods include dams, diversion canals, self-closing flood barriers, river defences, and coastal defences. Dams are designed to control floods by reserving space in reservoirs to store floodwaters. Diversion canals redirect excess water to less impacted areas. Self-closing barriers deploy automatically during floods to protect areas. River defences like levees and weirs hold back high water. Coastal flooding is addressed with structures like sea walls.
Coastal zone management
The document discusses coastal zone management in Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a complex coastline affected by natural hazards. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) is presented as a dynamic, multidisciplinary process to promote sustainable management. Key components of ICZM in Bangladesh include a coastal zone policy, coastal development strategy, and priority investment program. Challenges to management include implementation difficulties, poverty, pollution, and climate change impacts. Improved governance, policies, information sharing, and sustained political support are seen as important initiatives needed for effective coastal zone management.
Marine pollution and its effect on environment
This document discusses various types of marine pollution including oil pollution, eutrophication, conservative pollutants such as metals and halogenated hydrocarbons, thermal pollution, radioactive pollution, and litter and plastic pollution. It outlines sources of each type of pollution and their impacts on the marine environment such as oil spills harming ecosystems, nutrients from eutrophication causing algal blooms, metals and plastics bioaccumulating in marine organisms and entering the food chain, and litter entangling and being ingested by animals. The conclusion states that education on marine pollution through awareness, research, and dissemination is key to reducing pollution in oceans.
Conservation of marine ecosystem
Marine conservation aims to protect ocean ecosystems through planned management to prevent overexploitation of resources. It addresses issues like species loss, habitat degradation, and ecosystem changes. Conservation techniques include marine protected areas with different zones allowing varying human activities. Technologies help protect endangered species and habitats while benefiting fishermen. Notable protected areas include the Great Barrier Reef and Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Laws govern conservation internationally and within countries.
Coastal environment
This document provides an overview of coastal environments and processes. It defines coastal zones and features such as the littoral zone, beach, foreshore, and backshore. It describes factors that influence coastal areas like lithology, geological structures, processes, sea level changes and human impacts. Coastal processes discussed include waves, tides, storm surges, wave refraction, and marine erosion. The summary discusses key coastal landforms and how they are formed by coastal processes.
Physical oceanography
The Physical Oceanography is an essential part of the study in oceanography. It is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
Coastal Protection Methods
This document discusses several coastal protection methods:
Breakwaters reduce wave power to protect beaches from erosion. Gabions are wire cages filled with stones that absorb wave energy. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift. Revetments are sloped structures that absorb wave energy and trap sediment. Sea walls are curved concrete walls that protect cliffs from wave erosion. Each method has advantages in reducing erosion but can also impact sediment movement and beaches.
Floodplain wetland
This document discusses habitat modification to improve fisheries in floodplain wetlands. It begins with an introduction to wetlands, noting that they cover 12% of Earth's surface and are important ecosystems. It then discusses the classification and origins of different types of floodplain wetlands. Next, it covers the physical and chemical properties of wetland soils and waters, as well as primary production. The document then discusses fish diversity and yields in wetlands, and different fishery management approaches. It concludes with an overview of the uses and importance of wetlands, as well as the goals of the Ramsar Convention to protect wetland habitats internationally.
Tides
Tides are caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun interacting with Earth's oceans, which creates two bulges of water that result in two high tides and two low tides each day. The changing positions and distances of the moon and sun relative to Earth cause variations in tide heights and times. Spring tides occur during new and full moons when the sun and moon are aligned, producing the highest tides, while neap tides happen when the sun and moon are at right angles, resulting in lower tides.
Marine pollution ppt
This document defines marine pollution and discusses its causes and impacts. It states that marine pollution is the introduction of contaminants into aquatic environments that harms ecosystems or organisms. The main causes of marine pollution discussed are direct discharge of waste, runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric deposition, and deep sea mining. Major impacts include eutrophication, toxicity, and effects on sea creatures like death from ingestion of plastics. Prevention techniques mentioned include following anti-pollution acts and not littering to prevent trash from entering waterways.
Coral Reefs
This presentation is for my school assessment on global environments. I chose coral reefs. My project explains coral reefs and the geographical processes involved with it as well.
What's hot (20)
Chapter 1 introduction to coastal engineering and management strategies
Chapter 1 introduction to coastal engineering and management strategies
Viewers also liked
Mangroves as coastal defence
Mangroves provide important coastal protection from storms and sea level rise. They reduce wave energy and heights by 13-66% over 100m as waves pass through aerial roots and branches. Mangrove soils also actively accumulate sediments at rates up to 10mm/year, allowing mangroves to potentially keep pace with rising seas. Studies found wave heights reduced exponentially with distance through mangrove forests. Mangroves have been shown to reduce tsunami heights by 5-30% over widths of several hundred meters.
Coastal Management
The document discusses coastal erosion issues in Happisburgh, England. It notes that over 250m of land was lost between 1600-1850, and 125m was lost between 1992-2007 at a rate of around 8m/year. The cliffs are comprised of glacial sands and clays that are easily eroded by the sea and saturated by rainwater. Coastal defenses could worsen the situation by disrupting sediment flows, while rising seas and stronger storms from climate change also increase erosion risks. The rapid erosion is negatively impacting the local community and environment through lost homes and infrastructure as well as valuable farmland.
Coastal management
The document discusses various hard engineering methods for coastal management including seawalls, breakwaters, and groynes.
Seawalls are sloping or vertical concrete walls built parallel to the coast to absorb wave energy. However, the reflected waves increase erosion below the wall.
Breakwaters are structures built parallel to the coast some distance away to break wave force before reaching land. They reduce erosion but can cause erosion in unprotected areas.
Groynes are perpendicular structures that trap sediment on the side facing longshore drift, building up beaches but potentially causing erosion on the opposite side if not spaced correctly.
All hard structures have benefits but also problems like erosion in unprotected areas and need for regular maintenance. Soft
Coastal Management 4
Large scale coastal development can cause problems if not properly managed through coastal protection and planning. Coastal management approaches include hard engineering using physical structures to reduce erosion, and soft engineering which focuses on non-structural planning and allowing natural processes. Specific hard engineering measures have benefits but also negative consequences, while soft engineering through beach nourishment, relocating properties, mangrove planting, and stabilizing dunes can help protect coasts but face challenges.
Coastal defense structures
This document discusses various coastal defense structures used to protect coastlines from erosion. It describes hard structures like seawalls, breakwaters, groins and jetties which use solid materials to reduce wave energy. It also describes soft structures like beach nourishment, dune building and mangrove planting which use natural materials. Hard structures provide strong defense but can disrupt sediment flows while soft structures are more sustainable but require ongoing maintenance. The effectiveness and tradeoffs of different coastal protection measures are compared. The document also discusses harbor oscillations, how narrowing a harbor's entrance can paradoxically increase wave amplification due to higher quality factors, and references the related 1961 paper by Miles and Munk on the harbor paradox.
Coastal Landforms
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by erosion and deposition processes along shorelines. It describes landforms such as headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps which are formed by coastal erosion. Beaches and spits are landforms created by coastal deposition, with beaches forming in sheltered areas between high and low tide lines, and spits forming as narrow ridges projecting from the coast due to longshore drift depositing materials.
Coastal Processes and Landforms
This document discusses various coastal landforms and processes. It describes how waves, currents, erosion and deposition shape coastlines. Key points include:
- Waves erode cliffs and platforms while deposition builds beaches, spits and bars.
- Longshore drift transports sediment parallel to the shore, while rip currents carry it seaward.
- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
- Coral reefs develop in warm, tropical waters where calcium carbonate precipitation exceeds dissolution. Atolls form as islands submerge, leaving ring-shaped reef structures.
Methods of flood control
The document discusses methods for flood control, including controlling water levels through dams and check dams, building barriers like levees and flood walls, altering river channels by straightening or widening them, controlling land use around rivers, and using floodways. It provides details on reservoirs, levees, and floodways as specific flood control techniques. Levees are described as earthen embankments built between rivers and protected areas to restrict flood water flow, with considerations for their height and freeboard. The Mississippi River levee system is highlighted as one of the largest in the world.
Methods Of Flood Control
The document discusses methods of flood control and river management. It describes various causes of flooding such as heavy rain, urbanization, dam collapse, and snow melt. Common flood control techniques include building dams and pumping stations, barriers, altering river channels, and controlling land use near rivers. The Mississippi and Nile Rivers are discussed as examples, noting large levee systems on the Mississippi and the Aswan High Dam on the Nile, which was built to control flooding but caused environmental issues.
floods
Floods can occur when heavy rainfall or snowmelt causes river channels or low-lying areas to become submerged. They are the most common natural disaster worldwide and can be exacerbated by human activities like urbanization. Major river basins in India that experience frequent flooding include the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and rivers in peninsular and northwestern regions. Floods can damage property, infrastructure, and agriculture, while also increasing health risks. Mitigation strategies aim to reduce vulnerability through mapping of flood-prone areas, land use controls, engineered structures, and flood management programs.
Floods
The document discusses floods in India, including definitions, causes, impacts, management strategies, and case studies. It provides an overview of flood types, forecasting methods, zoning, and benefits. Major factors that cause floods are described. Impacts include loss of life, property damage, health issues, and economic disruption. Management involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Case studies of specific flood events in India are also presented.
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Similar to Coastal Management
Coastal Management
The document discusses different methods of coastal management to reduce erosion and flooding risks along coastlines. It describes hard engineering options like groynes, sea walls, revetments, and rock armour that use rigid structures to reduce wave energy. It also describes soft engineering options like beach nourishment, beach reshaping, and managed retreat that are more sustainable and natural approaches. Managed retreat in particular allows the sea to reclaim formerly flooded land to create salt marshes that can absorb wave energy and flooding impacts.
Sec 3 Coastal Management
Hard engineering approaches involve physical structures like seawalls and breakwaters to protect against coastal erosion. Soft engineering focuses on planning and behavior changes, encouraging minimal interference and using natural protections like beach nourishment, relocating properties, and planting mangroves. While hard structures provide effective short-term protection, they require high maintenance and can cause erosion in unprotected areas. Soft approaches are often more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.
Coastalmanagement 091201103809-phpapp02
Coastal management techniques can be categorized as hard or soft engineering. Hard techniques include sea walls, groynes and rock armor which aim to reduce erosion through rigid barriers. Soft techniques include beach nourishment and managed retreat, which are more sustainable but involve losing land. Managed retreat allows sea reclamation for marshes to reduce flood risks, but results in farmland and property loss requiring compensation. Choosing techniques involves weighing costs and environmental impacts against protecting infrastructure from coastal threats.
Sec 3Coastal Protection Measures Soft Engineering
Soft engineering techniques can be used to stabilize coastal areas and reduce erosion. Planting vegetation on coastal dunes traps and binds sand to prevent it from blowing away. Mangrove trees have roots that anchor in soil and protect against erosion. Beach nourishment involves adding large amounts of sand to eroded beaches, which is carried further down the coast by longshore drift. Coral reefs reduce wave energy and protect beaches by absorbing wave energy before it reaches the shore.
Advanced technologies for costal protection
This document discusses various advanced technologies for coastal protection in India. It introduces the importance of protecting India's long coastline from flooding and erosion. It then describes different methods of coastal protection including sea walls, breakwaters, groins, gabions, revetments, bulkheads, and beach nourishment. It provides details on each method and examples of their use. The document emphasizes the importance of coastal protection for safety, economic, and environmental reasons. It notes that development and habitat loss threaten coastlines and that protection methods should consider social, economic and environmental impacts.
Sea defences
Sea defenses and coastal protection structures like seawalls, breakwaters, gabions, revetments, groynes, rock armor, and concrete blocks are used to prevent coastal erosion and flooding. Seawalls are durable structures that protect the coast from erosion and flooding. Gabions are wire baskets filled with stone that can be placed vertically or sloping to limit wave run-up. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the shoreline to reduce beach material loss from longshore drift. Breakwaters are large concrete blocks or boulders sunk offshore to alter wave direction and reduce their energy before reaching the shore.
Sea Defences Jessica Krauza
There are several options available to reduce coastal erosion, including groynes, gabions, rip rap, sea walls, and offshore breakwaters. Groynes are structures built perpendicular to the coast to interrupt longshore drift and build up beach material. Gabions are large wire cages filled with rocks that can be stacked in various shapes. Rip rap uses rocks or concrete rubble placed along shorelines. Sea walls are strong, hard structures built inland to reduce wave effects. Offshore breakwaters are structures built partially submerged offshore to reduce wave intensity and erosion. Each defense method has advantages and disadvantages related to costs, maintenance needs, and environmental impacts.
Types of coastal protection
There are several types of coastal protection measures that can be used to reduce erosion. Hard engineering options like groynes, gabion cages, revetments, seawalls, and rip rap absorb wave energy through rigid structures. Groynes interrupt water flow perpendicular to the coast to limit sediment loss. Gabion cages are stacked rock-filled wire cages that act as temporary barriers. Revetments are sloped stone or wood structures that absorb wave energy. Seawalls are massive vertical walls that deflect waves. Rip rap is rock or concrete rubble that minimizes erosion. Beach replenishment involves adding new sediment and is considered soft engineering since it has a more natural appearance and fits better within the environment.
Hard Engineering.pptx
Sea walls are hard engineering structures built along coastlines to physically stop waves from hitting the shore. They are expensive to build, costing between £1000-5000 per meter, and require significant material. While protecting property and absorbing wave energy, sea walls can accelerate erosion elsewhere, damage beaches, disrupt sediment flow, and have ongoing maintenance costs with a lifespan of only 30-50 years. Rock armour and gabions are alternatives that use rock blocks and wire cages to dissipate wave energy at a lower initial cost but with disadvantages like appearance and limited scale of protection. Revetments are sloped variations of sea walls that are more effective at dissipating wave energy but are also very expensive to build and maintain while taking up more space and
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS: 8.4 SUSTAINABLE MANAG...
A2 Geography Revision for Coastal Environments, subchapter 8.4 Sustainable Management of Coasts. It is suitable for Year 13 Geography, Cambridge Examination in November 2016. It contains: key terms and definitions, a topic summary, sketches and descriptions, additional work (6 questions for testing your knowledge) and some suggested websites.
Sea Defences Revision
The document discusses various methods for protecting coastlines from erosion, including sea walls, revetments, gabions, groynes, rip-rap, and offshore breakwaters. Sea walls are made of stone or concrete and prevent erosion by reflecting wave energy. Revetments are sloping walls made of concrete or wood that dissipate wave energy before hitting cliffs. Gabions are wire baskets filled with stones that also weaken waves. Groynes trap sand alongshore to widen beaches which then absorb more wave energy. Offshore breakwaters protect shores by breaking up waves farther from land. The choice of using defenses considers the economic value of the land versus the cost of installing protections.
Coastal Management
Groynes are barriers built perpendicular to the shore to slow longshore drift and build up beaches. They allow beach build up which protects against erosion and attracts tourism. However, they can be seen as unattractive and costly to build and maintain.
Breakwaters are used to protect harbors and stretches of coastlines, usually made of concrete or stone blocks strong enough to withstand waves. They must be built in deep water, making them expensive.
Gabions are metal cages filled with rocks stacked to form simple walls. They provide short-term erosion protection but are easily damaged and rust quickly. Gabions are relatively inexpensive but have a short lifespan.
Revetments are sloped structures that break up wave energy
Coastal Management
This document discusses various hard and soft coastal management techniques including rock armour, gabions, groynes, revetments, and sea walls. Rock armour and gabions absorb wave energy but can be undermined. Groynes reduce erosion but may starve other areas. Revetments and sea walls deflect waves but are expensive and prone to undermining. Each approach has benefits but also visual and environmental impacts.
Coastal erosion impact and management
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
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For Coastal and Marine resource management course
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE ...
A2 CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY: COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS - SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE COASTS, It contains: definition of coastal management, shoreline management plans SMP, long term objectives, conflicts of interests, reasons for concerns, management strategies, hard engineering, soft engineering, sea walls, curved walls, groynes, rock armours, beach management, managed retreat, beach nourishment, dune regeneration, coastal management Holderness, case studies, tourism in UK, sea sand mining Mangawhai Pakiri New Zealand.
Coastal structure
Coastal structures are constructed along coastlines to protect the shoreline from erosion and flooding, and to support activities like navigation and recreation. Engineers build different types of coastal structures such as seawalls, revetments, breakwaters, and groins to slow erosion, increase access, and support development. Maintaining coastal structures is important for protecting infrastructure, harbors, and coastal communities.
Coasts
The document discusses coastal landforms and processes. It describes how constructive and destructive waves modify coastlines through erosion and deposition processes. These include hydraulic power, corrosion, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Landforms resulting from erosion include wave-cut platforms, cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, and beaches. Depositional landforms include beaches, spits, and bars. The document also discusses coastal management strategies for dealing with issues like erosion and flooding. These include hard engineering approaches like sea walls and groynes, as well as soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat.
Coasts
The document discusses coastal landforms and processes. It describes how constructive and destructive waves modify coastlines through erosion and deposition processes. These include hydraulic power, corrosion, abrasion, attrition, and solution. Landforms result from these processes, including wave-cut platforms, cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, beaches, and spits. The document also discusses coastal management strategies to address issues like erosion and tourism, including hard engineering approaches like sea walls and groynes, and soft engineering like beach nourishment and managed retreat.
marine coastal structures
Marine coastal structures are human-made structures constructed along coastlines to protect the shore from erosion, flooding, and damage from waves and currents. The document discusses different types of coastal structures such as revetments, bulkheads, seawalls, breakwaters, groins, jetties, coastal bridges, dikes, and levees. Each structure type serves a different purpose, such as stopping water, holding soil, protecting infrastructure and navigation channels, and reducing erosion. The document provides details on the purpose, construction, and characteristics of each structure type.
Shoreline Engineering and their consideration.pptx
This document discusses shoreline engineering and techniques for protecting shorelines. It describes shorelines as the transition zones between land and water that provide benefits but require engineering considerations to maintain integrity and prevent erosion. Shoreline engineering techniques discussed include groynes, gabions, concrete walls, sand dunes, and beach replenishment to protect from erosion from waves, currents, and storms. The document also discusses considerations for shoreline engineering projects, such as using natural materials where possible, designing structures based on wave heights, and preventing development in vulnerable coastal areas.
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Coastal Management
- 1. Coastal Management Coastal Flows and Processes
- 2. What is Coastal Management? This refers to sea defence or coastal protection All three of which means protection of the beach against flooding and erosion
- 3. Hard Engineering These are methods that aim to stop the coastal processes from occurring It involves the use of man made structures to defend against the erosive power of waves Some structures used are gabions, groynes, re-curved sea walls, revetments and rip raps
- 4. Soft Engineering These are methods that try to work with nature to protect the coast These focus on planning, management and changing individual attitudes towards coastal protection Beaches or naturally formed materials are used to control or re-direct erosion processes Some coastal features used are sand dunes and salt marshes. Beach replenishment is also a form of soft engineering
- 7. They create a zone of calm water behind them
- 9. They are built into cliff faces to protect the cliff from the force of the waves
- 11. The aim is to stop the movement of material along the beach due to longshore drift
- 12. They are effective at reducing erosion in the area they are constructed in by causing significant build up of beach material.
- 14. Very costly
- 16. Energy of the wave is dissipated effectively as water is let through the spaces between the boulders
- 18. Beach material builds up behind them
- 20. Beach Replenishment This process involves the transportation of sand from elsewhere to be distributed along the beach Environmentally, this is the preferred method as it keeps the beauty of the landscape of the beach It is very costly and time consuming as regular replenishments are required
- 22. No building of new structures is allowed in coastal areas vulnerable to coastal erosion.
- 24. Stabilising Dunes Coastal dunes can be found along the shore where lots of sand and strong winds exist. The winds carry and deposit the land on the coast further inland, forming coastal dunes gradually which help defend the coast from the sea. However they are very fragile and thus access points to the beach are controlled and designated. Shrubs and trees are planted to stabilise the dunes to anchor the sand.
- 25. Growth of Coral Reefs They can weaken wave energy. Artificial reefs are created along the coast to help enhance fishing opportunities, serve as undersea barriers and replace damaged coral reefs.