Traditional News Values
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Traditional news values that determine if a story is newsworthy include timeliness, proximity, prominence, conflict, impact, novelty, and human interest.
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Chapter 2: Perspectives on Mass Communication
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According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
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The document discusses Marshall McLuhan's concept that "the medium is the message." It provides explanations of three key concepts from McLuhan's work: medium, content, and etherealization. It also includes quotes from McLuhan and analyzes the significance of the #MeToo hashtag and movement as an example artifact. The document aims to help students understand McLuhan's influential ideas about how the channels of communication themselves can shape society and human interaction.
Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda-setting theory posits that the news media determines the issues the public thinks are important by focusing attention on specific topics and influencing perceptions. Research by McCombs and Shaw showed strong correlations between the media agenda and public agenda on election issues, indicating the media influences what the public thinks about even if not what to think. The media sets its agenda through gatekeepers and influences those with high needs for orientation the most.
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This document discusses the political economy of mass media, which examines how media is produced, distributed, consumed, and how those aspects are related. It specifically looks at how media ownership, corporate advertising models, use of official sources, and ideological filters can shape media. Some key theories discussed include Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, manufacturing consent, and media hegemony, which look at how these factors influence media content and narratives.
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The Soviet Communist Theory of Press holds that the state owns and controls all mass media directly. The small group of party leaders has authority over the media. The role of the media is to bring the concerns of the working class to light and downplay negatives about communism while emphasizing negatives about democratic societies. Although related to authoritarian theory, Soviet Communist theory believes the media should maintain a positive outlook. The theory developed through Lenin and Stalin to view the media as instruments of the state and party to propagate their interpretation and policies through newspapers, broadcasting, and film.
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Qualities Of Sub Editor
A sub-editor collects reports from reporters and prepares articles for publication by correcting errors, checking facts, and editing for style and clarity. Some key qualities of a good sub-editor include having a strong news sense to identify important elements, understanding the publication to edit appropriately, maintaining objectivity, and ensuring accuracy by verifying all facts and details. Sub-editors must also be well-organized, fast-working, calm under pressure, curious, and possess strong language skills to effectively edit content for readers or audiences.
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The document discusses the concept of agenda setting in mass media. It defines agenda setting as the process by which mass media determines what issues the public thinks and worries about. The media influences public agenda by choosing what news to report on and how prominently to feature different issues. This public agenda then influences policy decisions. The document traces the origins of agenda setting theory to Walter Lippmann in the 1920s and its formal development by McCombs and Shaw in the 1960s. It also outlines how agenda setting occurs in three levels - the media agenda, public agenda, and policy agenda.
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David K. Berlo was an American communication theorist who developed the SMCR model of communication and later Media Dependency Theory. He argued that individuals rely more heavily on media as sources of information, which influences their attitudes and behaviors. Berlo's Media Dependency Theory posited that the relationship between media and their audiences is one of dependency, with receivers depending more on media over time for information they need to function in society.
Media Conglomerates
Mass media is dominated by a small number of large conglomerates. Through mergers and acquisitions over many years, around six major companies now control around 90% of media in developed countries. This high level of consolidation raises concerns about these companies' outsized economic and political influence over what information is reported and how. While globalization has increased access to information, many nations still struggle with censorship and threats to journalists, and mainstream media ownership concentration risks lack of objective reporting and control by corporate and political elites to advance their own interests over informing the public.
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News Values
The document discusses several news values that help determine how newsworthy a story is, including impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, bizarreness, conflict, and currency. Impact refers to the number of people affected by an event. Timeliness means recent events are prioritized over older ones. Prominence gives more value to stories involving famous people. Proximity favors local stories over distant ones. Bizarreness makes unusual events newsworthy. Conflict, such as strife, also increases newsworthiness. Currency refers to topics currently in the public spotlight.
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The document discusses the basic structures of English sentences. It states that most English sentences consist of a subject and a predicate, which can take the form of a subject complement or direct object depending on the verb. Sentences are usually one of three basic patterns: subject-verb (S-V), subject-verb-direct object (S-V-DO), or subject-verb-subject complement (S-V-SC). It provides examples to illustrate intransitive verbs that take only a subject and verb, and transitive verbs that take a subject, verb and direct object.
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This document provides a summary of a presentation given by Bruce Clary on Emily Dickinson's poems of faith and doubt. The summary includes Clary's background and credentials, objectives for the presentation which were to reacquaint the audience with Dickinson and explore some of her poems. It also provides some context about Dickinson's unconventional writing style and how she wrote primarily for herself using traditional forms but without titles and with variants and scrambled syntax. Several of Dickinson's poems are also summarized.
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This document summarizes guidelines for using copyrighted media in student multimedia projects under the principle of fair use. It explains that fair use allows students to incorporate portions of lawfully acquired copyrighted works for educational projects in a course. It provides limitations for different types of media, such as 10% or 3 minutes of video, no more than 5 images per photographer, and no more than 250 words of poetry. The document also discusses Creative Commons licensing and lists sources of Creative Commons media that can be used without restrictions.
African Americans in the Civil War
1) African American soldiers proved themselves worthy of citizenship by fighting for the United States in the Civil War, according to Frederick Douglass and others.
2) However, some Confederate generals, like Sherman, were skeptical of African Americans' ability to perform complex battlefield roles besides direct combat.
3) By late in the war, the Union had embraced arming African Americans as a powerful way to undermine the Confederacy and weaken them by thousands of potential soldiers.
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This document summarizes the changing narratives around the causes and outcomes of the American Civil War over time. It discusses how the South initially seceded to protect slavery, while the North fought to preserve the Union. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the goal of freeing slaves became more central to the North's efforts. However, after Reconstruction ended, the dominant view in the South was the "Lost Cause" narrative that portrayed the war as being over states' rights rather than slavery. This narrative was increasingly challenged in the 20th century by the Civil Rights Movement.
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The document discusses Gone with the Wind, both the novel and the film adaptation. It summarizes that the novel was a best-selling Pulitzer Prize winner, while the film was pioneering in its use of Technicolor and remains the highest-grossing film of all time adjusted for inflation. Though the film moderated some of the novel's racism, it still presented a benign view of slavery and retained some stereotypical portrayals of black characters. The film also reinforced the Lost Cause myth of the honorable South.
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Southern honor had three interrelated components according to Bertram Wyatt-Brown's book Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South. First, honor involved an inner conviction of self-worth. Second, it required publicly claiming that self-assessment. Third, honor depended on the public's assessment of one's behavior and whether it matched one's claim. Thus, honor combined internal self-regard with external evaluation by one's community. It served as an ethical guide for how individuals located themselves within the social hierarchy.
Journey to Gettysburg
The document summarizes key Civil War battles from 1861 to 1863 that led up to the pivotal Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. It describes Confederate victories such as Bull Run and Fredericksburg for the Union, as well as significant battles like Shiloh, Antietam, and Chancellorsville. It concludes by noting that in June 1863, Robert E. Lee began marching his Confederate army into Pennsylvania towards Gettysburg.
Four Major Interpretive Tradition of the American Civil War
The document outlines four interpretive traditions of the American Civil War:
1) The Lost Cause tradition romanticizes the Old South and portrays secession and the Confederacy in a positive light.
2) The Union Cause tradition views the Union as the last hope for democracy and sees the war as necessary to preserve the United States.
3) The Emancipation Cause focuses on the emancipation of four million slaves as a result of the war.
4) The Reconciliation Cause downplays emancipation and celebrates the Blue and Gray armies together after the war ended with the capitulation of the Confederacy to the Lost Cause interpretation.
Still Fighting the Civil War
Americans still debate key issues from the Civil War, including:
1) What was the war about and what did soldiers fight for? Was it about states' rights or slavery?
2) Which side can claim the moral high ground?
3) Did the ends justify the means used by either side?
4) Which side was more racist?
The document provides examples of continuing divisions over symbols and interpretations of the Civil War such as protests at the Lincoln Memorial dedication and debates over textbooks and monuments.
Student Use of Multimedia: What You Need to Know
This document discusses copyright and fair use guidelines for using multimedia in student projects. It explains that most creative works are copyrighted unless in the public domain or used with permission. Students can use original works they create, works that are public domain, and portions of copyrighted works under fair use for educational projects. Fair use allows use of small portions of text, images, music and videos. Recent court cases have supported educational fair use. The document encourages sharing works through Creative Commons licensing.
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The document provides guidelines for editing photos for multimedia storytelling. It states that photographers may edit photos to make them look more like what was seen with the naked eye, but they cannot add or remove anything from the photo. Specific allowed edits include cropping to improve composition, improving overexposed or underexposed shots, adjusting colors for realism, and sharpening for enhanced clarity. Photographers are instructed to avoid setting up shots or cleaning up and to capture subjects as they are.
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This document discusses the purpose and importance of journalism in a democratic society. It asserts that journalism is meant to provide citizens with information to allow them to be self-governing. However, it notes threats currently facing journalism from the internet, shifts in consumer behavior, government influence, corporate conglomerations, and journalistic arrogance. It outlines Walter Lippmann's view of the public as ignorant and in need of an elite press to filter information, and John Dewey's counter perspective of the public being capable of self-realization with reliable journalism. The document proposes the theory of an "interlocking public" to reframe the relationship between journalists and the people.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
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- 9. Blank