The document provides information about coordinate geometry and straight lines. It defines key concepts like the Cartesian plane, distance between points, slopes of lines, equations of lines in various forms, and transformations of graphs. It also gives examples of determining the type of triangles based on side lengths and slopes, finding equations of lines satisfying given conditions, and identifying collinear points. Practice problems are included at the end to test the understanding of these geometric and algebraic concepts.
1. The document discusses various concepts in coordinate geometry including the distance formula, midpoint formula, section formula, equations of lines, angle between lines, and finding the circumcenter and orthocenter of triangles.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating the distance between two points, midpoint of a line segment, ratio of division of a line segment, slope and various forms of equations of a line.
3. Methods are described for finding the angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line, distance between parallel lines, conditions of collinearity, and locating the circumcenter and orthocenter of triangles. Practice problems with solutions are also included.
This document provides information about coordinate grids, ordered pairs, and formulas in coordinate geometry. It defines key terms like coordinates, quadrants, and distance and section formulas. The distance formula calculates the distance between two points with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). The section formula finds the coordinates of a point that divides a line segment between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in a given ratio. It also discusses finding the midpoint and calculating the area of a triangle using coordinates.
The document defines key concepts related to coordinate grids and ordered pairs:
- A coordinate grid uses horizontal and vertical intersecting lines to locate points via distances from the lines.
- The x-axis is horizontal and the y-axis is vertical.
- Ordered pairs use the format (x,y) to give the location of a point by listing the distance from each axis.
- Points can be plotted on a four-quadrant grid by first finding the x value and then the y value, with negative numbers indicating left/below the origin.
The document discusses applications of integration, including calculating the length of a curve and surface area of solids obtained by rotating curves. It provides formulas for finding the arc length of a curve given by y=f(x), and surface area of solids obtained by rotating curves about the x- or y-axes. Examples are worked out applying these formulas to find the arc length of curves and surface area of rotated regions. The document also discusses evaluating triple integrals to find the volume of a three-dimensional region and using triple integrals to find the centroid of a volume.
This document provides information about coordinate geometry, including finding the distance between two points, the midpoint and division of a line segment, area of polygons, and equations of straight lines. It gives formulas and examples for calculating the distance between points using the Pythagorean theorem, finding the midpoint and points dividing a line segment in a given ratio, and computing the area of triangles and quadrilaterals. It also explains how to determine the gradient, x-intercept, and y-intercept of a straight line and write the equation of a straight line in general and gradient forms. Exercises are provided to apply these concepts.
This document provides an overview of quadratic equations, including definitions, methods for solving quadratic equations such as factoring, completing the square, and using the quadratic formula, and applications of quadratic equations. Key topics covered include defining linear and quadratic equations, solving quadratics by factoring when possible and using completing the square or the quadratic formula when not factorable, deriving the quadratic formula, interpreting the discriminant, and modeling real-world situations with quadratic equations.
The document contains 11 multi-part math problems involving vector calculus concepts like divergence, flux, and curl. It provides the problems, calculations, and answers for finding things like the angle between two vectors, components of a vector field, and evaluating vector expressions at given points and over surfaces using theorems like divergence and Stokes' theorem.
The document provides information about coordinate geometry and straight lines. It defines key concepts like the Cartesian plane, distance between points, slopes of lines, equations of lines in various forms, and transformations of graphs. It also gives examples of determining the type of triangles based on side lengths and slopes, finding equations of lines satisfying given conditions, and identifying collinear points. Practice problems are included at the end to test the understanding of these geometric and algebraic concepts.
1. The document discusses various concepts in coordinate geometry including the distance formula, midpoint formula, section formula, equations of lines, angle between lines, and finding the circumcenter and orthocenter of triangles.
2. Formulas are provided for calculating the distance between two points, midpoint of a line segment, ratio of division of a line segment, slope and various forms of equations of a line.
3. Methods are described for finding the angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line, distance between parallel lines, conditions of collinearity, and locating the circumcenter and orthocenter of triangles. Practice problems with solutions are also included.
This document provides information about coordinate grids, ordered pairs, and formulas in coordinate geometry. It defines key terms like coordinates, quadrants, and distance and section formulas. The distance formula calculates the distance between two points with coordinates (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). The section formula finds the coordinates of a point that divides a line segment between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in a given ratio. It also discusses finding the midpoint and calculating the area of a triangle using coordinates.
The document defines key concepts related to coordinate grids and ordered pairs:
- A coordinate grid uses horizontal and vertical intersecting lines to locate points via distances from the lines.
- The x-axis is horizontal and the y-axis is vertical.
- Ordered pairs use the format (x,y) to give the location of a point by listing the distance from each axis.
- Points can be plotted on a four-quadrant grid by first finding the x value and then the y value, with negative numbers indicating left/below the origin.
The document discusses applications of integration, including calculating the length of a curve and surface area of solids obtained by rotating curves. It provides formulas for finding the arc length of a curve given by y=f(x), and surface area of solids obtained by rotating curves about the x- or y-axes. Examples are worked out applying these formulas to find the arc length of curves and surface area of rotated regions. The document also discusses evaluating triple integrals to find the volume of a three-dimensional region and using triple integrals to find the centroid of a volume.
This document provides information about coordinate geometry, including finding the distance between two points, the midpoint and division of a line segment, area of polygons, and equations of straight lines. It gives formulas and examples for calculating the distance between points using the Pythagorean theorem, finding the midpoint and points dividing a line segment in a given ratio, and computing the area of triangles and quadrilaterals. It also explains how to determine the gradient, x-intercept, and y-intercept of a straight line and write the equation of a straight line in general and gradient forms. Exercises are provided to apply these concepts.
This document provides an overview of quadratic equations, including definitions, methods for solving quadratic equations such as factoring, completing the square, and using the quadratic formula, and applications of quadratic equations. Key topics covered include defining linear and quadratic equations, solving quadratics by factoring when possible and using completing the square or the quadratic formula when not factorable, deriving the quadratic formula, interpreting the discriminant, and modeling real-world situations with quadratic equations.
The document contains 11 multi-part math problems involving vector calculus concepts like divergence, flux, and curl. It provides the problems, calculations, and answers for finding things like the angle between two vectors, components of a vector field, and evaluating vector expressions at given points and over surfaces using theorems like divergence and Stokes' theorem.
The document discusses statically determinate arches and their analysis using analytical methods. It provides examples of calculating reactions, bending moments, normal forces, and shear forces at different points along three-hinged parabolic and circular arches given their equations. Calculations are shown for determining these values at various points along the arches using equations of equilibrium and geometry.
This document discusses the unit circle and circular functions. It begins by explaining how the unit circle is used to define trigonometric function values and determine the measure of an angle based on its coordinates. It then defines the circular functions in terms of the unit circle and provides examples of evaluating circular function values both numerically and exactly. The document concludes by explaining linear and angular speed for a point rotating along a circle.
This document discusses vector-valued functions and their integrals. It defines the indefinite and definite integrals of a vector-valued function f(t) = (f1(t), f2(t), ..., fn(t)). It also defines the arc length of a curve C described by a vector-valued function from a to b. It introduces the unit tangent vector T(t), principal normal vector N(t), and binormal vector B(t) that form the moving frame (trihedron) along the curve. It defines the osculating plane, normal plane, and rectifying plane associated with a point f(t0) on the curve.
Here are the steps to find the centroid of each given plane region:
1. Region bounded by y = 10x - x^2, x-axis, x = 2, x = 5:
- Set up the integral to find the area A: ∫2^5 (10x - x^2) dx
- Evaluate the integral: A = 96
- Set up the integrals to find the x- and y-moments: ∫2^5 x(10x - x^2) dx and ∫2^5 (10x - x^2)x dx
- Evaluate the integrals: Mx = 192, My = 960
- Use the formulas for centroid: C
1. The document provides 6 problems involving coordinate geometry. The problems involve finding equations of lines, points of intersection of lines, perpendicular and parallel lines, loci of points, and calculating areas of triangles. Detailed solutions and working are provided for each problem.
2. Additional problems involve finding coordinates of points based on ratios of line segments, perpendicular lines, and loci of points that satisfy given distance conditions from other points. Solutions find equations of lines and loci, and use intersections to determine coordinates.
3. The final problem calculates the area of a triangle given the coordinates of its vertices, which were previously determined based on a locus condition for one of the points.
The document discusses coordinate geometry and defines key terms like axes of reference, coordinates of a point, distance formula, section formula, and area of a triangle. It provides examples of using these concepts and formulas to solve problems like finding the coordinates of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio, or the area of a triangle given the coordinates of its vertices.
This document provides an overview of arc length, curvature, and torsion for plane and space curves. It defines arc length as the line integral of the magnitude of the tangent vector over an interval. Curvature is defined as the rate of change of the tangent vector and formulas are provided to calculate it in terms of derivatives of the position vector components. Torsion measures how sharply a space curve is twisting out of its plane of curvature. A formula is given for torsion in terms of derivatives of the position vector and the cross product of the tangent and normal vectors. An example problem calculates the arc length of a space curve and determines the curvature of a plane curve.
This module introduces functions and how to distinguish them from relations. It discusses:
1) Defining a function and differentiating it from a relation using arrow diagrams and the vertical line test.
2) Identifying the domain and range of a function using sets of ordered pairs.
3) Recognizing functional relationships in real-life situations where one variable depends on another in a one-to-one or many-to-one way.
This document provides notes on determining various properties of planes in 3D space, including:
1) The perpendicular distance from a point to a plane using either vector or Cartesian methods.
2) The angle between a plane and line by taking the arcsine of the dot product of their normal vectors.
3) The angle between two planes by taking the arccosine of the dot product of their normal vectors.
Worked examples are provided for calculating distances, angles, and deriving relevant formulas. Revision questions at the end reinforce the content through calculation practice.
Solution manual for introduction to finite element analysis and design nam ...Salehkhanovic
Solution Manual for Introduction to Finite Element Analysis and Design
Author(s) : Nam-Ho Kim and Bhavani V. Sankar
This solution manual include all problems (Chapters 0 to 8) of textbook.
The document discusses topics in coordinate geometry including slopes, length of line segments, midpoints, and proofs. It provides formulas and examples for calculating slopes, lengths of lines, and midpoints. It also discusses using an analytical approach to prove geometric theorems through using coordinates, formulas, and algebraic manipulations rather than relying solely on diagrams.
The document discusses the unit circle and trigonometric functions. It defines the unit circle as having a radius of 1 unit and center at the origin (0,0). The equation of the unit circle is provided as x2 + y2 = 1. Quadrantal angles are defined as angles whose terminal rays lie along one of the axes at 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360°. Trigonometric functions are defined in terms of the x- and y-coordinates on the unit circle. Special right triangles and their properties are also discussed.
Matrices can be used to represent 2D geometric transformations such as translation, scaling, and rotation. Translations are represented by adding a translation vector to coordinates. Scaling is represented by multiplying coordinates by scaling factors. Rotations are represented by premultiplying coordinates with a rotation matrix. Multiple transformations can be combined by multiplying their respective matrices. Using homogeneous coordinates allows all transformations to be uniformly represented as matrix multiplications.
The document defines trigonometric functions using the unit circle. It shows that the sine of an angle is equal to the y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle where the terminal side of the angle intersects, while the cosine is equal to the x-coordinate. The tangent is defined as the ratio of the sine to the cosine. Key properties discussed include the periodic nature of the trig functions with periods of 360 degrees or 2π radians, and whether functions are even or odd based on their behavior under negative inputs.
This document discusses numerical integration techniques including the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3 rule, and Gaussian quadrature. It provides examples of calculating definite integrals using each method. The trapezoidal rule approximates the integral by dividing the region into trapezoids. Simpson's 1/3 rule is more accurate and divides the region into Simpson panels. Gaussian quadrature uses specific abscissas and weights to accurately estimate integrals, such as using one, two, or three points. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating area under a curve and definite integrals using these numerical integration methods.
This module covers trigonometric equations and identities. Students will learn to:
1. State fundamental trigonometric identities like reciprocal, quotient, and Pythagorean identities.
2. Prove trigonometric identities algebraically by transforming one side into the other.
3. Use sum and difference formulas for sine and cosine to find values of trig functions of angles that are not special angles.
4. Solve simple trigonometric equations.
Worked examples are provided to simplify expressions using identities, prove identities by algebraic manipulation, and apply sum and difference formulas to find trig values of combined angles.
Chapter 5: Determinant
Covered Topics:
5.1 Definition of Determinant
5.2 Expansion of Determinant of order 2X3
5.3 Crammer’s rule to solve simultaneous equations in 3 unknowns
Youtube Link: https://youtu.be/C2qctvyjG7U
Document:
Our Blog Link: http://jjratnani.wordpress.com/
The document discusses the transformation of coordinates from rectangular to polar coordinates and vice versa. It provides definitions and examples of how to perform these transformations using trigonometric functions. It also explains how to perform translations and rotations of coordinate axes, providing examples of transforming equations under these changes of coordinates. Finally, it discusses representing a circle and parabola using polar coordinate equations.
Un sistema de coordenadas es un conjunto de valores que permiten definir la posición de cualquier punto de un espacio vectorial.
Estos sistemas de coordenadas son de suma importancia ya que para resolver problemas de electrotástica, magnetostática y
campos variables en el tiempo, tenemos que tener un conocimiento previo de cómo utilizarlos y cómo hacer cambios de bases
vectoriales entre ellos para que la resolución de los problemas sea menos compleja.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS
Para adentrarnos en el tema de transformación de coordenadas, considero que es importante conocer primeramente, la definición y/u concepto
de lo que es un sistema de coordenadas, así que iniciando desde este punto, tenemos que:
Un sistema de coordenadas es un sistema que utiliza uno o más números (coordenadas) para determinar unívocamente la posición de un
punto u objeto geométrico.
El orden en que se escriben las coordenadas es significativo y a veces se las identifica por su posición en una tupla ordenada; también se las
puede representar con letras, como por ejemplo (la coordenada-x). El estudio de los sistemas de coordenadas es objeto de la geometría
analítica, permite formular los problemas geométricos de forma "numérica“.
Teniendo esto en claro, podemos definir a aquello que se conoce como Transformación de coordenadas… Entonces, tenemos que:
La transformación de coordenadas es una operación por la cual una relación, expresión o figura se cambia en otra siguiendo una ley dada.
Analíticamente, la ley se expresa por una o mas ecuaciones llamadas ecuaciones de transformación.
También se define como el cambio de posición de los ejes de referencia en un sistema de coordenadas, ya sea por traslación, rotación, o ambas. El propósito de dicho cambio por lo general es simplificar la ecuación de una curva para manejo posterior.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS RECTANGULARES A POLARES
Primero definiremos a cada sistema de coordenadas…
Coordenadas Rectangulares:son aquellas que nos permiten determinar la ubicación de un punto mediante dos distancias y refiriéndolas a una dirección base y a un punto base.
The document discusses statically determinate arches and their analysis using analytical methods. It provides examples of calculating reactions, bending moments, normal forces, and shear forces at different points along three-hinged parabolic and circular arches given their equations. Calculations are shown for determining these values at various points along the arches using equations of equilibrium and geometry.
This document discusses the unit circle and circular functions. It begins by explaining how the unit circle is used to define trigonometric function values and determine the measure of an angle based on its coordinates. It then defines the circular functions in terms of the unit circle and provides examples of evaluating circular function values both numerically and exactly. The document concludes by explaining linear and angular speed for a point rotating along a circle.
This document discusses vector-valued functions and their integrals. It defines the indefinite and definite integrals of a vector-valued function f(t) = (f1(t), f2(t), ..., fn(t)). It also defines the arc length of a curve C described by a vector-valued function from a to b. It introduces the unit tangent vector T(t), principal normal vector N(t), and binormal vector B(t) that form the moving frame (trihedron) along the curve. It defines the osculating plane, normal plane, and rectifying plane associated with a point f(t0) on the curve.
Here are the steps to find the centroid of each given plane region:
1. Region bounded by y = 10x - x^2, x-axis, x = 2, x = 5:
- Set up the integral to find the area A: ∫2^5 (10x - x^2) dx
- Evaluate the integral: A = 96
- Set up the integrals to find the x- and y-moments: ∫2^5 x(10x - x^2) dx and ∫2^5 (10x - x^2)x dx
- Evaluate the integrals: Mx = 192, My = 960
- Use the formulas for centroid: C
1. The document provides 6 problems involving coordinate geometry. The problems involve finding equations of lines, points of intersection of lines, perpendicular and parallel lines, loci of points, and calculating areas of triangles. Detailed solutions and working are provided for each problem.
2. Additional problems involve finding coordinates of points based on ratios of line segments, perpendicular lines, and loci of points that satisfy given distance conditions from other points. Solutions find equations of lines and loci, and use intersections to determine coordinates.
3. The final problem calculates the area of a triangle given the coordinates of its vertices, which were previously determined based on a locus condition for one of the points.
The document discusses coordinate geometry and defines key terms like axes of reference, coordinates of a point, distance formula, section formula, and area of a triangle. It provides examples of using these concepts and formulas to solve problems like finding the coordinates of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio, or the area of a triangle given the coordinates of its vertices.
This document provides an overview of arc length, curvature, and torsion for plane and space curves. It defines arc length as the line integral of the magnitude of the tangent vector over an interval. Curvature is defined as the rate of change of the tangent vector and formulas are provided to calculate it in terms of derivatives of the position vector components. Torsion measures how sharply a space curve is twisting out of its plane of curvature. A formula is given for torsion in terms of derivatives of the position vector and the cross product of the tangent and normal vectors. An example problem calculates the arc length of a space curve and determines the curvature of a plane curve.
This module introduces functions and how to distinguish them from relations. It discusses:
1) Defining a function and differentiating it from a relation using arrow diagrams and the vertical line test.
2) Identifying the domain and range of a function using sets of ordered pairs.
3) Recognizing functional relationships in real-life situations where one variable depends on another in a one-to-one or many-to-one way.
This document provides notes on determining various properties of planes in 3D space, including:
1) The perpendicular distance from a point to a plane using either vector or Cartesian methods.
2) The angle between a plane and line by taking the arcsine of the dot product of their normal vectors.
3) The angle between two planes by taking the arccosine of the dot product of their normal vectors.
Worked examples are provided for calculating distances, angles, and deriving relevant formulas. Revision questions at the end reinforce the content through calculation practice.
Solution manual for introduction to finite element analysis and design nam ...Salehkhanovic
Solution Manual for Introduction to Finite Element Analysis and Design
Author(s) : Nam-Ho Kim and Bhavani V. Sankar
This solution manual include all problems (Chapters 0 to 8) of textbook.
The document discusses topics in coordinate geometry including slopes, length of line segments, midpoints, and proofs. It provides formulas and examples for calculating slopes, lengths of lines, and midpoints. It also discusses using an analytical approach to prove geometric theorems through using coordinates, formulas, and algebraic manipulations rather than relying solely on diagrams.
The document discusses the unit circle and trigonometric functions. It defines the unit circle as having a radius of 1 unit and center at the origin (0,0). The equation of the unit circle is provided as x2 + y2 = 1. Quadrantal angles are defined as angles whose terminal rays lie along one of the axes at 90°, 180°, 270°, and 360°. Trigonometric functions are defined in terms of the x- and y-coordinates on the unit circle. Special right triangles and their properties are also discussed.
Matrices can be used to represent 2D geometric transformations such as translation, scaling, and rotation. Translations are represented by adding a translation vector to coordinates. Scaling is represented by multiplying coordinates by scaling factors. Rotations are represented by premultiplying coordinates with a rotation matrix. Multiple transformations can be combined by multiplying their respective matrices. Using homogeneous coordinates allows all transformations to be uniformly represented as matrix multiplications.
The document defines trigonometric functions using the unit circle. It shows that the sine of an angle is equal to the y-coordinate of the point on the unit circle where the terminal side of the angle intersects, while the cosine is equal to the x-coordinate. The tangent is defined as the ratio of the sine to the cosine. Key properties discussed include the periodic nature of the trig functions with periods of 360 degrees or 2π radians, and whether functions are even or odd based on their behavior under negative inputs.
This document discusses numerical integration techniques including the trapezoidal rule, Simpson's 1/3 rule, and Gaussian quadrature. It provides examples of calculating definite integrals using each method. The trapezoidal rule approximates the integral by dividing the region into trapezoids. Simpson's 1/3 rule is more accurate and divides the region into Simpson panels. Gaussian quadrature uses specific abscissas and weights to accurately estimate integrals, such as using one, two, or three points. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating area under a curve and definite integrals using these numerical integration methods.
This module covers trigonometric equations and identities. Students will learn to:
1. State fundamental trigonometric identities like reciprocal, quotient, and Pythagorean identities.
2. Prove trigonometric identities algebraically by transforming one side into the other.
3. Use sum and difference formulas for sine and cosine to find values of trig functions of angles that are not special angles.
4. Solve simple trigonometric equations.
Worked examples are provided to simplify expressions using identities, prove identities by algebraic manipulation, and apply sum and difference formulas to find trig values of combined angles.
Chapter 5: Determinant
Covered Topics:
5.1 Definition of Determinant
5.2 Expansion of Determinant of order 2X3
5.3 Crammer’s rule to solve simultaneous equations in 3 unknowns
Youtube Link: https://youtu.be/C2qctvyjG7U
Document:
Our Blog Link: http://jjratnani.wordpress.com/
The document discusses the transformation of coordinates from rectangular to polar coordinates and vice versa. It provides definitions and examples of how to perform these transformations using trigonometric functions. It also explains how to perform translations and rotations of coordinate axes, providing examples of transforming equations under these changes of coordinates. Finally, it discusses representing a circle and parabola using polar coordinate equations.
Un sistema de coordenadas es un conjunto de valores que permiten definir la posición de cualquier punto de un espacio vectorial.
Estos sistemas de coordenadas son de suma importancia ya que para resolver problemas de electrotástica, magnetostática y
campos variables en el tiempo, tenemos que tener un conocimiento previo de cómo utilizarlos y cómo hacer cambios de bases
vectoriales entre ellos para que la resolución de los problemas sea menos compleja.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS
Para adentrarnos en el tema de transformación de coordenadas, considero que es importante conocer primeramente, la definición y/u concepto
de lo que es un sistema de coordenadas, así que iniciando desde este punto, tenemos que:
Un sistema de coordenadas es un sistema que utiliza uno o más números (coordenadas) para determinar unívocamente la posición de un
punto u objeto geométrico.
El orden en que se escriben las coordenadas es significativo y a veces se las identifica por su posición en una tupla ordenada; también se las
puede representar con letras, como por ejemplo (la coordenada-x). El estudio de los sistemas de coordenadas es objeto de la geometría
analítica, permite formular los problemas geométricos de forma "numérica“.
Teniendo esto en claro, podemos definir a aquello que se conoce como Transformación de coordenadas… Entonces, tenemos que:
La transformación de coordenadas es una operación por la cual una relación, expresión o figura se cambia en otra siguiendo una ley dada.
Analíticamente, la ley se expresa por una o mas ecuaciones llamadas ecuaciones de transformación.
También se define como el cambio de posición de los ejes de referencia en un sistema de coordenadas, ya sea por traslación, rotación, o ambas. El propósito de dicho cambio por lo general es simplificar la ecuación de una curva para manejo posterior.
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS RECTANGULARES A POLARES
Primero definiremos a cada sistema de coordenadas…
Coordenadas Rectangulares:son aquellas que nos permiten determinar la ubicación de un punto mediante dos distancias y refiriéndolas a una dirección base y a un punto base.
The document discusses determining the equation of a circle given its diameter or radius and center. It provides an example of finding the standard form equation of a circle given the endpoints of its diameter (-3,6) and (3,-2). It also presents a word problem about determining if a point (3,3) lies within a danger zone defined as a circle of radius 4km centered at the origin. It shows solving this graphically and by substituting the point into the standard form equation.
The document discusses equations of lines, including:
1) The gradient-point form of a straight line equation which uses the gradient and coordinates of one point to determine the equation.
2) Calculating the gradient from two points on a line and using it to find the angle of inclination.
3) Determining the equation of a line parallel to another line, by setting their gradients equal since parallel lines have the same gradient.
This document discusses trigonometric identities. It describes the basic types of identities such as basic identities, sum and difference identities, double angle identities, and half angle identities. It also discusses product-sum and sum-product identities. Examples of specific identities are given such as the Pythagorean identity, reciprocal identities, and even-odd identities. Methods for deriving identities from angle addition or subtraction are explained. Several examples of using identities to solve for trigonometric functions of specific angles are provided.
This document defines and explains ordered pairs, rectangular coordinate systems, and formulas for distance and midpoint between points in a coordinate plane. It begins by defining ordered pairs and how they represent relationships between elements of two sets. It then introduces the rectangular coordinate system using perpendicular x and y axes intersecting at the origin, and how points are located using ordered pair coordinates. It provides the distance formula for finding the distance between any two points using their x and y coordinates. Examples are given to demonstrate using the formula and interpreting results. The midpoint formula is also defined for finding the midpoint of a line segment given the endpoints. Examples are worked through for both formulas.
Module 5 (Part 3-Revised)-Functions and Relations.pdfGaleJean
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in a way led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the removal of long-standing personal benefits to the workers such as tax (tribute) and forced labor exemptions on order from the Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
1) The document discusses various geometric concepts in multi-variable calculus including the Cartesian plane R2, distance between points, midpoint of a line segment, circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas.
2) It provides examples of solving problems related to these concepts, such as proving points are collinear, finding midpoints of diagonals of a quadrilateral, and graphing various equations.
3) The document concludes by listing two references used in teaching these multi-variable calculus topics.
The document discusses various topics relating to the transformation of coordinates including:
1) The transformation of coordinates is a process of changing a relationship, expression, or figure into another following a given law, which is analytically expressed through one or more transformation equations.
2) It describes how to convert between rectangular and polar coordinates using trigonometric functions.
3) It also explains how to perform translations and rotations of coordinate axes, which are important transformations.
This document provides 30 problems involving vectors. The problems cover topics such as determining whether vectors are collinear or orthogonal, calculating angles between vectors, finding vector equations of lines, and solving geometry problems using vectors. Solutions are provided for each problem.
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, “knowledge, study, learning”) is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope and definition of mathematics
The document discusses key concepts related to the Cartesian plane including:
- The Cartesian plane is formed by two perpendicular number lines called the x-axis and y-axis intersecting at the origin point.
- Any point P on the plane can be located using its coordinates (x,y) which indicate the point's position along the x and y axes.
- The distance between two points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2) can be calculated using the distance formula.
- Key curves that can be represented on the Cartesian plane include lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas through their defining equations.
This document provides information about a book on coordinate geometry. It includes:
- Contact information for the author, Baraka Loibanguti.
- Copyright information stating the book is free to learners and teachers but cannot be sold, reprinted, or posted online without permission.
- An introductory chapter on coordinates and rectangular coordinate systems including defining points using x and y coordinates, naming coordinates, and finding the distance between two points.
- Methods for finding the area of triangles using coordinates and definitions of collinear points.
- A section on finding the angle between two lines using their slopes in the tangent ratio.
Paso 3: Álgebra, Trigonometría y Geometría AnalíticaTrigogeogebraunad
This document provides a summary of a lesson on trigonometry, including definitions, key topics, and example problems. It begins with definitions of trigonometry, explaining it relates to the measurement of triangles. Key topics covered that are necessary to solve sample problems include the Law of Sines, Law of Cosines, trigonometric ratios of sine, cosine and tangent, and trigonometric identities. Sample problems applying the Law of Sines and Law of Cosines are worked out in detail. Additional topics covered include graphing trigonometric functions with GeoGebra and calculating trigonometric ratios for right triangles. Trigonometric identities are also defined and an example identity problem is worked through.
1. The document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on coordinate geometry including calculating the distance and midpoint between two points, finding the slope and equation of a line, calculating the area of a triangle, finding the angle between two lines, and dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Transformación de coordenadas
1. TRANSFORMACIÓN DE COORDENADAS
Maturín, diciembre de 2021.
Docente:
Doc. Ely Ramírez Bachiller:
Bello José
CI:27.287.508
Lapso 2021-2
Asignatura:
Control de Procesos
Sección A
2do corte
REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO POLITÉCNICO
“SANTIAGO MARIÑO”
EXTENSIÓN MATURÍN
2. TABLA DE CONTENIDO
DESARROLLO TEORICO................................................................ 3
Transformación de coordenadas ................................................... 3
Transformación de coordenadas polares a rectangulares ............. 3
Transformación de coordenadas rectangulares a polares ............. 4
Traslación de ejes.......................................................................... 5
Rotación de ejes ............................................................................ 7
Representación gráfica de una circunferencia y una parábola en
coordenadas polares.............................................................................. 9
3. 3
DESARROLLO TEORICO
Transformación de coordenadas
De acuerdo con Lehman (Geometría Analítica, 1989, pág. 134) “es el
proceso que consiste en cambiar una relación, expresión o figura en otra”
… “Así, podemos una ecuación algebraica en otra ecuación cada una de
cuyas raíces sea el triple de la raíz correspondiente de la ecuación dada; o
podemos transformar una expresión trigonométrica en otra usando las
relaciones trigonométricas fundamentales”.
Transformación de coordenadas polares a rectangulares
Para efectuar una transformación de coordenadas polares a
coordenadas rectangulares debemos conocer las relaciones que existen
entre ambas. Basándonos en la figura 2, Sea P un punto cualquiera que
tenga por coordenadas rectangulares (x, y) y por coordenadas polares (r,
θ), se puede determinar mediante el Teorema de Pitágoras,
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃,
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃,
Figura 1. Transformación de coordenadas polares a
rectangulares.
4. 4
Ejemplo:
Sea (4, 120º) las coordenadas de un punto polar, hallar sus
coordenadas rectangulares.
Solución:
Para un punto P (4, 120º), r=4 y θ=120. Usando las fórmulas
anteriores para transformación de polar a rectangular,
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 4 cos 120 = 4 (−
1
2
) = −2
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 = 4 sin 120 = 4
√3
2
= 2√3
Las coordenadas rectangulares del punto P son: 𝑃(−2, 2√3)
Transformación de coordenadas rectangulares a polares
Igual que en el punto anterior, mediante Pitágoras y trigonometría se
originan las siguientes ecuaciones,
𝑟 = ± √𝑥2 + 𝑦2,
sin 𝜃 = ±
𝑦
√𝑥2 + 𝑦2
,
cos 𝜃 = ±
𝑥
√𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥
𝑦
Ejemplo:
Hallar las coordenadas polares en un punto P, donde cuyas
coordenadas rectangulares son (3, -5).
Solución:
Los puntos son x=3, y=-5. Sustituyendo en las ecuaciones anteriores
tenemos,
𝑟 = ± √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = ± √32 + (−5)2 = ± √9 + 25 = √34
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥
𝑦
= tan−1
3
−5
= 30º
Entonces, las coordenadas polares son, (√34, 30º)
5. 5
Traslación de ejes
Teorema de traslación de coordenadas:
Si se trasladan los ejes coordenados a un nuevo origen O' (h, k), y si
las coordenadas de cualquier punto P antes y después de la traslación son
(x, y) y (x’, y’), respectivamente, las ecuaciones de transformación del
sistema primitive al nuevo sistema de coordenadas son,
𝑥 = 𝑥′
+ ℎ,
𝑦 = 𝑦′
+ 𝑘
Sean (ver figura 3) X y Y los ejes primitivos y X’ y Y’ los nuevos ejes,
y sean (h, k) las coordenadas del nuevo origen O’ con referencia al sistema
original. Desde el punto P, trazamos perpendiculares a ambos sistemas de
ejes, y prolongamos los nuevos ejes hasta que corten los originales.
Usando la relación fundamental para segmentos rectilíneos dirigidos, se
tiene,
𝑥 = 𝑂𝐷
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝐴
̅̅̅̅ + 𝐴𝐷
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝐴
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑂′𝐶
̅̅̅̅̅ = ℎ + 𝑥′
Análogamente,
𝑦 = 𝑂𝐹
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝐵
̅̅̅̅ + 𝐵𝐹
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝐵
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑂′𝐸
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑘 + 𝑦′
Figura 2. Gráfica del ejemplo de transformación de coordenadas
rectangulares a polares.
6. 6
Ejemplo:
Trasladando los ejes coordenados al nuevo origen (1,2) de la siguiente
ecuación,
𝑥3
− 3𝑥2
− 𝑦2
+ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
Solución: Por el teorema de traslación de coordenadas,
𝑥 = 𝑥′
+ 1 ; 𝑦 = 𝑦′
+ 2
Si sustituimos estos valores en la ecuación original, tenemos,
(𝑥′
+ 1)3
− 3(𝑥′
+ 1)2
− (𝑦′
+ 2)2
+ 3(𝑥′
+ 1) + 4(𝑦′
+ 2) − 5 = 0
Desarrollando y simplificando,
𝑥′3
− 𝑦′2
= 0
Figura 3. Traslación de ejes.
7. 7
Rotación de ejes
Teorema de rotación de ejes:
Si los ejes coordenados giran un ángulo 𝛷 en torno de su origen como
centro de rotación, y las coordenadas de un punto cualquiera P antes y
después de la rotación son (x, y) y (x’, y’), respectivamente, las ecuaciones
de transformación del sistema original al nuevo sistema de coordenadas
están dadas por
𝑥 = 𝑥′
cos 𝜃 − 𝑦′
sin 𝜃 ,
𝑦 = 𝑥′
sin 𝜃 + 𝑦′
cos 𝜃
Basándonos en la figura 4, sean X y Y los ejes originales y X’ y Y’ los nuevos
ejes. Desde el punto P se traza la ordenada AP correspondiente al sistema
X, Y, la ordenada A’P correspondiente al sistema X’, Y’ y la recta OP. Sea
el ángulo 𝑃𝑂𝐴′
= θ y 𝑂𝑃
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑟. Por trigonometría se tiene,
𝑥 = 𝑂𝐴
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑟 cos(𝜃 + 𝛷),
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑃
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑟 sin(𝜃 + 𝛷) ,
𝑥′
= 𝑂𝐴′
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑟 cos 𝛷 , 𝑦 = 𝐴′𝑃
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑟 sin 𝛷
Aplicando trigonometría a la primera ecuación,
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos(𝜃 + 𝛷) = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 cos 𝛷 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛷
Figura 4. Gráfica del ejemplo de traslación de coordenadas.
8. 8
Sustituyendo valores, obtenemos,
𝑥 = 𝑥′
cos 𝜃 − 𝑦′
sin 𝜃
Análogamente, tenemos que para y es,
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin(𝜃 + 𝛷) = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝛷 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝛷
Por lo tanto,
𝑦 = 𝑥′
sin 𝜃 + 𝑦′
cos 𝜃
Ejemplo:
Transformar la ecuación
2𝑥2
+ √3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
= 4
Girando los ejes coordenados a un ángulo de 30º.
Solución: Implementando el teorema,
𝑥 = 𝑥′
cos 30 − 𝑦′
sin 30 =
√3
2
𝑥′
−
1
2
𝑦′
𝑦 = 𝑥′
sin 30 + 𝑦′
cos 30 =
1
2
𝑥′
+
√3
2
𝑦′
Sustituyendo los valores en la ecuación original,
2(
√3
2
𝑥′
−
1
2
𝑦′
)2
+ √3(
√3
2
𝑥′
−
1
2
𝑦′
)(
1
2
𝑥′
+
√3
2
𝑦′
) + (
1
2
𝑥′
+
√3
2
𝑦′
)2
= 4
Desarrollando y simplificando la ecuación, tenemos,
5𝑥′2
+ 𝑦′2
= 8
Figura 5. Rotación de ejes.
9. 9
Representación gráfica de una circunferencia y una parábola en
coordenadas polares
Circunferencia en coordenadas polares:
𝑟 = 4 cos(𝜃 −
𝜋
2
)
Figura 6. Gráfica del ejemplo de rotación de ejes.
Figura 7. Representación gráfica de una circunferencia en
coordenadas polares.
10. 10
Parábola en coordenadas polares:
𝑟 =
2 sin 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝜃)
Figura 8. Representación gráfica de una parábola en coordenadas polares.