Transcription of eukaryotic gene
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The document summarizes transcription termination factors for RNA polymerase I, II, and III in eukaryotes. For RNA polymerase I, termination involves the upstream binding factor UBF and selectivity factor 1. For RNA polymerase II, termination can occur via an allosteric model where a poly-A signal triggers a conformational change, or a torpedo model where an endonuclease digests the RNA-DNA hybrid. Termination with RNA polymerase III involves factors TFIIIA, which binds the C box, and TFIIIB, which binds the A and B boxes. TFIIIB includes TBP and BRF. TFIIIB gives direction to the transcription complex.
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This document discusses the process of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It describes the roles of sigma factor, RNA polymerase, promoters, and terminators in bacterial transcription initiation and termination. It also explains the involvement of transcription factors TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH and RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic transcription initiation and the use of a TATA box.
Transcription NEW
Cells contain three main types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. rRNA makes up ribosomes, tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis, and mRNA directs protein synthesis. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases that resemble DNA polymerases. In prokaryotes, transcription initiates at promoter sequences and terminates at specific termination sites. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases and more complex transcription initiation involving general transcription factors that help recruit the polymerase and direct proper initiation.
Transcription process slides
This document discusses transcription and translation processes in eukaryotic cells. It notes that RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA, polymerase II transcribes mRNA, and polymerase III transcribes tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Promoter regions and transcription factors are involved in binding the RNA polymerase and initiating transcription. The newly synthesized RNA grows in the 5' to 3' direction through nucleotide polymerization. Translation in eukaryotes also involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps, including formation of a pre-initiation complex and scanning of the mRNA to find the start codon.
Trp operon
The tryptophan operon encodes five genes required for tryptophan synthesis through two layers of regulation: transcriptional repression and attenuation. When tryptophan is present, it binds the Trp repressor protein, allowing it to bind the operator and prevent transcription initiation of the structural genes. When tryptophan levels are low, the repressor dissociates from the operator, allowing transcription. Additionally, the leader sequence can form alternative hairpin loops that control transcriptional termination or allow translation to proceed to the structural genes depending on tryptophan availability and the speed of ribosome translation through the leader's trp codons.
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that produces RNA in cells. It was discovered in 1960 and is essential for all organisms. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes different RNA types, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme. RNA polymerase I synthesizes rRNA for ribosomes, polymerase II synthesizes pre-mRNA and most snRNA/miRNA, and polymerase III synthesizes tRNA and other small RNAs. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages.
Rna pol ii
RNA polymerase II catalyzes the transcription of DNA into precursors of mRNA, snRNA, and microRNA. The initiation of transcription involves transcription factors assembling with RNA polymerase II at the promoter region of DNA. Termination of transcription does not involve specific signals, and RNA polymerase II can continue transcribing thousands of base pairs past the gene end. However, the transcript is cleaved before transcription is fully completed. RNA polymerase II has 10-12 subunits that perform various functions like maintaining contact with DNA and regulating polymerase function.
RNA polymerase and transcription factor
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION ?
STEPS INVOLVE IN TRANSCRIPTION.
RNA POLYMERASES.
HISTORY OF RNA POLYMERASES.
STRUCTURE OF RNA POLYMERASES.
SUB UNITS OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASES.
FUNCTION OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVE IN EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
Manisha ppt 3
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds it to form an open complex. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template adding complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase encounters a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes use different RNA polymerases and have variations in their transcription mechanisms.
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1301
This document discusses the process of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It describes the roles of sigma factor, RNA polymerase, promoters, and terminators in bacterial transcription initiation and termination. It also explains the involvement of transcription factors TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIF, TFIIE, TFIIH and RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic transcription initiation and the use of a TATA box.
Transcription NEW
Cells contain three main types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. rRNA makes up ribosomes, tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis, and mRNA directs protein synthesis. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases that resemble DNA polymerases. In prokaryotes, transcription initiates at promoter sequences and terminates at specific termination sites. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases and more complex transcription initiation involving general transcription factors that help recruit the polymerase and direct proper initiation.
Transcription process slides
This document discusses transcription and translation processes in eukaryotic cells. It notes that RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA, polymerase II transcribes mRNA, and polymerase III transcribes tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Promoter regions and transcription factors are involved in binding the RNA polymerase and initiating transcription. The newly synthesized RNA grows in the 5' to 3' direction through nucleotide polymerization. Translation in eukaryotes also involves initiation, elongation, and termination steps, including formation of a pre-initiation complex and scanning of the mRNA to find the start codon.
Trp operon
The tryptophan operon encodes five genes required for tryptophan synthesis through two layers of regulation: transcriptional repression and attenuation. When tryptophan is present, it binds the Trp repressor protein, allowing it to bind the operator and prevent transcription initiation of the structural genes. When tryptophan levels are low, the repressor dissociates from the operator, allowing transcription. Additionally, the leader sequence can form alternative hairpin loops that control transcriptional termination or allow translation to proceed to the structural genes depending on tryptophan availability and the speed of ribosome translation through the leader's trp codons.
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that produces RNA in cells. It was discovered in 1960 and is essential for all organisms. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes different RNA types, while eukaryotic RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme. RNA polymerase I synthesizes rRNA for ribosomes, polymerase II synthesizes pre-mRNA and most snRNA/miRNA, and polymerase III synthesizes tRNA and other small RNAs. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages.
Rna pol ii
RNA polymerase II catalyzes the transcription of DNA into precursors of mRNA, snRNA, and microRNA. The initiation of transcription involves transcription factors assembling with RNA polymerase II at the promoter region of DNA. Termination of transcription does not involve specific signals, and RNA polymerase II can continue transcribing thousands of base pairs past the gene end. However, the transcript is cleaved before transcription is fully completed. RNA polymerase II has 10-12 subunits that perform various functions like maintaining contact with DNA and regulating polymerase function.
RNA polymerase and transcription factor
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION ?
STEPS INVOLVE IN TRANSCRIPTION.
RNA POLYMERASES.
HISTORY OF RNA POLYMERASES.
STRUCTURE OF RNA POLYMERASES.
SUB UNITS OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASES.
FUNCTION OF RNA POLYMERASES.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS INVOLVE IN EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES.
Manisha ppt 3
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using DNA as a template. It involves three main stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds it to form an open complex. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template adding complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase encounters a terminator sequence and dissociates from the DNA. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes use different RNA polymerases and have variations in their transcription mechanisms.
Transcription
1. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes processing after being exported from the nucleus which involves removal of introns, addition of a 5' cap, and 3' polyadenylated tail to produce mature mRNA.
2. The mature mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Some viruses utilize cap-independent translation initiation or other mechanisms like leaky scanning, frameshifting, or suppression of termination to express their genes.
3. Interferons induce antiviral responses including RNase L and PKR activation. Viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize PKR such as inhibiting its dsRNA binding, dimerization, or kinase activity to prevent host translation shutoff.
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Lytic and lysogenic cascade
1) The lambda bacteriophage can enter either the lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle in infected E. coli cells.
2) In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage and is replicated as the bacterium divides. The phage repressor protein binds to operator sites to repress transcription of lytic genes.
3) In the lytic cycle, the phage immediately begins replicating and producing virion proteins to assemble new phage particles, eventually causing lysis of the host cell. The phage Cro protein competes with the repressor to bind operator sites and activate transcription of lytic genes.
MMS Presentation - April 25, 2012
This document summarizes research on the impact of genetic variation in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein on HIV-1 transcription and disease progression. The research examines samples from an HIV/AIDS genetic analysis cohort to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LTR associated with CD4 count, viral load, and disease severity over time. Functional analysis of Tat proteins from patient samples shows variation at amino acid position 100 that correlates with neurocognitive impairment.
Collegepart B.Burgering Deel 1
The document discusses various techniques for studying signal transduction and transcription control, including examples of signaling pathways like RTK/Ras/MAPK and Wnt pathways. It describes methods to measure transcriptional activity like reporter assays, and techniques to determine if regulation occurs through transcription like RT-PCR, protein expression analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by PCR or microarray analysis.
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
I have entered here all the enzymes related to the three most important function in Molecular Biology - Replication Transcription and translation .They are concised in three simple charts. Also diagrams of 5 types of Gene that code for mRNA,rRNA,tRNA that are Transcribed by different RNA polymerase.
Eukaryotic Transcription
All eukaryotes have at least three different RNA polymerase (Pol I, II,and III; and plants have a Pol IV & a Pol V). In addition, whereas bacteria require only one additional initiation factor (σ), several initiation factors are required for efficient and promoter-specific initiation in eukaryotes. These are called the general transcription factors (GTFs)
translation
Translation is the process of converting mRNA base sequences into protein amino acid sequences. It involves reading the mRNA codon by codon and translating each into an amino acid. The necessary components for translation are amino acids, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, and several translation factors. Ribosomes contain two subunits and bind to the mRNA during translation. In prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on mRNA binds to the 16S rRNA on the ribosome. Eukaryotes use mRNA scanning to initiate translation. tRNA carries amino acids and has an anticodon region that binds to mRNA codons. Translation occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination phases.
Rna polymerase
RNA polymerases are enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, while eukaryotes contain three RNA polymerases that synthesize different RNA molecules. RNA polymerases are large complex protein machines made of multiple subunits that work together to unwind DNA, add nucleotides, and proofread the newly synthesized RNA. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages that are regulated by various transcription factors.
transcription factor by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
-Transcription
-Transcription Factors
CLASSES OF TFs
GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
MEDIATOR
FUNCTIONS
-Formation of preinitiation complex
-Elongation
-Termination
-Differential enhancement of transcription
-Developmental
REFERENCES
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA and involves four main stages - initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcription processing. It occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes transcription occurs separately in the nucleus. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors involved in each stage of transcription for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
translation-protein synthesis.pptx
Translation is the process by which a ribosome produces a protein using information encoded in mRNA. It occurs in four phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome, mRNA, and initiator tRNA. Elongation adds amino acids one by one to elongate the polypeptide chain based on codon-anticodon interactions. Translocation moves the tRNAs and mRNA within the ribosome. Termination releases the completed polypeptide when a stop codon is reached, with release factors catalyzing ribosome dissociation. Eukaryotes have additional initiation factors and one release factor compared to prokaryotes.
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Translation
1. Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm by free ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and in the ER and organelles by attached ribosomes in eukaryotes.
2. The process of protein synthesis requires ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, GTP, and various initiation, elongation, and termination factors.
3. Initiation involves assembly of the ribosome and positioning of the start codon in the P site. Elongation is a cyclic process of aminoacyl-tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and translocation. Termination occurs when a release factor binds to a stop codon and causes hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in details , with newest informations available with proper diagram
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Eukaryotic promoter sequence/Elements
Eukaryotic promoter sequence/Elements; Regulatory transcription factors; Hn-RNA;Transcription elongation;5' Capping;significance of 5' Capping;3' polyadenylation; significance polyadenylation; Eukaryotic transcription termination
RNA synthesis, processing and modification.pptx
The presentation discusses RNA synthesis, processing, and modification, explaining that RNA is synthesized from DNA through transcription by RNA polymerase. It describes the post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including splicing of introns from mRNA, addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail, and modification of tRNA. The presentation also covers regulatory sequences that control transcription and the role of reverse transcription in retroviruses like HIV.
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Transcription
1. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes processing after being exported from the nucleus which involves removal of introns, addition of a 5' cap, and 3' polyadenylated tail to produce mature mRNA.
2. The mature mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Some viruses utilize cap-independent translation initiation or other mechanisms like leaky scanning, frameshifting, or suppression of termination to express their genes.
3. Interferons induce antiviral responses including RNase L and PKR activation. Viruses have evolved strategies to antagonize PKR such as inhibiting its dsRNA binding, dimerization, or kinase activity to prevent host translation shutoff.
組み込みとITのお話 (LTSpiral03)
A Twitter conversation discussed an IT conference happening from November 11th to 12th at ATC. The conference will feature talks on topics like operating systems, CPUs ranging from 20-80MHz, and RAM from 64KB to 256KB. The conversation ended on an upbeat note encouraging everyone to enjoy their lives.
Gpon network line diagram
This diagram shows a cable TV network setup with an 8-way tap at the top connecting to the first floor, a 4-way tap connecting to the second floor, and a 6-way splitter connecting to the ground floor, with RF6 cables running throughout and an amplifier boosting the signal.
Lytic and lysogenic cascade
1) The lambda bacteriophage can enter either the lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle in infected E. coli cells.
2) In the lysogenic cycle, the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage and is replicated as the bacterium divides. The phage repressor protein binds to operator sites to repress transcription of lytic genes.
3) In the lytic cycle, the phage immediately begins replicating and producing virion proteins to assemble new phage particles, eventually causing lysis of the host cell. The phage Cro protein competes with the repressor to bind operator sites and activate transcription of lytic genes.
MMS Presentation - April 25, 2012
This document summarizes research on the impact of genetic variation in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein on HIV-1 transcription and disease progression. The research examines samples from an HIV/AIDS genetic analysis cohort to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LTR associated with CD4 count, viral load, and disease severity over time. Functional analysis of Tat proteins from patient samples shows variation at amino acid position 100 that correlates with neurocognitive impairment.
Collegepart B.Burgering Deel 1
The document discusses various techniques for studying signal transduction and transcription control, including examples of signaling pathways like RTK/Ras/MAPK and Wnt pathways. It describes methods to measure transcriptional activity like reporter assays, and techniques to determine if regulation occurs through transcription like RT-PCR, protein expression analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by PCR or microarray analysis.
What's hot (6)
Similar to Transcription of eukaryotic gene
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
I have entered here all the enzymes related to the three most important function in Molecular Biology - Replication Transcription and translation .They are concised in three simple charts. Also diagrams of 5 types of Gene that code for mRNA,rRNA,tRNA that are Transcribed by different RNA polymerase.
Eukaryotic Transcription
All eukaryotes have at least three different RNA polymerase (Pol I, II,and III; and plants have a Pol IV & a Pol V). In addition, whereas bacteria require only one additional initiation factor (σ), several initiation factors are required for efficient and promoter-specific initiation in eukaryotes. These are called the general transcription factors (GTFs)
translation
Translation is the process of converting mRNA base sequences into protein amino acid sequences. It involves reading the mRNA codon by codon and translating each into an amino acid. The necessary components for translation are amino acids, ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, and several translation factors. Ribosomes contain two subunits and bind to the mRNA during translation. In prokaryotes, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on mRNA binds to the 16S rRNA on the ribosome. Eukaryotes use mRNA scanning to initiate translation. tRNA carries amino acids and has an anticodon region that binds to mRNA codons. Translation occurs through initiation, elongation, and termination phases.
Rna polymerase
RNA polymerases are enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, while eukaryotes contain three RNA polymerases that synthesize different RNA molecules. RNA polymerases are large complex protein machines made of multiple subunits that work together to unwind DNA, add nucleotides, and proofread the newly synthesized RNA. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages that are regulated by various transcription factors.
transcription factor by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
-Transcription
-Transcription Factors
CLASSES OF TFs
GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
MEDIATOR
FUNCTIONS
-Formation of preinitiation complex
-Elongation
-Termination
-Differential enhancement of transcription
-Developmental
REFERENCES
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
PROCESS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE TRANSCRIPTION AND TOTAL TATA BOX ROLE IN THE TRASNCRIPTIONAL PROCESS
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA and involves four main stages - initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcription processing. It occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes transcription occurs separately in the nucleus. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors involved in each stage of transcription for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
translation-protein synthesis.pptx
Translation is the process by which a ribosome produces a protein using information encoded in mRNA. It occurs in four phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Initiation involves the assembly of the ribosome, mRNA, and initiator tRNA. Elongation adds amino acids one by one to elongate the polypeptide chain based on codon-anticodon interactions. Translocation moves the tRNAs and mRNA within the ribosome. Termination releases the completed polypeptide when a stop codon is reached, with release factors catalyzing ribosome dissociation. Eukaryotes have additional initiation factors and one release factor compared to prokaryotes.
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Translation
1. Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm by free ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and in the ER and organelles by attached ribosomes in eukaryotes.
2. The process of protein synthesis requires ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids, GTP, and various initiation, elongation, and termination factors.
3. Initiation involves assembly of the ribosome and positioning of the start codon in the P site. Elongation is a cyclic process of aminoacyl-tRNA binding, peptide bond formation, and translocation. Termination occurs when a release factor binds to a stop codon and causes hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNA.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in details , with newest informations available with proper diagram
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Eukaryotic promoter sequence/Elements
Eukaryotic promoter sequence/Elements; Regulatory transcription factors; Hn-RNA;Transcription elongation;5' Capping;significance of 5' Capping;3' polyadenylation; significance polyadenylation; Eukaryotic transcription termination
RNA synthesis, processing and modification.pptx
The presentation discusses RNA synthesis, processing, and modification, explaining that RNA is synthesized from DNA through transcription by RNA polymerase. It describes the post-transcriptional modification of primary transcripts, including splicing of introns from mRNA, addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail, and modification of tRNA. The presentation also covers regulatory sequences that control transcription and the role of reverse transcription in retroviruses like HIV.
Prokaryotic transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses:
- Bacterial RNA polymerase requires sigma factors to activate different genes.
- Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II, III transcribe rRNA, mRNA, tRNA respectively, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA.
- α-Amanitin inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and III by binding to them.
- Eukaryotic transcription initiation requires general transcription factors like TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB that help recruit and position RNA polymerase II at the promoter.
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the promoters, regulatory sequences, and transcription factors that control gene expression in eukaryotes. It describes the basic components of promoters like the TATA box and initiator elements.
2) It explains how the pre-initiation complex of RNA polymerase II and general transcription factors assembles at promoters. This includes the sequential binding of TBP, TFIIB, the Pol II-TFIIF complex, TFIIE, and TFIIH.
3) It covers different types of transcription factors that bind DNA, including zinc finger proteins, helix-turn-helix proteins, leucine zipper proteins, and discusses how they interact with DNA and each other to regulate transcription.
Transcription in eucaryotes
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements like TATA boxes and initiator elements that recruit RNA polymerase II.
2) General transcription factors help assemble the preinitiation complex at promoters and position the polymerase for transcription initiation. This involves sequential binding of factors like TFIID, TFIIB, and others.
3) The document outlines different classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including those that contain zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix motifs, and leucine zippers, and how they bind DNA.
13-miller-chap-7b-lecture.ppt
1) The document discusses the mechanisms of transcriptional control in eukaryotes. It describes the core promoter elements, general transcription factors, and how they assemble to form the pre-initiation complex at RNA polymerase II promoters.
2) It also discusses the various classes of transcription factors that regulate gene expression, including their DNA-binding domains like zinc fingers, helix-turn-helices, and leucine zippers.
3) Transcription factor activity is regulated by ligands, co-factors, cooperative binding, and their assembly into enhanceosomes at gene enhancer elements.
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Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
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Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Katherine Romanak - Geologic CO2 Storage.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
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