This document discusses transcription and translation processes in eukaryotic cells. It notes that RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA, polymerase II transcribes mRNA, and polymerase III transcribes tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Promoter regions and transcription factors are involved in binding the RNA polymerase and initiating transcription. The newly synthesized RNA grows in the 5' to 3' direction through nucleotide polymerization. Translation in eukaryotes also involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps, including formation of a pre-initiation complex and scanning of the mRNA to find the start codon.
RNA polymerase and transcription factorKAUSHAL SAHU
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION ?
STEPS INVOLVE IN TRANSCRIPTION.
RNA POLYMERASES.
HISTORY OF RNA POLYMERASES.
STRUCTURE OF RNA POLYMERASES.
SUB UNITS OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASES.
FUNCTION OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVE IN EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
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INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
All eukaryotes have at least three different RNA polymerase (Pol I, II,and III; and plants have a Pol IV & a Pol V). In addition, whereas bacteria require only one additional initiation factor (Ï), several initiation factors are required for efficient and promoter-specific initiation in eukaryotes. These are called the general transcription factors (GTFs)
RNA polymerase and transcription factorKAUSHAL SAHU
Â
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION ?
STEPS INVOLVE IN TRANSCRIPTION.
RNA POLYMERASES.
HISTORY OF RNA POLYMERASES.
STRUCTURE OF RNA POLYMERASES.
SUB UNITS OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASES.
FUNCTION OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVE IN EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
This presentation is about the transcription machinery that is required for the transcription in eukaryotes. The comparison between the transcription factors involved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The initiation of transcription and how it helps in producing a mRNA.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica.
Transcription in eukariotes by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
Â
INTRODUCTION
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNAPs
MACHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
-ELONGATION
-TERMINATION
RNA SPLISING
DIFFERENT BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
All eukaryotes have at least three different RNA polymerase (Pol I, II,and III; and plants have a Pol IV & a Pol V). In addition, whereas bacteria require only one additional initiation factor (Ï), several initiation factors are required for efficient and promoter-specific initiation in eukaryotes. These are called the general transcription factors (GTFs)
The process of transcription is the first stage of gene expression resulting in the production of a primary RNA transcript from the DNA of a particular gene.
This step of gene expression which is followed by a number of post-transcriptional processes such as RNA splicing and translation.
These lead ultimately to the production of a functional protein and this process is highly regulated.
Both basal transcription and its regulation are dependent upon specific protein factors known as transcription factors.
These highly specific protein bind to the specific regulatory gene of DNA sequence and control the transcription process and regulate it.
For example- enzyme RNA polymerase catalyzes the chemical reaction that synthesize RNA, using the DNA gene as a template, the transcription factor control when, where, and how efficiency RNA polymerase function.
Play an important role in the normal development and routine of cellular function.
Introduction
Definition
History
central dogma
Major components
mRNA,tRNA,rRNA
Energy source
Amino acids
Protien factor
Enzymes
Inorganic ions
Step involves in translation:
Aminoacylation of tRNA
Initiation
Elongation
termination
Importance of translation
Conclusion
Reference
The mechanism of ferritin iron release has been poorly known so far. It has been suggested that iron may exit via the 8 hydrophilic channels on the 3-fold axes of the ferritin shell. However, it is thought that ferritin turnover involves its degradation by lysosomal autophagy or by the proteasome. Recently, the nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) has been described as selective cargo-receptor mediating ferritin degradation by autophagy (ferritinophagy).
Mancias J.D. and colleagues (2014) identified NCOA4 as highly enriched protein in autophagosomes using quantitative proteomics and ferritin was recognized as its target. It was first reported a possible mechanism of ferritin iron release involving nuclear receptor coactivator 4. Further studies (Dowdle et al., 2014 ,Mancias et al., 2015; Bellelli et al., 2016) revealed more details about the NCOA4-FTH interaction, including identification of binding sites, NCOA4 as an iron-binding protein and mechanism of its iron-dependent turnover (Fig.1), as well as demonstrated the importance of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in systemic and cellular iron homeostasis.
A clear compilation of various steps constituting gene expression in living organisms. Explained in simple words, pictorial representation and intriguing animations.A dive into the concepts of Transcription and translation and associated modifications that lead to protein synthesis in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. Science made Fun and easy. - Cellular & Molecular Biology.
In this presentation we will look the different pathways that initiates and propagates a serial cascade events for prpper cellular response, i hope to be intrested, and please if there any suggest do not hasitate for writting a replay to me, thanks
The process of transcription is the first stage of gene expression resulting in the production of a primary RNA transcript from the DNA of a particular gene.
This step of gene expression which is followed by a number of post-transcriptional processes such as RNA splicing and translation.
These lead ultimately to the production of a functional protein and this process is highly regulated.
Both basal transcription and its regulation are dependent upon specific protein factors known as transcription factors.
These highly specific protein bind to the specific regulatory gene of DNA sequence and control the transcription process and regulate it.
For example- enzyme RNA polymerase catalyzes the chemical reaction that synthesize RNA, using the DNA gene as a template, the transcription factor control when, where, and how efficiency RNA polymerase function.
Play an important role in the normal development and routine of cellular function.
Introduction
Definition
History
central dogma
Major components
mRNA,tRNA,rRNA
Energy source
Amino acids
Protien factor
Enzymes
Inorganic ions
Step involves in translation:
Aminoacylation of tRNA
Initiation
Elongation
termination
Importance of translation
Conclusion
Reference
The mechanism of ferritin iron release has been poorly known so far. It has been suggested that iron may exit via the 8 hydrophilic channels on the 3-fold axes of the ferritin shell. However, it is thought that ferritin turnover involves its degradation by lysosomal autophagy or by the proteasome. Recently, the nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) has been described as selective cargo-receptor mediating ferritin degradation by autophagy (ferritinophagy).
Mancias J.D. and colleagues (2014) identified NCOA4 as highly enriched protein in autophagosomes using quantitative proteomics and ferritin was recognized as its target. It was first reported a possible mechanism of ferritin iron release involving nuclear receptor coactivator 4. Further studies (Dowdle et al., 2014 ,Mancias et al., 2015; Bellelli et al., 2016) revealed more details about the NCOA4-FTH interaction, including identification of binding sites, NCOA4 as an iron-binding protein and mechanism of its iron-dependent turnover (Fig.1), as well as demonstrated the importance of NCOA4-mediated ferritinophagy in systemic and cellular iron homeostasis.
A clear compilation of various steps constituting gene expression in living organisms. Explained in simple words, pictorial representation and intriguing animations.A dive into the concepts of Transcription and translation and associated modifications that lead to protein synthesis in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. Science made Fun and easy. - Cellular & Molecular Biology.
In this presentation we will look the different pathways that initiates and propagates a serial cascade events for prpper cellular response, i hope to be intrested, and please if there any suggest do not hasitate for writting a replay to me, thanks
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
MOLECULAR GENETICS : PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION OR RNA SYNTHESIS BY DNA DEPEN...Amritha S R
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The process of conversion of DNA to RNA or genome to transcriptome is called transcription. Central dogma of life or molecular biology both with pre-bioinformatics era & bioinformatics era is shown in flow chart. All the 3 stages of transcription i.e; initiation, elongation & termination are explained in this presentation. Information regarding DNA dependent RNA polymarase along with core enzyme & sigma factor is given in pictorial representation. The promoter sequence, hair-pin loop, Rho factor dependent & independent termination of transcription,post transcriptional modification of prokaryotic transcription before entering translation is also explained in detail.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other  chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Â
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules -Â a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.Â
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to âburnâ the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP.  Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 â 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : Â cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4â0.9”m) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8â5”m, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3”m to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as â 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5Ï, r = 0.1â circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 â 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ⌠50 â 200pc, stellar masses of
Mâ ⌠107â108Mâ, and star-formation rates of SFR ⌠0.1â1 Mâ yrâ1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ⌠2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The systemâs unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called âsmallâ because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
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Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.Â
 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
17. Mechanism of
Nucleotide polymerization
OH group of one nucleotide attach with
the phosphate group of another nucleotide
to make the phosphodiester linkage in
the RNA chain.
PPi
24. 5' capping in eukaryotic transcription
âą 5' capping is post transcriptional modification
âą Protected RNA from exonuclease
âą Help to transport from nucleus to cytoplasm
26. 5' capping in eukaryotic transcription
Guanosine tri-phosphate
GTP added with 5â end of RNA by guanyl transferase
27.
28. G â0â cap
G â1â cap
G â2â cap
5' capping in eukaryotic transcription
29. Translation in eukaryotes
Translation divided into
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
Initiation
1. Pre-initiation Complex
2. Attachment of mRNA with Pre initiation complex
3. Scanning of mRNA to find out first codon
4. Make Functional unit for translation
