This document discusses various types of disasters and traffic accidents. It defines disasters as events that cause damage, disruption, and loss of life on a large scale. Disasters are classified as either natural, involving events like earthquakes, floods, and wildfires, or man-made, such as industrial and transportation accidents. The document also defines traffic accidents and examines their causes and methods for prevention, including reducing risky behaviors like speeding and drink driving. It promotes the use of safety measures like seatbelts and helmets to decrease injury severity from accidents.

1. JIET SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING &
TECHOLOGY FOR GIRLS, JODHPUR
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Pratibha maurya Prof. Anshu mathur

2. DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER
 A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that
cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human
life, deterioration of health and health services on a
scale ,sufficient to

3. DISASTERS CLASSIFICATIONS
MANMADE NATURAL

4. NATURAL DISASTER
 Avalanches
 Earthquakes
 Volcanic eruptions
 Hydrological disasters
 Cyclonic storms
 Space disasters
 Health disasters
 Wildfires

5. MAN- MADE DISASTERS
 fires
 transport accidents
 industrial accidents
 oil spills
 nuclear explosions/radiation
traffic accident

6. DEFININTION OF ACCIDENT
 The who definition:
- Unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable
damage
- An unexpected, unplanned occurrence which may
involve injury.

7. TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IMAGES


8. OTHER LAWS YOU NEED
TO KNOW!
 Headlights must be lighted from sunset to sunrise or
when visibility is poor.
 You must dim your brights 500’ before meeting and 200’
before overtaking another vehicle.
 It is illegal to engage in any vehicle race, exhibit of
speed, or speed contest on any public road, street, or
highway.
 Windows and windshields must be kept clean and free
of stickers, signs, posters, except those required by law.
 When a load extends 4’ or more out the back, a red flag
must be attached to the load.
 It is illegal to drive recklessly or inattentively.
 It is illegal to send or read text messages while
driving!

9. SPEED LIMITS
 The Basic Rule: No matter what the posted speed,
you must judge the situation and conditions and
adjust your speed accordingly.
 The maximum speed on a freeway is 75mph,
65mph on a highway, and 35mph on city streets
(unless posted otherwise).
 It is illegal to drive so slowly that you disrupt the
normal flow of traffic.
 Observe posted speeds in school and construction
zones to protect students and workers (penalties
are higher in these areas).

10. FACT ABOUT SIGNALING & TURNING
 You must signal when turning at an intersection or
into a driveway!
 You must signal when changing lanes.
 You must signal when entering or leaving the
freeway.
 You must signal when pulling toward or away from
the curb.
 You must signal 100 feet (about 5 seconds) before
turning.
 In Idaho, you may turn right on a red light, after
stopping.
 In Idaho, you may turn left on a red light, after
stopping, and if turning onto a one-way street.

11. TEXTING AND DRIVING
 As of July 1, 2012, it is illegal to text while driving in
Idaho.
 “Texting” means, “engaging in the review of, or
manual preparation and transmission of, written
communication via handheld wireless devices.”

12. PERFORMANCE OF ORIGINAL ARPANET
ALGORITHM
 Light load
 Delay dominated by the constant part (transmission
delay and propagation delay)
 Medium load
 Queuing delay is no longer negligible
 Moderate traffic shifts to avoid congestion
 Heavy load
 Very high metrics on congested links
 Busy links look bad to all of the routers
 All routers avoid the busy links
 Routers may send packets on longer paths

13. MOTOROLA ESENSOR™
 DNA Detection System.
 Binding properties of DNA and RNA.
 Electronic circuit element.
 Detectable electronic signal.
 Disposable biochip cartridges, detection reagents,
electronic biochip reader, software and protocols.
 Convenient, economically feasible.

14. AIM
INVESTIGATE THE CAUSES OF THE MAJOR REDUCTION
IN THE NUMBER OF ROAD ACCIDENT FATALITIES IN 2007-10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Casualtiesindexedto2000figure
Killed Seriously injured

15. RISK FACTORS
The risk depends on four elements :
 A) Exposure excess (need to travel)
 B) Risk of crash, given a particular exposure,
 C) Risk of injury, given a crash,
 D) Risk of death or severe consequences,
given an injury.

16. PREVENTION
 Traffic accidents are preventable.
 The three targets of the road safety actions :
- the road users
- the vehicles
- the roads infrastructure as well as the
traffic management.

17. PREVENTION
A scientific approach to the issue is necessary :
Many conditions are required to guarantee the
efficiency of the prevention strategies which are
adopted.
 To collect, analyse and carefully interpret reliable
data : The National Traffic Observatory in Tunisia was
established to fulfill theses missions.
 To define objectives.
 To promote research, which subjects are concerned with
road safety.
 To encourage the cooperation between different
organizations intervening in traffic accidents prevention
(NETWORKING).

18. THE KEY ORGANIZATIONS
INTERVENING IN THE PREVENTION
STRATEGIES :
Organizations intervening
in road safety actions

19. PREVENTION MEASURES
Prevention strategies are made of interventions
which are aiming to :
 diminish the exposure risk.
 avoid road crashes, given a particular
exposure.
 reduce the severity of injuries caused by
crashes
 improve the medical care for victims.

20. MEASURES AVOIDING ROAD CRASHES, GIVEN
AN EXPOSURE
 Speed limitation
 Measures against « alcohol and driving »
 Measures avoiding the drivers fatigue :
 Measures ensuring pedestrian and cyclists safety
 Prevention of traffic accidents implying young
drivers
 The prohibition of the use of hand- held mobile
telephones while driving
 More road visibility

21. MEASURES REDUCING THE SEVERITY OF
INJURIES CAUSED BY CRASHES :
a – The use of seat-belts
 When use, the seat- belt reduce the risk of fatal or
severe accident, between 40% and 65 % (1).
 Making the wearing of safety belts compulsory
improves their use rates.
b- Use of helmets
c- Availability of air bags

22. ACTIONS IMPROVING POST-CRASH
INJURY OUTCOME
- pre-hospital mesures :
* Bystanders : call for help, carry out simple acts to
rescue victims, protect victims from
an other accident
* Larger access to emergency services
* Better pre- hospital medical care
- actions in the hospital :

23. 

24. CONCLUSIONS
Traffic
Vehicle
safety
Financial
stability
Vehicle
safety

25. CONCLUSIONS
 General reduction in traffic
 Reduction in young male drivers
 Drink driving accidents reduce
 Small reduction in speeding
 Progressively colder winters

26. TTTTT