Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
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I have entered here all the enzymes related to the three most important function in Molecular Biology - Replication Transcription and translation .They are concised in three simple charts. Also diagrams of 5 types of Gene that code for mRNA,rRNA,tRNA that are Transcribed by different RNA polymerase.
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การสลายสารอาหารโดยใช้ออกซิเจน
1) Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria.
2) In the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA which feeds into the Krebs cycle, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP.
3) NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and generating large amounts of ATP through ATP synthase as the protons flow back into the matrix.
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This study aims to identify the corepressor of daf-3 that mediates dauer formation in C. elegans in response to high temperatures, and to determine the mechanism by which daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in different temperatures. The specific aims are to first identify the daf-3 corepressor using RNAi, deletion mutants, protein extracts, and mass spectrometry. The second aim is to study the temperature dependent expression of daf-5 and the corepressor, their competitive binding to daf-3, and changes in daf-3 mRNA isoforms, to understand how daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in response to temperature
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that differ in their sugar and one of their bases. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and uses deoxyribose while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil and uses ribose. Nucleic acids form double helix structures through base pairing between complementary bases and phosphate-sugar backbones to store and transmit genetic information.
Translation
1. Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins from amino acids. It occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Ribosomes contain three binding sites (A, P, and E sites) that facilitate the sequential addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. tRNAs carry specific amino acids and recognize mRNA codons through complementary base pairing of their anticodons.
3. The genetic code consists of three-nucleotide sequences called codons that specify which of 20 amino acids will be added during translation. Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons. Translation proceeds through initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination phases.
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This document contains tablature for "Salt Creek" arranged for banjo by Leo Crossfield. The tablature is written in standard banjo tab format and broken into two parts. It provides the fretting fingers and strokes to play the melody of "Salt Creek" using the single string Don Reno style of banjo playing.
Ballad of jed clampett
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CRISPR.pptx
This document provides requirements and methods for generating a recombinant vector containing two tandem guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the dLarp7 gene in Drosophila. The requirements include primer sets for amplifying the gRNA sequences, vector backbone, and detecting the recombinant vector, as well as Gibson Assembly reagents. The method describes generating the recombinant pCDF4 vector containing the two gRNAs, microinjecting it into flies containing an attP docking site, crossing these flies with Cas9 flies to induce deletion of the dLarp7 gene, and screening F2 progeny by PCR to detect the deletion.
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การสลายสารอาหารโดยใช้ออกซิเจน
1) Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, generating 2 ATP and 2 NADH. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria.
2) In the mitochondria, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA which feeds into the Krebs cycle, producing NADH, FADH2, and GTP.
3) NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and generating large amounts of ATP through ATP synthase as the protons flow back into the matrix.
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This study aims to identify the corepressor of daf-3 that mediates dauer formation in C. elegans in response to high temperatures, and to determine the mechanism by which daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in different temperatures. The specific aims are to first identify the daf-3 corepressor using RNAi, deletion mutants, protein extracts, and mass spectrometry. The second aim is to study the temperature dependent expression of daf-5 and the corepressor, their competitive binding to daf-3, and changes in daf-3 mRNA isoforms, to understand how daf-3 switches cofactors between repressor and activator in response to temperature
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides which contain a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that differ in their sugar and one of their bases. DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and uses deoxyribose while RNA contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil and uses ribose. Nucleic acids form double helix structures through base pairing between complementary bases and phosphate-sugar backbones to store and transmit genetic information.
Translation
1. Translation is the process by which the information contained in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins from amino acids. It occurs on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
2. Ribosomes contain three binding sites (A, P, and E sites) that facilitate the sequential addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. tRNAs carry specific amino acids and recognize mRNA codons through complementary base pairing of their anticodons.
3. The genetic code consists of three-nucleotide sequences called codons that specify which of 20 amino acids will be added during translation. Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons. Translation proceeds through initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination phases.
Salt creek
This document contains tablature for "Salt Creek" arranged for banjo by Leo Crossfield. The tablature is written in standard banjo tab format and broken into two parts. It provides the fretting fingers and strokes to play the melody of "Salt Creek" using the single string Don Reno style of banjo playing.
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This document contains sheet music for the banjo part of "Ballad of Jed Clampett" arranged for 5-string banjo. The music is in 4/4 time at an allegro tempo of quarter note = 120 beats per minute. It contains the melody and chord indications for Part A of the song.
CRISPR.pptx
This document provides requirements and methods for generating a recombinant vector containing two tandem guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the dLarp7 gene in Drosophila. The requirements include primer sets for amplifying the gRNA sequences, vector backbone, and detecting the recombinant vector, as well as Gibson Assembly reagents. The method describes generating the recombinant pCDF4 vector containing the two gRNAs, microinjecting it into flies containing an attP docking site, crossing these flies with Cas9 flies to induce deletion of the dLarp7 gene, and screening F2 progeny by PCR to detect the deletion.
Honors ~ DNA 1213
This document discusses DNA replication and gene regulation. It begins with an overview of DNA replication and the enzymes involved, including helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, and ligase. It then discusses gene regulation, showing diagrams of operons like the lac and trp operons. It demonstrates how transcription factors, repressors, inducers, and corepressors control gene expression. Finally, it provides an example of epigenetic gene regulation involving chromatin remodeling and DNA methylation.
Prokaryotic transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses:
- Bacterial RNA polymerase requires sigma factors to activate different genes.
- Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II, III transcribe rRNA, mRNA, tRNA respectively, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA.
- α-Amanitin inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and III by binding to them.
- Eukaryotic transcription initiation requires general transcription factors like TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB that help recruit and position RNA polymerase II at the promoter.
Transcription of eukaryotic gene
The document summarizes transcription termination factors for RNA polymerase I, II, and III in eukaryotes. For RNA polymerase I, termination involves the upstream binding factor UBF and selectivity factor 1. For RNA polymerase II, termination can occur via an allosteric model where a poly-A signal triggers a conformational change, or a torpedo model where an endonuclease digests the RNA-DNA hybrid. Termination with RNA polymerase III involves factors TFIIIA, which binds the C box, and TFIIIB, which binds the A and B boxes. TFIIIB includes TBP and BRF. TFIIIB gives direction to the transcription complex.
Transcription
The document discusses the basic principles of gene expression from DNA to protein. It describes transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, and translation, which is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates using ribosomes. In eukaryotes, transcription requires RNA polymerases and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from DNA. The primary transcript then undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing to form mature mRNA. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins.
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Presentation.pptx
Dr. Sangeeta Khyalia discusses the central dogma of biology and the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription differs from prokaryotic transcription in initiation and processing of pre-mRNA. The document provides details on RNA polymerases, promoters, inhibitors of transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes like splicing and polyadenylation.
3B.Transcription.pptx
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase synthesizes all types of RNA. In eukaryotes, multiple RNA polymerases are involved. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases. The initial RNA transcript undergoes post-transcriptional processing including 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing in eukaryotes to form mature RNA. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Biology ~ DNA 1011
The document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. RNA is similar but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. The document explains transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNA and the large and small ribosomal subunits.
Rna polymerase
RNA polymerases are enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, while eukaryotes contain three RNA polymerases that synthesize different RNA molecules. RNA polymerases are large complex protein machines made of multiple subunits that work together to unwind DNA, add nucleotides, and proofread the newly synthesized RNA. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages that are regulated by various transcription factors.
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optimising HT FRET drug screening assay with ref to denaturation regimen; potentiation of soluble REL 1 production by heat shock inclusion Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
MOLECULAR GENETICS : PROKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION OR RNA SYNTHESIS BY DNA DEPEN...
The process of conversion of DNA to RNA or genome to transcriptome is called transcription. Central dogma of life or molecular biology both with pre-bioinformatics era & bioinformatics era is shown in flow chart. All the 3 stages of transcription i.e; initiation, elongation & termination are explained in this presentation. Information regarding DNA dependent RNA polymarase along with core enzyme & sigma factor is given in pictorial representation. The promoter sequence, hair-pin loop, Rho factor dependent & independent termination of transcription,post transcriptional modification of prokaryotic transcription before entering translation is also explained in detail.
Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
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The document outlines the process of gene expression from transcription to protein synthesis. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into RNA using RNA polymerase and nucleotides. The RNA then undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into a protein. Mutations can affect the resulting protein and its function.
Transcription NEW
Cells contain three main types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. rRNA makes up ribosomes, tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis, and mRNA directs protein synthesis. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases that resemble DNA polymerases. In prokaryotes, transcription initiates at promoter sequences and terminates at specific termination sites. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases and more complex transcription initiation involving general transcription factors that help recruit the polymerase and direct proper initiation.
Transcription
1. The document discusses transcription, the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
2. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - which have different functions like encoding proteins, transporting amino acids, and constituting ribosomes.
3. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Initiation requires promoters, elongation uses RNA polymerase to add nucleotides, and termination ends RNA synthesis.
Biochemistry transcription (RNA biosynsthesis)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
Transcription (term paper) by Ganesh M
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter region of DNA and initiates transcription. Eukaryotes require various transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. The transcription process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase and more complex regulation. Reverse transcription is the process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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Prokaryotic transcription
This document summarizes key aspects of transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes. It discusses:
- Bacterial RNA polymerase requires sigma factors to activate different genes.
- Eukaryotic RNA polymerase I, II, III transcribe rRNA, mRNA, tRNA respectively, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA.
- α-Amanitin inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerase II and III by binding to them.
- Eukaryotic transcription initiation requires general transcription factors like TFIID, TFIIA, TFIIB that help recruit and position RNA polymerase II at the promoter.
Transcription of eukaryotic gene
The document summarizes transcription termination factors for RNA polymerase I, II, and III in eukaryotes. For RNA polymerase I, termination involves the upstream binding factor UBF and selectivity factor 1. For RNA polymerase II, termination can occur via an allosteric model where a poly-A signal triggers a conformational change, or a torpedo model where an endonuclease digests the RNA-DNA hybrid. Termination with RNA polymerase III involves factors TFIIIA, which binds the C box, and TFIIIB, which binds the A and B boxes. TFIIIB includes TBP and BRF. TFIIIB gives direction to the transcription complex.
Transcription
The document discusses the basic principles of gene expression from DNA to protein. It describes transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, and translation, which is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates using ribosomes. In eukaryotes, transcription requires RNA polymerases and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from DNA. The primary transcript then undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing to form mature mRNA. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins.
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Presentation.pptx
Dr. Sangeeta Khyalia discusses the central dogma of biology and the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template, catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription differs from prokaryotic transcription in initiation and processing of pre-mRNA. The document provides details on RNA polymerases, promoters, inhibitors of transcription, and post-transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes like splicing and polyadenylation.
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RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. In prokaryotes, a single type of RNA polymerase synthesizes all types of RNA. In eukaryotes, multiple RNA polymerases are involved. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases. The initial RNA transcript undergoes post-transcriptional processing including 5' capping, polyadenylation, and splicing in eukaryotes to form mature RNA. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNA isoforms from a single gene.
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
Transcripion
1. There are four main classes of RNA: ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and small nuclear RNA.
2. Transcription involves three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. It uses DNA as a template to produce RNA.
3. Eukaryotic transcription requires RNA polymerase and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from a promoter region on DNA. The transcription process includes initiation, elongation, and termination.
Biology ~ DNA 1011
The document discusses DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. RNA is similar but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose. The document explains transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNA and the large and small ribosomal subunits.
Rna polymerase
RNA polymerases are enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA, while eukaryotes contain three RNA polymerases that synthesize different RNA molecules. RNA polymerases are large complex protein machines made of multiple subunits that work together to unwind DNA, add nucleotides, and proofread the newly synthesized RNA. The transcription process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages that are regulated by various transcription factors.
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Transcription and translation
Prokaryotic transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter sequences on DNA and synthesizing RNA without the need for primers. It proceeds through initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing three RNA polymerases and involving transcription factors, mediator complexes, 5' capping, splicing, and 3' polyadenylation to process mRNA. Alternative splicing allows single genes to code for multiple proteins through different combinations of exons.
Transcription
The document discusses transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA through initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription requires RNA polymerase and proceeds similarly in eukaryotes but involves multiple RNA polymerases and occurs in the nucleus. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, utilizing regulatory sequences, transcription factors, and RNA processing to modify pre-mRNA into mature mRNA through splicing, capping, polyadenylation, and other modifications. Mutations can affect splicing and cause genetic disorders like beta-thalassemia.
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The document outlines the process of gene expression from transcription to protein synthesis. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into RNA using RNA polymerase and nucleotides. The RNA then undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before being translated into a protein. Mutations can affect the resulting protein and its function.
Transcription NEW
Cells contain three main types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA. rRNA makes up ribosomes, tRNA transports amino acids during protein synthesis, and mRNA directs protein synthesis. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerases that resemble DNA polymerases. In prokaryotes, transcription initiates at promoter sequences and terminates at specific termination sites. Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases and more complex transcription initiation involving general transcription factors that help recruit the polymerase and direct proper initiation.
Transcription
1. The document discusses transcription, the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
2. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - which have different functions like encoding proteins, transporting amino acids, and constituting ribosomes.
3. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Initiation requires promoters, elongation uses RNA polymerase to add nucleotides, and termination ends RNA synthesis.
Biochemistry transcription (RNA biosynsthesis)
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and transcription begins. In elongation, RNA is continuously synthesized using the DNA as a template. Termination occurs when RNA polymerase stops moving along the DNA template. Eukaryotic transcription requires transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind DNA, while prokaryotic transcription involves direct binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. The nascent RNA transcript undergoes processing including capping, polyadenylation, splicing and editing to become a mature RNA.
Transcription (term paper) by Ganesh M
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter region of DNA and initiates transcription. Eukaryotes require various transcription factors to help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter. The transcription process is similar between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerase and more complex regulation. Reverse transcription is the process by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsRecently uploaded (20)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
Enzymes In Transcription, Translation and Replication
- 1. ENZYMES PROKAROTES EUKAYOTES Initiator Dna A -- Helicase Dna B MCM Ligase-Loader Dna C -- SSB SSB Replication Protein A Primer Dna G DNA Poly ᾀ/Primase RNAse DNA Pol - I RNAse H/Fan 1(last nucleotide) Gap filler DNA Pol - I DNA Poly ᾀ Ligase DNA Ligase DNA Ligase Methylator Dam Methyltransferase(GATC)/Seq A Dam Methyltransferase(GATC)/Seq A Topoisomerase DNA Gyrase/Top- I DNA Gyrase/Top- I,II Terminator Tus(Ter)1234 -- DNAPolymerases NAME Function NAME Function DNA Pol –I 5/ -3/ 3/ -5/ RNAse, Gap filling, DNA repair DNA Pol – ᾀ, No - Priming & Gap-filling DNA Pol –II No 3/ -5/ Translesion DNA Pol – β No - Base Excision repair DNA Pol –III No 3/ -5/ Replication {ɵ(E-coli)/Rolling- circle(Bacteriopgase)} DNA Pol – Ɣ No 3/ -5/ Mitochondrial DNA Replication (Displacement/D Replication) DNA Pol –VI - - DNA repair & Translesion DNA Pol –d No 3/ -5/ Replication DNA Pol –V - - DNA repair & Translesion DNA Pol – ɛ No 3/ -5/ -- Lagging strand is 1000-2000 bp Lagging strand is 100-200 bp No Telomere ‘Telomerase’ is needed to end the Telomere Replication Multirepliconic Monorepliconic OriC = 9mer + 13 mer(Starting site) Hemimethylation - Seq A(Starting site)
- 2. ENZYMES PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES RNAPolymerases Sub Units Function Types Product Transcription Factor Function α Assembly of core enzyme, Recognition of promoter (up element) RNAPol-I 5.8s, 18s & 28s rRNA UBF(Upstream Binding factor) Binds Upstream Control Element β Catalytic centre SLI(Selectivity Factor 1) Stabilizes UBF binding β/ Catalytic centre RNAPol-II mRNA most of the sn RNA LINE miRNA TFII A Inhibits the binding of TFII D inhibitor w Assembly of RNA polymerase TFII B Additional factor helps retain TFIIA+TFIID σ Recognition of promoter(Core promoter) & initiation TFII C Not known properly TFII D (TBP + TAF) TBP(TATA binding protein) Recognize TATA box TAF(TBP associated factor) Recognition of Core promoter & Regulation of TBP TFII E Recruite TFII H TFII F Recruit RNA pol II TFII H Helicase that create “Open complex” & Phosphorylation of the C- terminal domain of largest subunit of RNA pol II TFII i Additional factor for initiationTFII J RNAPol-III tRNA 5s rRNA U6 snRNA H1 RNA, MRP RNA 7S L scRNA, 7S K scRNA SINEtranscripts TFIII A Binds with C box TFIII B Binds with A and B box TBP BRF B// TFIII C Give Direction to The TFIIIB Rho(P) Works for termination in ‘Rho dependent termination’ process --
- 3. -35 box -10 box +1 Starting point -180 -100 -45 +1 +20 Table 2 Eukaryotic rRNA gene(RNA Pol I) GC box CAATbox BRE TATA +1 MTE DPE Intr Table 3 Eukaryotic mRNA gene(RNA Pol II) +1 +50 +70 +80 +90 Table 3 Eukaryotic 5s rRNA gene(RNAPol III) Box A Box B +1 +10 +30 +50 +70 Table 3 Eukaryotic tRNA gene(RNA Pol III) DSE PSE TATA +60 +30 +1 Table 3 Eukaryotic U6 snRNA gene(RNA Pol III) Table 1 Prokaryotic Gene UCE Core Element GC CAAT BRE TATA MTE DPE Box A Box C
- 4. PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES FUNCTION Initiation eIF3, eIF4c eIF6, eIF4B eIF4F Bind to ribosome subunit IF 1 , IF 3 Bind to mRNA Initiator tRNA delivery IF 2 eIF2B eIF2 eIF5 Displacement of other factor Elongation eEF1a Aminoacyl tRNA delivery EF-Tu EF-Ts eEFβƳ Recycling of EF-Tu/eEF1a EF-g eEF2 Translocation Termination eRF Polypeptide Chain release RF1, RF2,RF3 Ribosome Binding site(RBS) Scaning of 5/ methylated cap ISER(Poliovirus) Cap Snitching(Influenza) Shine-Dalgarno sequence KOzak Sequence AGGAGGU G/ACCAUGG