A visually enchanting presentation of Transformers, including the most important details but in an appealing way. One of those presentations I enjoyed working on a lot

1. TRANSFORMERS
BY
- AKSHAT JAISWAL
(21052646)
- HARSHITA BARNWAL (21052665)

2. CONTENTS
• I N T R O D U C T I O N
• N E E D F O R T R A N S F O R M E R
• P R I N C I P L E O F O P E R A T I O N
• I D E A L T R A N S F O R M E R
• E M F E Q U A T I O N
• L O S S E S I N T R A N S F O R M E R
• T Y P E S O F T R A N S F O R M E R S
• C O N S T R U C T I O N O F T R A N S F O R M E R

3. What is a
Transformer?
 An A.C. device used to change high
voltage low current A.C. into low
voltage high current A.C. and vice-
versa without changing the frequency
1. Transfers electric power from one
circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of
frequency
3. It accomplishes this by
electromagnetic mutual induction

4. PRINCIPLE OF
OPERATION
 It is based on the principle of ELECTROMAGNETIC MUTUAL
INDUCTION
• Electromagnetic Mutual Induction:
When the current is provided to the Primary Winding it behaves as electromagnet due
to this an EMF is induced in the Secondary winding as it comes in the are having
magnetic field lines due to Primary Winding.
V s =
N s . d Φ / d t
Vs = Secondary Winding Voltage
Ns = Secondary Winding Turns

5. C O N D I T I O N S F O R A N
I D E A L T R A N S F O R M E R
• Zero Leakage Flux
• Flux produced by the primary and secondary
currents are confined within the core
• The windings have no resistance
• Induced voltages equal applied voltages
• The core has infinite permeability
• Reluctance of the core is zero
• Negligible current is required to establish
magnetic flux
• Loss-less magnetic core
• No hysteresis or eddy currents

6. N E E D F O R
T R A N S F O R M E R
 In most cases, appliances are
manufactured to work under some
specific voltages. Transformers are
used to adjust the voltages to a
proper level
 The transformers are the basic
components for the transmission of
the electricity. They are used to
overcome transmission losses
 Transformer is used to increase the
voltage at the power generating
station (Step up) and used to
decrease the voltage (Step down) for
house hold purpose
 By increasing the voltages the loss
of the electricity in the

7. C O N S T R U C T I O N
• T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t
p a r t s o f a t r a n s f o r m e r
a r e t h e w i n d i n g s
( c o i l s ) a n d t h e c o r e
• S o m e o t h e r p a r t s s u c h
a s a s u i t a b l e t a n k ,
c o n s e r v a t o r , b u s h i n g s ,
b r e a t h e r , e x p l o s i o n
v e n t , e t c . a r e a l s o
u s e d a l o n g w i t h t h e
c o r e a n d w i n d i n g s .

8. C O N S T R U C T I O N
L a m i n a t e d C
o re
W i n d i n g Ta n k I s o l a t i o n B re a t h e r
Cores are
designed not to
have current in
them. But still,
there is a leakage
current or the
Eddy current
present in it. To
minimize these
currents the cores
are laminated
Made up of
copper or
aluminum coated
with a very thin
layer of insulation
The main function
of the conservator
tank of the
transformer is to
provide adequate
space for
expanding oil
inside the
transformer. It is
usually cylindrical
or cubical.
It is provided by
using Synthetic Oil
between the Core
and Tank
Attached to the
conservator tank.
They serve as the
breathing point of
the transformer.
The breather
contains silica gel
crystals which
have a
tremendous
capacity for
absorbing
moisture.

9. T Y P E S O F
T R A N S F O R M E R
• The transformer is of
different types depending
on the arrangement of the
core and the winding as
follows.
• The magnetic core is a
stack of thin silicon-
steel laminations about
0.35 mm thick for 50 Hz
transformer. In order to
reduce the eddy current
losses, these laminations
are insulated from one
 Core Type
 Shell Type
 Berry TYpe

10. SHELL TYPE CORE TYPE
• The core has two windows
• Core encircles the windings
• Sandwich-type windings are used
• It is not so easy to repair
• Cooling is not very effective
• The core has only one window
• Winding encircles the core
• Cylindrical windings are used
• Easy to repair
• Better cooling since more surface is
exposed to the atmosphere

11. S
H
E
L
L
T
Y
P
E

12. C
O
R
E
T
Y
P
E

13. LOSSES IN A
TRANSF ORMER
 In any electrical machine, ‘loss’ can be
defined as the difference between input power
and output power.
 An electrical transformer is a static device,
hence mechanical losses (like windage or
friction losses) are absent in it.
 A transformer only consists of electrical
losses (iron losses and copper losses).
 All these losses in the transformer are
dissipated in the form of heat.

14. L O S S E S I N A
T R A N S F O R M E R

15. IRON LOSS COPPER LOSS
• These losses occur in the core of the
transformer and are generated due
to the variations in the flux
• They depend upon the magnetic
properties of the material used for
the construction of the core, Hence
these losses are also known as core
losses or iron losses.
• Copper loss is due to power wasted
in the form of I² × R, where ‘I’ is the
current passing through the
windings and R is the internal
resistance of the windings
(primary and secondary)
• It is clear that Cu loss is
proportional to the square of the
current, and current depends on the
load. Hence copper loss in the
transformer varies with the load.
• It is also called ‘variable loss’.

16. E D D Y C U R R E N T
L O S S
• In the transformer, the
leakage magnetic flux is
linked with the conducting
parts like the steel core
or iron body of the
transformer, which will
result in induced emf in
those parts, causing a
small circulating current
in them
• This current is called an
eddy current. Due to these
eddy currents, some
energy will be dissipated
in the form of heat
• Lamination of core

17. H Y S T E R E S I S
L O S S
• Hysteresis loss is due to
the repeated magnetization
and demagnetization in the
transformer core. The
energy is lost in each
hysteresis cycle
• This loss depends upon the
volume and grade of the
iron, frequency of
magnetic reversals, and
value of flux density
• Soft magnetic materials
with low hysteresis such
as silicon steel and CRGO
Steel are usually used in
the core to reduce the

18. Leakage
Flux
Leakage flux is the flux
that will pass through the
winding insulation and
transformer insulating oil
instead of passing through
the core. Due to this
leakage flux in the
transformer, both primary
and secondary windings
have leakage reactance.

19. APPLICATIONS
1. Transmitting electrical energy over long
distances through wires.
2. Transformers with several secondary’s are
used in television and radio receivers where
several different voltages are required.
3. Used as voltage regulators.
4. Used almost everywhere in day-to-day life.

20. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our
professor Mrs. Tapaswini Biswal who gave us the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful activity on the topic
“Transformers”, which also helped us in doing a lot of research and
we came to know about so many things.
Secondly, we would like to thank our friends who helped us a lot in
finishing this activity within the stipulated time. It helped us to
increase our knowledge and skills.
Akshat Jaiswal
Roll no.-21052646
Harshita Barnwal
Roll no.-21052665

21. Thank You
!!