training report on highway planning

1. Report On Industrial
Training
Submitted in fulfillment the requirements of the
45 Days Industrial Training
At
PWD, JHUNJHUNU
FOR
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
SOBHASARIYA
GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

2. Submitted
To
Er. Naveen Thakur
Assistant Professor
Submitted by
TARUN SAINI
(Session: 2019-20 ) Department of Civil Engineering
NH 52 Sikar-JaipurHighwaw, Sikar-332001, Rajasthan (INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Bikaner Technical University, Bikaner)

3. Acknowledgement
The internship opportunity I had with [PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT] was a
great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider
myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a
part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so many wonderful people
and professionals who led me though this internship period.
Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest
gratitude and special thanks to the SHANKAR LAL JAT (EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER ) in PWD who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties,
took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to
carry out my project at their esteemed organization and extending during the
training.
I express my deepest thanks to [SHRAWAN SAINI], [COLLECTORATE
OFFICE] for taking part in useful decision & giving necessary advices and
guidance and arranged all facilities to make life easier. I choose this moment to
acknowledge his contribution gratefully.
I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will
strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will
continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives.
Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future,
Sincerely,
TARUN SAINI

4. PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT:
OVERVIEW
Public Works Department (PWD) under the ministery of public works department is pioneer of
construction area of Rajasthan over about four decades . The Public Works Department has a
glorious history in the development of the state since pre independence. The department is
mainly entrusted with construction and maintenance of Roads, Bridges and Govt. buildings. The
department also acts as Technical Advisor to the State Government in these matters.
Initially, Irrigation, Public Health engineering were units of PWD. Subsequently these units were
given separate entities to handle increased scope of work in the respective field.
Since the inception of the Department, it has strived through its continuous quest for excellence
and putting milestones in the feat of Engineering. It is this time that the Department is treading
into a new era of information technology to keep pace with the modernization.
The Public Works Department being the oldest engineering department of the State, has its well
woven network even below tensile level which enables the P.W.D. to ensure the execution of a
variety of jobs/tasks any where in the state.
Total road length being maintained by the department is more than 201064 KM. The Department
also maintains State buildings all over Rajasthan & outside. The current annual budget allocation
to the department for construction & maintenance activities is over Rs 1000 Crores.
* Main Functions
• Design, Construction, Maintenance & Repair of Government buildings.
• Design, Construction, Maintenance & Repair of Roads & Bridges.
• Undertaking Deposit Contribution works of various Departments, Local Bodies & other
• Relief works in the event of Natural calamities like famine, flood, earthquakes et al.

5. • D.R.D.A. Works like Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) etc.
• Assessments of rent of private premises requisitioned for housing Govt. offices.
• Design, construction, maintenance and repairs of runway relating to the State Government.
• Development and maintenance of Public Parks and Gardens in important Public Buildings
. • Up keeping of Govt. Rest House and Circuit Houses
. • To permit construction of approaches on both sides of roads to private individual, other
institutions, factories, Petrol Pumps etc.

7. TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROJECT OVERVIEW
2.1 Location of site
2.2 Estimate cost
2.3 Contractor
2.4 Layout and sections
2.5 Technology used
3. MATERIAL USED
4. QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
4.1 quality
4.2 quality control
4.3 quality assurance
5. METHODOLOGY
6. PLANT AND MACHINERY
7. SAFTEY
8. CONCLUSIONS

8. INDEX
1. PWD: AN OVERVIEW
2. INTRODUCTION
3. WHAT IS ROAD OR PAVMENT
4. TYPES OF PAVEMENT
5 MATERIAL USED
6. CEMENT
7. SAND
8. AGGREGATE
9. PROPORTIONING
10. PROCEDURE TO CONSTRUCTION
11. PREPRATIONOF SUB-GRADE OR BASE COURSE
12. MIXTING AND TRANSPORT OF CONCRETE
13. PLACING OF CONCRETE
14. SLIP FORM CONCRETEPAING
15. FILLING JOINTS
16. CURING
17. PROTECTIONOF THE CONCRETE PAVEMENT
18. SPECIAL MEASURE

9. 19. OPENING TO TRAFFIC
20. COST AND ESTIMATE
21. CONCLUSIONS

10. CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
POINT OF VIEW GEOGRAPHIC and population of the state is the nation’s largest
state.state industrial,economic and social development of the state and the population of
each village is absolutely necessary to reconnect to the main roads . in addition to state
important national roads,state roads and district roads and their proper broad be made to
improve the quality of traffic point of view is of particular importance. Public works
department to build road and improve connectivity in rural zones, other district road and
state broad and improvement of rural road and main routes narrow construction of zone
and depleted bridges , bridge reconstruction of the basis are transcated on a priority basis.
Also under pradhaan mantri gram sadak yojna and pre fabricated construction of rural
roads linking the work of other district roads broad suddikaran the scale bases are edited
For the purpose of management and administration roads in india are divided into the
following 5 categories-
⁕National highways (NH)
⁕STATE HIGHWAYS (SH)
⁕MAJOR DISTRICT ROADS (MDR)
⁕OTHER DISTRICT ROADS (ODR)
⁕VILLAGE ROADS (VR)
⁕The national highways are intended to fascilate medium and long distance inter-city
passenger and freight traffic across the country. The state highways are supposed to carry
traffic along major centers within the state . other district roads and village roads provide
villages accesibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture
produce from village to nearby markets. Major district roads provide the secondary
function of linkage between main roads and rural roads.
The road network in country is sa under
CATEGORIES LENGTH(KMS)
Primarly road systemcovering national highways 38.445
Secondary road systemcovering state highway (SH) 1,33,000
Other roads including major district road (MDR) other
district roads (ODR) & village road (VR)
28,46,400

11. Point of view geographic and population of state is the nation’s largest state . state
industrial economics and social development of the state and the population of each village
is absolutely necessary to re-connect to the main road . in addition to state important
national roads ,state roads and district road and their proper broad he made to improve
the quality of traffic point of view is of particular importance. Public work department to
build roads and improve connectivity in rural zones. Other district road and state broad
and improvement of rural roads and main routes narrow construction of zones and
depleted bridge and brides reconstuction of the base are transacted on a priority basis.
Also under mukhaymantri gram sadak yojana and pre-fabricated construction of rural
roads linking the work of other district roads broad kilometres the scale bases are edited.
Succesful operation of various schemes for the public works department engineers and
supervisory board in different districts of the engineer’s office has been setteled. Activities
by planning, execution, and the quality control etc.remove impediments find joy in relation
to the supervision over the activities are focused. Various schemes operated by the
depatmentg of the office of regional chief engineer and chief engineer office.
What is the road pavement?
A road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to
sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces,
cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been
replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course.
Types of Pavements
There are two types of pavements based on design considerations i.e. flexible pavement and rigid
pavement. Difference between flexible and rigid pavements is based on the manner in which the
loads are distributed to the subgrade.
Flexible Pavements
Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous
material and aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in
layers over the subgrade. Water bound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads with or without
asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible pavements.
The design of flexible pavement is based on the principle that for a load of any magnitude, the
intensity of a load diminishes as the load is transmitted downwards from the surface by virtue of

12. spreading over an increasingly larger area, by carrying it deep enough into the ground through
successive layers of granular material.
Thus for flexible pavement, there can be grading in the quality of materials used, the materials
with high degree of strength is used at or near the surface. Thus the strength of subgrade
primarily influences the thickness of the flexible pavement.
Rigid Pavements
A rigid pavement is constructed from cement concrete or reinforced concrete slabs. Grouted
concrete roads are in the category of semi-rigid pavements.
The design of rigid pavement is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab of
sufficient strength to resists the loads from traffic. The rigid pavement has rigidity and high
modulus of elasticity to distribute the load over a relatively wide area of soil.

13. TYPES OF CONCRETEPAVEMENT
In pavement construction, three different concrete pavement design types are commonly used:
1. Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP),
2. Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements (JRCP), and
3. Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP)
1. JPCP [JOINTEDPLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENT]
Because of their cost-effectiveness and reliability, the vast majority of concrete pavements
constructed today are JPCP designs. They do not contain reinforcement. They have transverse
joints generally spaced less than 5 to 6.5 m (15 to 20 ft) apart. They may contain dowel bars
across the transverse joints to transfer traffic loads across slabs and may contain tie bars across
longitudinal joints to promote aggregate interlock between slabs.
2. JRCP [JOINTEDREINFORCED CONCRETEPAVEMENT]
JRCP designs contain both joints and reinforcement (e.g., welded wire fabric, deformed steel
bars). Joint spacings are longer (typically about 9 to 12 m [30 to 40 ft]), and dowel bars and tie
bars are used at all transverse and longitudinal joints, respectively.

14. 3. CRCP [CONTINUOUSLYREINFORCED CONCRETEPAVEMENT]
CRCP designs have no transverse joints, but contain a significant amount of longitudinal rein-
forcement, typically 0.6 to 0.8 percent of the cross-sectional area. Transverse reinforcement is
often used. The high content of reinforcement both influences the development of transverse
cracks within an acceptable spacing (about 0.9 to 2.5 m [3 to 8 ft] apart) and serves to hold
cracks tightly together. Some agencies use CRCP designs for high-traffic, urban routes because
of their suitability for high-traffic loads.

15. CHAPTER-3
MATERIAL USED
Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse
aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Portland cement is the commonly used
type of cement for production of concrete. Concrete technology deals with study of properties of
concrete and its practical applications.
In a building construction, concrete is used for the construction of foundations, columns, beams,
slabs and other load bearing elements.
There are different types of binding material is used other than cement such as lime for lime
concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road construction.
Various types of cements are used for concrete works which have different properties and
applications. Some of the type of cement are Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), rapid hardening
cement, Sulphate resistant cement etc.
There are three basic ingredients in the concrete mix:
 Portland Cement
 Water
 Aggregates (rock and sand)
1.CEMENT
Cement, one of the most important building materials, is a binding agent that sets and
hardens to adhere to building units such as stones, bricks, tiles, etc. Cement generally
refers to a very fine powdery substance chiefly made up of limestone (calcium), sand or
clay (silicon), bauxite (aluminum) and iron ore, and may include shells, chalk, marl,
shale, clay, blast furnace slag, slate. The raw ingredients are processed in cement
manufacturing plants and heated to form a rock-hard substance, which is then ground into
a fine powder to be sold. Cement mixed with water causes a chemical reaction and forms
a paste that sets and hardens to bind individual structures of building materials
. Cement that is used in the construction industry can be classified into mainly two kinds of
cement namely Hydraulic Cement and Non-Hydraulic Cement.

16. Hydraulic Cement and Non-Hydraulic Cement Difference
There are differences in their composition and the way they are used.
 Hydraulic Cement is made out of limestone, clay and gypsum. Non Hydraulic Cement is
composed of lime, gypsum plaster and oxychloride.
 Hydraulic Cement hardens when there is a chemical reaction between anhydrous cement
powder with water. The hydrates that are formed are not soluble in water. It retains its
strength and hardness below water. Non hydraulic Cement hardens when there is a
reaction due to carbonation with the carbon di oxide which is naturally present in the air.
 Hydraulic Cement hardens under water or when in contact with wet weather. Hence it is
suitable to work with in any climatic conditions. Non Hydraulic Cement should be kept
dry to attain strength.
 Hydraulic cement is used in multiple applications like concrete, mortar in masonry,
swimming pools, marine construction, foundations, manholes, reservoirs to name a few.
Non hydraulic cement is becoming redundant and obsolete due to the long duration of
time taken for setting of cement.
Types of Cement and their Uses
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Quick setting cement
5. Low Heat Cement
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement which is suitable for all
general concrete construction. It is most widely produced and used type of cement around the
world with annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year. This cement is
suitable for all type of concrete construction.
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement(PPC)
Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement. It is
also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium sulfate or by
intimately and uniformly blending portland cement and fine pozzolana.
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in early days it is used in concrete where
formworks are removed at an early stage and is similar to ordinary portland cement (OPC). This
cement has increased lime content and contains higher c3s content and finer grinding which
gives greater strength development than OPC at an early stage.

17. The strength of rapid hardening cement at the 3 days is similar to 7 days strength of OPC with
the same water-cement ratio.
4. Quick setting cement
The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is that quick setting
cement sets earlier while rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while
rapid hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier.
Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very short period and for
concreting in static or running water.
5. Low Heat Cement
Low heat cement is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by
increasing the proportion of C2S. This makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration and
thus is used in mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration
prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat.
This cement has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive and initial setting time is
greater than OPC.

18. Sand
1. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles.  the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or
SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
SOURCES OF SAND Sand is formed by the weathering of rocks. Based on the natural
sources from which sand is obtained, it is classified as follows:  Pit sand  River sand 
Sea sand
PIT SAND
This sand is obtained by forming pits in soils. It is excavated from a depth of about 1-2 m
from the ground level. This sand is found as deposits in soil and it consists of sharp angular
grains, which are free from salts.
It serves as an excellent material for mortar or concrete work. Pit sand must be made free
from clay and other organic materials before it can be used in mortar. A coating of oxide of
iron over the sand grains should be removed.
RIVER SAND
This sand is widely used for all purposes. It is obtained from the banks or beds of rivers and it
consists of fine rounded grains. The presence of fine rounded grains is due to mutual attrition
under the action of water current.
The river sand is available in clean conditions. The river sand is almost white in color.
SEA SAND
This is obtained from sea shores. It is brown in color and it also has the fine rounded
grain. Sea sand DREDGED SAND DESPOSITION
As it is obtained from sea it contains salt, which is used in attracting moisture from
atmosphere. Such absorption causes dampness and disintegration of work.  It is generally not
used for engineering purpose due to its retards setting action of cement. It is normally used for
non structural purposes.
Crushed Stone Sand / Artificial Sand It is a substitute for River Sand, fine aggregates which
manufactured by crushing either granite or basalt rock using 3 stage crushing process.  This
sand is manufactured in conformance to IS Codes and is an effective alternative to river sand.

19. CLASSIFICATION OF SAND
Based on the grain size distribution  Fine sand: The sand passing through a sieve with
clear openings of 1.5875 mm is known as fine sand. Fine sand is mainly used for
plastering. .  Coarse sand: The sand passing through a sieve with clear openings of
3.175 mm is known as coarse sand. It is generally used for masonry work.  Gravelly
sand: The sand passing through a sieve with clear openings of 7.62 mm is known as
gravelly sand. It is generally used for concrete work.
2. Grading of sand: On the basis of particle size, fine aggregate is graded into four zones.
IS Sieve Percentage passing for Grading Zone Grading I Zone II Grading Zone III
Grading Zone IV 10mm 100 100 100 100 4.75mm 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100
2.36mm 60 – 95 75 – 100 85 – 100 95 – 100 1.18 mm 30 – 70 55 – 90 75 – 100 90 – 100
600 micron 15 – 34 35 – 59 60 – 79 80 – 100 300 microns 5 – 20 8 – 30 12 – 40 15 – 50
150 microns 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 15
3. Sand for Construction Works Different construction works require different standards of
sand for construction. • Brick Works: finest modulus of fine sand should be 1.2 to 1.5 and
silt contents should not be more than 4%. • Plastering Works: finest modulus of fine sand
should not be more than 1.5 and silt contents should not be more than 4%. • Concreting
Works: coarse sand should be used with finest modulus 2.5 to 3.5 and silt contents should
not be more than 4%.
4. PROPERTIES OF GOOD SAND It should be clean and coarse.  It should be free from
any organic or vegetable matter; usually 3-4 per cent clay is permitted. It should be
chemically inert. It should contain sharp, angular, coarse and durable grains. It should not
contain salts which attract moisture from the atmosphere. It should be well graded, i.e., it
should contain particles of various sizes in suitable proportions. It should be strong and
durable. It should be clean and free from coatings of clay and silt.

20. Aggregatesare classifiedinto 2 types according to size
o Fine aggregate
o Coarse aggregate
Fine Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate passed through it called as
fine aggregate. Natural sand is generally used as fine aggregate, silt and clay are also come under
this category. The soft deposit consisting of sand, silt and clay is termed as loam. The purpose of
the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent.
Fine aggregate Size variation
Coarse Sand 2.0mm – 0.5mm
Medium sand 0.5mm – 0.25mm
Fine sand 0.25mm – 0.06mm
Silt 0.06mm – 0.002mm
Clay <0.002

21. Coarse Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained is called coarse
aggregate. Gravel, cobble and boulders come under this category. The maximum size aggregate
used may be dependent upon some conditions. In general, 40mm size aggregate used for normal
strengths and 20mm size is used for high strength concrete. the size range of various coarse
aggregates given below.
Coarse aggregate Size
Fine gravel 4mm – 8mm
Medium gravel 8mm – 16mm
Coarse gravel 16mm – 64mm
Cobbles 64mm – 256mm
Boulders >256mm

22. WATER
Portable water is used for mixing and curing of concrete .it should be free from harmful matter
like salt , acid, oil etc. generally used water is from local water source from economic view.
Water tanker
STEEL BLOCK
Steel block is used as formwork. Before using form work it is should be free from all the
material like dust,cement.
The depth of steel block is same as level of slab thickness.

23. Chapter-4
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
INTRODUCTION
Quality control (QC) is the part of quality management that ensures products and servicecomply
with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of
the qualitycharacteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses
the differences between the results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions
which will correct any differences.
Quality Assurance Engineers are responsible for assessing the quality of specifications and
technical design documents in order to ensure timely, relevant and meaningful feedback. They
are involved in planning and implementing strategies for quality management and testing.
Quality control at site
1.Test sample is not taken properly; for btesting the bearing capacity of soil,
Soil sample is taken from pwd site , sample is taken from jhunjhunu side.due to which pier p2 is
redesign.
2. Lack of proper knowledge; for piers, the form work of ht 2m is provided only.
3. Lack of proper knowledge : leveling for rewwall is done properly, due to which is constris
banned for some time.
4.Quality of curing water; water used for curing is of bad quality.
5.Lack of proper sources; temporary stair is not present on the site, due to which it become
difficult to examine pier cap properly.
6. Lack of engineers and workers; there is only one engineer at the site who has to take care of
work done by workers ,making bills and bar bending schedule ,leveling and surveying. hence ,
there is no proper quality control and the site is present.

25. Chapter-5
Methodology
1. SITE CLEARENCE
Removal of un serviceable soil blown and sand including excavation , loading and
disposal up to 1000m lead . clearing and grubbing to remove vegetations, root and
other organic matter along the alignment up to the bottom width of the embankment
and the side drains.
2.PREPARATION OF SUBGRADE
1. Prepared soil subgrade: • The soil subgrade of rigid pavement consist of natural or
selected soil from identified borrow pits fulfilling the specified requirements. • The
soil subgrade is well compacted to the desired density and to the required thickness. •
The soil subgrade is the lower most layer of the pavement structure which ultimately
supports all other pavement layer and traffic loads. • A good soil subgrade / well
compacted and prepared soil subgrade gives long service life to the pavement.
3.PREPERATION OF GRANULAR SUB BASE(GSB)/DRAINAGE
LAYER
• The GSB course has to serve as an effective drainage layer of the rigid pavement to
prevent early failures due to excessive moisture content in the subgrade soil.
• Crushed stone aggregate are preferred In the granular subbase course as this
material has high permeability and serves as a effective drainage layer• Coarse graded
aggregates with low percent of fines (<5%
finer than 75 micron sieve) will serve as good drainage
layer.
• An effective drainage layer under the CC pavements have
the following benefits:
a. Increases in service life and improved performance of
CC pavements.
b. Prevention of early failures of the rigid pavements due
to pumping and blowing.

26. c. Protection of the subgrade against frost action in the
frost suceptible areas..
3. Base course:( Dry lean concrete):
• The granular base course is generally provided under the
CC pavement slab in low volume roads and also in roads
with moderate traffic loads.
• On roads carrying heavy to very heavy traffic loads high
quality base course materials such as dry lean concrete are
preferred.
• In the base course of the CC pavement as they are
designed for a life of 30 years or more with good
maintenance. The CC pavement are expressed to provide
a service life of 40 years or even more.
• The DLC layer provides a uniform support, high K value
and excellent working platform for laying the PQC slab
with a sensor paver.
PROPORTIONING-
In plane cement (cc road) we use the proportioning of 1;4;8(40mm)
Means 1 part of cement,4 part of fine aggregate and 8 part of course aggregate.
In cement concrete (*top surface) we mix in the proportioning of 2;6;4;7 by mans
that we mix.
2 bag of cement(100kg)
Bowl of coarse aggregate
4 bowl of fine aggregate.

27. Bowl of sand
Bowl means generally for carrier use by labour.