Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
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I have entered here all the enzymes related to the three most important function in Molecular Biology - Replication Transcription and translation .They are concised in three simple charts. Also diagrams of 5 types of Gene that code for mRNA,rRNA,tRNA that are Transcribed by different RNA polymerase.
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การสลายสารอาหารโดยใช้ออกซิเจน
1) Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria.
2) In the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA which feeds into the Krebs cycle, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP.
3) NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and generating large amounts of ATP through ATP synthase as the protons flow back into the matrix.
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This study aims to identify the corepressor of daf-3 that mediates dauer formation in C. elegans in response to high temperatures, and to determine the mechanism by which daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in different temperatures. The specific aims are to first identify the daf-3 corepressor using RNAi, deletion mutants, protein extracts, and mass spectrometry. The second aim is to study the temperature dependent expression of daf-5 and the corepressor, their competitive binding to daf-3, and changes in daf-3 mRNA isoforms, to understand how daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in response to temperature
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that differ in their sugar and one of their bases. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and uses deoxyribose while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil and uses ribose. Nucleic acids form double helix structures through base pairing between complementary bases and phosphate-sugar backbones to store and transmit genetic information.
Translation
1. Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins from amino acids. It occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Ribosomes contain three binding sites (A, P, and E sites) that facilitate the sequential addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. tRNAs carry specific amino acids and recognize mRNA codons through complementary base pairing of their anticodons.
3. The genetic code consists of three-nucleotide sequences called codons that specify which of 20 amino acids will be added during translation. Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons. Translation proceeds through initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination phases.
Salt creek
This document contains tablature for "Salt Creek" arranged for banjo by Leo Crossfield. The tablature is written in standard banjo tab format and broken into two parts. It provides the fretting fingers and strokes to play the melody of "Salt Creek" using the single string Don Reno style of banjo playing.
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CRISPR.pptx
This document provides requirements and methods for generating a recombinant vector containing two tandem guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the dLarp7 gene in Drosophila. The requirements include primer sets for amplifying the gRNA sequences, vector backbone, and detecting the recombinant vector, as well as Gibson Assembly reagents. The method describes generating the recombinant pCDF4 vector containing the two gRNAs, microinjecting it into flies containing an attP docking site, crossing these flies with Cas9 flies to induce deletion of the dLarp7 gene, and screening F2 progeny by PCR to detect the deletion.
Honors ~ DNA 1213
This document discusses DNA replication and gene regulation. It begins with an overview of DNA replication and the enzymes involved, including helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase. It then discusses gene regulation, showing diagrams of operons like the lac and trp operons. It demonstrates how transcription factors, repressors, inducers, and corepressors control gene expression. Finally, it provides an example of epigenetic gene regulation involving chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation.
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การสลายสารอาหารโดยใช้ออกซิเจน
1) Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria.
2) In the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA which feeds into the Krebs cycle, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP.
3) NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and generating large amounts of ATP through ATP synthase as the protons flow back into the matrix.
Mock Qualifying Exam
This study aims to identify the corepressor of daf-3 that mediates dauer formation in C. elegans in response to high temperatures, and to determine the mechanism by which daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in different temperatures. The specific aims are to first identify the daf-3 corepressor using RNAi, deletion mutants, protein extracts, and mass spectrometry. The second aim is to study the temperature dependent expression of daf-5 and the corepressor, their competitive binding to daf-3, and changes in daf-3 mRNA isoforms, to understand how daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in response to temperature
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that differ in their sugar and one of their bases. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and uses deoxyribose while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil and uses ribose. Nucleic acids form double helix structures through base pairing between complementary bases and phosphate-sugar backbones to store and transmit genetic information.
Translation
1. Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins from amino acids. It occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Ribosomes contain three binding sites (A, P, and E sites) that facilitate the sequential addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. tRNAs carry specific amino acids and recognize mRNA codons through complementary base pairing of their anticodons.
3. The genetic code consists of three-nucleotide sequences called codons that specify which of 20 amino acids will be added during translation. Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons. Translation proceeds through initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination phases.
Salt creek
This document contains tablature for "Salt Creek" arranged for banjo by Leo Crossfield. The tablature is written in standard banjo tab format and broken into two parts. It provides the fretting fingers and strokes to play the melody of "Salt Creek" using the single string Don Reno style of banjo playing.
Ballad of jed clampett
This document contains sheet music for the banjo part of "Ballad of Jed Clampett" arranged for 5-string banjo. The music is in 4/4 time at an allegro tempo of quarter note = 120 beats per minute. It contains the melody and chord indications for Part A of the song.
CRISPR.pptx
This document provides requirements and methods for generating a recombinant vector containing two tandem guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the dLarp7 gene in Drosophila. The requirements include primer sets for amplifying the gRNA sequences, vector backbone, and detecting the recombinant vector, as well as Gibson Assembly reagents. The method describes generating the recombinant pCDF4 vector containing the two gRNAs, microinjecting it into flies containing an attP docking site, crossing these flies with Cas9 flies to induce deletion of the dLarp7 gene, and screening F2 progeny by PCR to detect the deletion.
Honors ~ DNA 1213
This document discusses DNA replication and gene regulation. It begins with an overview of DNA replication and the enzymes involved, including helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase. It then discusses gene regulation, showing diagrams of operons like the lac and trp operons. It demonstrates how transcription factors, repressors, inducers, and corepressors control gene expression. Finally, it provides an example of epigenetic gene regulation involving chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation.
Prokaryotic transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses:
- Bacterial RNA polymerase requires sigma factors to activate different genes.
- Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II, III transcribe rRNA, mRNA, tRNA respectively, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA.
- α-Amanitin inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and III by binding to them.
- Eukaryotic transcription initiation requires general transcription factors like TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB that help recruit and position RNA polymerase II at the promoter.
Transcription of eukaryotic gene
The document summarizes transcription termination factors for RNA polymerase I, II, and III in eukaryotes. For RNA polymerase I, termination involves the upstream binding factor UBF and selectivity factor 1. For RNA polymerase II, termination can occur via an allosteric model where a poly-A signal triggers a conformational change, or a torpedo model where an endonuclease digests the RNA-DNA hybrid. Termination with RNA polymerase III involves factors TFIIIA, which binds the C box, and TFIIIB, which binds the A and B boxes. TFIIIB includes TBP and BRF. TFIIIB gives direction to the transcription complex.
Transcription
The document discusses the basic principles of gene expression from DNA to protein. It describes transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, and translation, which is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates using ribosomes. In eukaryotes, transcription requires RNA polymerases and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from DNA. The primary transcript then undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing to form mature mRNA. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins.
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The document discusses several topics related to DNA and genetics including DNA replication, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, PCR, DNA sequencing, cloning, and gene expression. It provides figures to illustrate key concepts and techniques such as how restriction enzymes cut DNA, how gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size, how PCR amplifies a target DNA sequence, and the process of cloning a gene into a bacterial plasmid.
Presentation.pptx
Dr. Sangeeta Khyalia discusses the central dogma of biology and the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription differs from prokaryotic transcription in initiation and processing of pre-mRNA. The document provides details on RNA polymerases, promoters, inhibitors of transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes like splicing and polyadenylation.
3B.Transcription.pptx
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase synthesizes all types of RNA. In eukaryotes, multiple RNA polymerases are involved. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases. The initial RNA transcript undergoes post-transcriptional processing including 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing in eukaryotes to form mature RNA. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Biology ~ DNA 1011
The document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. RNA is similar but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. The document explains transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNA and the large and small ribosomal subunits.
Rna polymerase
RNA polymerases are enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, while eukaryotes contain three RNA polymerases that synthesize different RNA molecules. RNA polymerases are large complex protein machines made of multiple subunits that work together to unwind DNA, add nucleotides, and proofread the newly synthesized RNA. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages that are regulated by various transcription factors.
Labtalk 101210 optimising fret assay_den_optimising r_rel 1 production_heat s...
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The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
MOLECULAR GENETICS : PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION OR RNA SYNTHESIS BY DNA DEPEN...
The process of conversion of DNA to RNA or genome to transcriptome is called transcription. Central dogma of life or molecular biology both with pre-bioinformatics era & bioinformatics era is shown in flow chart. All the 3 stages of transcription i.e; initiation, elongation & termination are explained in this presentation. Information regarding DNA dependent RNA polymarase along with core enzyme & sigma factor is given in pictorial representation. The promoter sequence, hair-pin loop, Rho factor dependent & independent termination of transcription,post transcriptional modification of prokaryotic transcription before entering translation is also explained in detail.
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 2
The document outlines the process of gene expression from transcription to protein synthesis. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into RNA using RNA polymerase and nucleotides. The RNA then undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into a protein. Mutations can affect the resulting protein and its function.
Transcription NEW
Cells contain three main types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. rRNA makes up ribosomes, tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis, and mRNA directs protein synthesis. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases that resemble DNA polymerases. In prokaryotes, transcription initiates at promoter sequences and terminates at specific termination sites. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases and more complex transcription initiation involving general transcription factors that help recruit the polymerase and direct proper initiation.
Transcription
1. The document discusses transcription, the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
2. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - which have different functions like encoding proteins, transporting amino acids, and constituting ribosomes.
3. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Initiation requires promoters, elongation uses RNA polymerase to add nucleotides, and termination ends RNA synthesis.
Biochemistry transcription (RNA biosynsthesis)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
Transcription (term paper) by Ganesh M
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter region of DNA and initiates transcription. Eukaryotes require various transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. The transcription process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase and more complex regulation. Reverse transcription is the process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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Similar to Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
Prokaryotic transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses:
- Bacterial RNA polymerase requires sigma factors to activate different genes.
- Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II, III transcribe rRNA, mRNA, tRNA respectively, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA.
- α-Amanitin inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and III by binding to them.
- Eukaryotic transcription initiation requires general transcription factors like TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB that help recruit and position RNA polymerase II at the promoter.
Transcription of eukaryotic gene
The document summarizes transcription termination factors for RNA polymerase I, II, and III in eukaryotes. For RNA polymerase I, termination involves the upstream binding factor UBF and selectivity factor 1. For RNA polymerase II, termination can occur via an allosteric model where a poly-A signal triggers a conformational change, or a torpedo model where an endonuclease digests the RNA-DNA hybrid. Termination with RNA polymerase III involves factors TFIIIA, which binds the C box, and TFIIIB, which binds the A and B boxes. TFIIIB includes TBP and BRF. TFIIIB gives direction to the transcription complex.
Transcription
The document discusses the basic principles of gene expression from DNA to protein. It describes transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, and translation, which is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates using ribosomes. In eukaryotes, transcription requires RNA polymerases and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from DNA. The primary transcript then undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing to form mature mRNA. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins.
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The document discusses several topics related to DNA and genetics including DNA replication, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, PCR, DNA sequencing, cloning, and gene expression. It provides figures to illustrate key concepts and techniques such as how restriction enzymes cut DNA, how gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size, how PCR amplifies a target DNA sequence, and the process of cloning a gene into a bacterial plasmid.
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Dr. Sangeeta Khyalia discusses the central dogma of biology and the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription differs from prokaryotic transcription in initiation and processing of pre-mRNA. The document provides details on RNA polymerases, promoters, inhibitors of transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes like splicing and polyadenylation.
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RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase synthesizes all types of RNA. In eukaryotes, multiple RNA polymerases are involved. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases. The initial RNA transcript undergoes post-transcriptional processing including 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing in eukaryotes to form mature RNA. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Biology ~ DNA 1011
The document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. RNA is similar but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. The document explains transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNA and the large and small ribosomal subunits.
Rna polymerase
RNA polymerases are enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, while eukaryotes contain three RNA polymerases that synthesize different RNA molecules. RNA polymerases are large complex protein machines made of multiple subunits that work together to unwind DNA, add nucleotides, and proofread the newly synthesized RNA. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages that are regulated by various transcription factors.
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Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
Hoofdstuk 17 2008 deel 2
The document outlines the process of gene expression from transcription to protein synthesis. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into RNA using RNA polymerase and nucleotides. The RNA then undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into a protein. Mutations can affect the resulting protein and its function.
Transcription NEW
Cells contain three main types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. rRNA makes up ribosomes, tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis, and mRNA directs protein synthesis. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases that resemble DNA polymerases. In prokaryotes, transcription initiates at promoter sequences and terminates at specific termination sites. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases and more complex transcription initiation involving general transcription factors that help recruit the polymerase and direct proper initiation.
Transcription
1. The document discusses transcription, the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
2. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - which have different functions like encoding proteins, transporting amino acids, and constituting ribosomes.
3. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Initiation requires promoters, elongation uses RNA polymerase to add nucleotides, and termination ends RNA synthesis.
Biochemistry transcription (RNA biosynsthesis)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
Transcription (term paper) by Ganesh M
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter region of DNA and initiates transcription. Eukaryotes require various transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. The transcription process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase and more complex regulation. Reverse transcription is the process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
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Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
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THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsEquivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingCompexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
- 1. ENZYMES PROKAROTES EUKAYOTES Initiator Dna A -- Helicase Dna B MCM Ligase-Loader Dna C -- SSB SSB Replication Protein A Primer Dna G DNA Poly ᾀ/Primase RNAse DNA Pol - I RNAse H/Fan 1(last nucleotide) Gap filler DNA Pol - I DNA Poly ᾀ Ligase DNA Ligase DNA Ligase Methylator Dam Methyltransferase(GATC)/Seq A Dam Methyltransferase(GATC)/Seq A Topoisomerase DNA Gyrase/Top- I DNA Gyrase/Top- I,II Terminator Tus(Ter)1234 -- DNAPolymerases NAME Function NAME Function DNA Pol –I 5/ -3/ 3/ -5/ RNAse, Gap filling, DNA repair DNA Pol – ᾀ, No - Priming & Gap-filling DNA Pol –II No 3/ -5/ Translesion DNA Pol – β No - Base Excision repair DNA Pol –III No 3/ -5/ Replication {ɵ(E-coli)/Rolling- circle(Bacteriopgase)} DNA Pol – Ɣ No 3/ -5/ Mitochondrial DNA Replication (Displacement/D Replication) DNA Pol –VI - - DNA repair & Translesion DNA Pol –d No 3/ -5/ Replication DNA Pol –V - - DNA repair & Translesion DNA Pol – ɛ No 3/ -5/ -- Lagging strand is 1000-2000 bp Lagging strand is 100-200 bp No Telomere ‘Telomerase’ is needed to end the Telomere Replication Multirepliconic Monorepliconic OriC = 9mer + 13 mer(Starting site) Hemimethylation - Seq A(Starting site)
- 2. ENZYMES PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES RNAPolymerases Sub Units Function Types Product Transcription Factor Function α Assembly of core enzyme, Recognition of promoter (up element) RNAPol-I 5.8s, 18s & 28s rRNA UBF(Upstream Binding factor) Binds Upstream Control Element β Catalytic centre SLI(Selectivity Factor 1) Stabilizes UBF binding β/ Catalytic centre RNAPol-II mRNA most of the sn RNA LINE miRNA TFII A Inhibits the binding of TFII D inhibitor w Assembly of RNA polymerase TFII B Additional factor helps retain TFIIA+TFIID σ Recognition of promoter(Core promoter) & initiation TFII C Not known properly TFII D (TBP + TAF) TBP(TATA binding protein) Recognize TATA box TAF(TBP associated factor) Recognition of Core promoter & Regulation of TBP TFII E Recruite TFII H TFII F Recruit RNA pol II TFII H Helicase that create “Open complex” & Phosphorylation of the C- terminal domain of largest subunit of RNA pol II TFII i Additional factor for initiationTFII J RNAPol-III tRNA 5s rRNA U6 snRNA H1 RNA, MRP RNA 7S L scRNA, 7S K scRNA SINEtranscripts TFIII A Binds with C box TFIII B Binds with A and B box TBP BRF B// TFIII C Give Direction to The TFIIIB Rho(P) Works for termination in ‘Rho dependent termination’ process --
- 3. -35 box -10 box +1 Starting point -180 -100 -45 +1 +20 Table 2 Eukaryotic rRNA gene(RNA Pol I) GC box CAATbox BRE TATA +1 MTE DPE Intr Table 3 Eukaryotic mRNA gene(RNA Pol II) +1 +50 +70 +80 +90 Table 3 Eukaryotic 5s rRNA gene(RNAPol III) Box A Box B +1 +10 +30 +50 +70 Table 3 Eukaryotic tRNA gene(RNA Pol III) DSE PSE TATA +60 +30 +1 Table 3 Eukaryotic U6 snRNA gene(RNA Pol III) Table 1 Prokaryotic Gene UCE Core Element GC CAAT BRE TATA MTE DPE Box A Box C
- 4. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES FUNCTION Initiation eIF3, eIF4c eIF6, eIF4B eIF4F Bind to ribosome subunit IF 1 , IF 3 Bind to mRNA Initiator tRNA delivery IF 2 eIF2B eIF2 eIF5 Displacement of other factor Elongation eEF1a Aminoacyl tRNA delivery EF-Tu EF-Ts eEFβƳ Recycling of EF-Tu/eEF1a EF-g eEF2 Translocation Termination eRF Polypeptide Chain release RF1, RF2,RF3 Ribosome Binding site(RBS) Scaning of 5/ methylated cap ISER(Poliovirus) Cap Snitching(Influenza) Shine-Dalgarno sequence KOzak Sequence AGGAGGU G/ACCAUGG