News values!
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News values prioritize impactful stories that affect many people, negative or conflicting stories, and those that are new, unusual, or close to the audience. Other factors that increase newsworthiness include timeliness, relevance to current issues, and stories that elicit human emotion through odd or interesting angles about ordinary individuals.
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News Values
The document discusses news values, which are criteria used by journalists and news editors to determine what stories are most newsworthy and should receive prominent coverage. Some of the key news values mentioned include proximity, recency, currency, continuity, uniqueness, simplicity, expectedness, elite nations/people, exclusivity, and size. The higher a news story scores on these values, the more likely it is to receive prominent placement or coverage. However, news judgment is also subjective, and different outlets may prioritize stories differently based on their own standards and audience.
Public sphere
Jürgen Habermas was a German philosopher and sociologist born in 1929 who studied at universities in Germany. He is known for his theory of the public sphere as a domain of social life where private citizens can gather to discuss matters of public concern freely and openly. Habermas argued that the 18th century saw the emergence of a bourgeois public sphere but that it has since transformed due to the influences of mass media, advertising, and public relations which have corrupted its independence. He remains skeptical of how mass media can be used to control public opinion and legitimize government policy.
Media & media conglomerates
The document discusses various media conglomerates including their business activities and subsidiaries. It provides information on AT&T, Sony, Time Warner, and Viacom - four major media conglomerates that operate across different sectors like telecommunications, consumer electronics, entertainment, cable TV, broadcasting, publishing, movies and video games. The conglomerates own numerous brands and subsidiaries across these sectors.
News values
News values are general guidelines used by media outlets to determine how prominently to report a story. There are eight main news values: (1) timeliness - recent events are prioritized; (2) proximity - local stories rank higher; (3) impact - stories affecting many people are prioritized; (4) controversy - debates and opposing viewpoints increase interest; (5) magnitude - significance in scale or potential impact; (6) prominence - involvement of famous individuals; (7) currency - stories people are currently discussing; and (8) oddity/novelty - unusual events capture attention. Media outlets use these criteria to evaluate newsworthiness.
Two step flow of communication
The document discusses the two-step flow model of communication, which hypothesizes that ideas from mass media flow first to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the wider population. It was first introduced in 1944 and elaborates that most people are influenced indirectly through opinion leaders who are exposed to media messages and interpret them based on their own opinions before spreading them to others. Opinion leaders tend to be similar demographically or socially to those they influence. The two-step model provides an explanation for why some media campaigns do not change attitudes at a wide scale.
Gate Keeping Theory
Kurt Lewin originally developed the concept of gatekeeping theory to describe how information is filtered for dissemination through various channels of communication. Gatekeeping refers to the process by which individuals or organizations make decisions about allowing or blocking information to pass through different gates. At each gate, a gatekeeper determines what information is appropriate or inappropriate to pass through based on various influences like social norms, ethics, and policies. Gatekeeping theory is now widely used in fields like journalism and mass media to understand how and why certain information gets selected for publication or broadcasting while other information gets rejected.
Newsroom structure
This document describes the various sections and roles within a newspaper organization. It notes that the newsroom is the most important section, as it is responsible for preparing the newspaper. The newsroom has two main sections: reporting, where reporters gather news, and subbing, where sub-editors layout the news. It also describes the roles of the news editor, shift supervisors, proofreaders, and press staff who print and distribute the finished newspaper.
Peace Journalism
This document summarizes key points from a peace journalism lecture and assigned readings. It discusses definitions of peace journalism and criticisms of the concept. Peace journalism is defined as framing conflicts to focus on non-violent solutions and peace initiatives rather than escalating tensions. While peace journalism aims to reduce violence, some argue it compromises journalist objectivity and blurs their role. The document also examines how war is covered by media, addressing concepts like objectivity, media effects theories, and criticisms of "infotainment" style coverage. Frame analysis research on Asian conflicts and the Iraq War is summarized, finding local conflicts more often framed through a "war journalism" lens.
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News Values
The document discusses news values, which are criteria used by journalists and news editors to determine what stories are most newsworthy and should receive prominent coverage. Some of the key news values mentioned include proximity, recency, currency, continuity, uniqueness, simplicity, expectedness, elite nations/people, exclusivity, and size. The higher a news story scores on these values, the more likely it is to receive prominent placement or coverage. However, news judgment is also subjective, and different outlets may prioritize stories differently based on their own standards and audience.
Public sphere
Jürgen Habermas was a German philosopher and sociologist born in 1929 who studied at universities in Germany. He is known for his theory of the public sphere as a domain of social life where private citizens can gather to discuss matters of public concern freely and openly. Habermas argued that the 18th century saw the emergence of a bourgeois public sphere but that it has since transformed due to the influences of mass media, advertising, and public relations which have corrupted its independence. He remains skeptical of how mass media can be used to control public opinion and legitimize government policy.
Media & media conglomerates
The document discusses various media conglomerates including their business activities and subsidiaries. It provides information on AT&T, Sony, Time Warner, and Viacom - four major media conglomerates that operate across different sectors like telecommunications, consumer electronics, entertainment, cable TV, broadcasting, publishing, movies and video games. The conglomerates own numerous brands and subsidiaries across these sectors.
News values
News values are general guidelines used by media outlets to determine how prominently to report a story. There are eight main news values: (1) timeliness - recent events are prioritized; (2) proximity - local stories rank higher; (3) impact - stories affecting many people are prioritized; (4) controversy - debates and opposing viewpoints increase interest; (5) magnitude - significance in scale or potential impact; (6) prominence - involvement of famous individuals; (7) currency - stories people are currently discussing; and (8) oddity/novelty - unusual events capture attention. Media outlets use these criteria to evaluate newsworthiness.
Two step flow of communication
The document discusses the two-step flow model of communication, which hypothesizes that ideas from mass media flow first to opinion leaders and then from opinion leaders to the wider population. It was first introduced in 1944 and elaborates that most people are influenced indirectly through opinion leaders who are exposed to media messages and interpret them based on their own opinions before spreading them to others. Opinion leaders tend to be similar demographically or socially to those they influence. The two-step model provides an explanation for why some media campaigns do not change attitudes at a wide scale.
Gate Keeping Theory
Kurt Lewin originally developed the concept of gatekeeping theory to describe how information is filtered for dissemination through various channels of communication. Gatekeeping refers to the process by which individuals or organizations make decisions about allowing or blocking information to pass through different gates. At each gate, a gatekeeper determines what information is appropriate or inappropriate to pass through based on various influences like social norms, ethics, and policies. Gatekeeping theory is now widely used in fields like journalism and mass media to understand how and why certain information gets selected for publication or broadcasting while other information gets rejected.
Newsroom structure
This document describes the various sections and roles within a newspaper organization. It notes that the newsroom is the most important section, as it is responsible for preparing the newspaper. The newsroom has two main sections: reporting, where reporters gather news, and subbing, where sub-editors layout the news. It also describes the roles of the news editor, shift supervisors, proofreaders, and press staff who print and distribute the finished newspaper.
Peace Journalism
This document summarizes key points from a peace journalism lecture and assigned readings. It discusses definitions of peace journalism and criticisms of the concept. Peace journalism is defined as framing conflicts to focus on non-violent solutions and peace initiatives rather than escalating tensions. While peace journalism aims to reduce violence, some argue it compromises journalist objectivity and blurs their role. The document also examines how war is covered by media, addressing concepts like objectivity, media effects theories, and criticisms of "infotainment" style coverage. Frame analysis research on Asian conflicts and the Iraq War is summarized, finding local conflicts more often framed through a "war journalism" lens.
Media conglomerate type of ownership pattern
The document discusses media conglomerates in India and provides details about The Times Group, one of the largest media conglomerates in India. It owns numerous publications, TV channels, radio stations, and digital properties. Some of its major publications include The Times of India, The Economic Times, and Mumbai Mirror. It also owns TV channels like ET Now and Times Now. As a private company, The Times Group remains family-owned and generates over $1.5 billion in annual revenue through its diverse media properties.
Media Economics
Media economics is a field that has grown over the past 40 years as scholars have applied economic theories and principles to study media industries and companies. It involves microeconomic analysis of media firms as well as macroeconomic analysis of media policies and regulations. Key developments in media economics include early studies in the 1950s examining industry structures and competition. The field draws on microeconomic theories like the industrial organization model but could be expanded by incorporating more macroeconomic theories and developing new theories to analyze the dynamic media landscape. Issues going forward include improving methods of measuring competition and developing broader theoretical frameworks.
Two step flow of information
This document discusses several models and theories related to the flow of information and influence. It describes the two-step flow of communication model developed by Lazarsfeld, which found that personal influence from opinion leaders is more impactful than direct media influence. It also discusses Kurt Lewin's concept of gatekeeping, in which individuals control the flow of information by deciding what should pass through or be blocked. News editors are provided as an example of gatekeepers who determine what news items to publish based on their organization's policies.
Dominant paradigm and the criticisms
The document discusses the dominant paradigm of development from the 1960s. It viewed development as increasing standards of living through economic growth. Key aspects included prioritizing industry, education to grow the workforce, healthcare, and mass media to diffuse information. However, critics argue it failed to consider social impacts and was often inefficient. Problems included unemployment, urbanization without proper support, and countries being unprepared for resulting social changes. This led to evolving new development paradigms.
Media Two Step Flow Theory
The Two-Step Flow Theory proposes that the influence of mass media on public opinion occurs in two stages. First, media messages are received by opinion leaders in social groups who influence and filter information for their networks. These opinion leaders interpret and discuss the media's content with other group members, acting as the primary influencers. This second stage of interpersonal communication among ordinary group members ultimately shapes public opinion more so than direct exposure to the media. The theory helped explain how mass media influences audiences indirectly through social relationships and informal discussions within people's networks.
Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda-setting theory posits that the news media determines the issues the public thinks are important by focusing attention on specific topics and influencing perceptions. Research by McCombs and Shaw showed strong correlations between the media agenda and public agenda on election issues, indicating the media influences what the public thinks about even if not what to think. The media sets its agenda through gatekeepers and influences those with high needs for orientation the most.
News source
This document discusses the importance of sources in journalism and provides guidance on working with different types of sources. It notes that sources provide timely information to reporters and are essential to creating reports. However, reporters must be careful in protecting source identities and maintaining objectivity. The document cautions about types of unreliable sources like liars seeking publicity, hoaxsters spreading misinformation, and promoters pushing agendas. It advises reporters to verify information from multiple sources and be skeptical of leaks and online information. Finally, it outlines different types of sources reporters may use, including other reporters, primary witnesses, documents, and secondary sources like police, while being wary of anonymous tips.
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Political economy of the media and regulation
This document outlines key concepts from the critical political economy tradition for analyzing media and communications. It discusses concerns with ownership concentration, constraints on media messages, and the tension between private interests and public ideals of the media. The critical political economy perspective examines how economic forces shape cultural production and representations in ways that can perpetuate inequality in society. It is interested in the appropriate roles of the state, market, and public sphere in media and communications.
News beats journalism ppt final
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Agenda setting theory
The document discusses agenda setting theory in mass communication. It states that media have the ability to determine which issues are important to the public by influencing what people think about rather than what to think. It provides background on the origins of the theory from Lippmann and Cohen and empirical research by McCombs and Shaw. Later research identified features like vividness, positioning and priming. The document also discusses agenda building, influences on media agendas, framing, and criticisms of agenda setting theory with examples of how Pakistani media practices it.
Beat reporting
This document provides guidance for beat reporters on how to effectively cover specific areas or "beats" on a regular basis. It defines what a beat is and lists common beats such as government, education, police, and business. The document advises reporters to be familiar with the background of their beat, know the relevant language, ask the right questions, recognize newsworthy information, and write understandable stories. It also provides tips for beat reporters such as doing regular follow-up coverage, building relationships with sources, asking clarifying questions, and getting out of the office to observe events firsthand. The overall document offers practical strategies for beat reporters to cultivate news on their assigned area and communicate information clearly to readers.
The Two-Step Flow Of Communication
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis Elihu Katz (1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
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The top information source providing details on MBA, Engineering, Medical, Architecture, Hotel Management, Law, Commerce, Science, Arts, Diploma courses and Vocational training courses, institute data, related articles, educational videos, education projects and online tests, forum and student discussion board
Newcomb model
Newcomb’s Model In 1953
*About Model
Theodore M. Newcomb is one of the principal pioneers in the establishment of social psychology as an area for the study at the periphery between the traditional disciplines of psychology and sociology (Converse, 1994).
Theodore M. Newcomb’s Model, unlike any other models takes the shape of the triangle.
The main significance of this model is that, it makes an attempt to provide explanation regarding the role of communication in the society and in social relationships.
According to this model, communication processes renders a significant contribution in maintaining equilibrium within the social system.
In this model, the communication among the individuals is focused upon the social environment. Within the social environment.
There are number of aspects, in terms of which communication processes can be facilitated among individuals.
This model is regarded as significant in the light of the individuals increasing needs and requirements. In fact, when the individuals are residing in the democratic country.
it is vital for them to generate awareness and augment their understanding in terms of factors of the social environment.
This information would be assisting to them in providing solutions to their problems and in enriching their lives.
Through this model the individuals are able to understand, how important it is for them to form effective communication terms within the social environment
In order to enhance one’s living conditions and meet all the needs and requirements, it is vital for the individuals to establish effective communication terms with each other.
When the individuals will communicate with each other in a suitable manner within the social environment .
Then they will be able to work efficaciously towards the generation of desired outcomes and in sustaining one’s living conditions in an appropriate manner.
Therefore, it can be stated that understanding of this model has proven to be beneficial to the individuals .
A Propaganda Model
The document summarizes Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, which argues that mass media is influenced by five filters - size and profit orientation of media corporations, reliance on advertising, sourcing from elite sources, managing negative responses ("flak"), and anticommunist ideology. These filters shape media in ways that are favorable to the interests of powerful groups and the state. The model was applied to show how propaganda campaigns have historically aligned with elite agendas.
Agenda Setting Theory.
The document discusses agenda setting theory in communication. It was developed in 1972 by Dr. Max McCombs and Dr. Donald Shaw based on the 1968 US presidential election. The core assumption of agenda setting theory is that media influences public perception of what issues are important by how frequently and prominently they cover certain issues. While media may not reflect reality directly, it filters and shapes public perception of what issues are salient. The theory focuses on how media sets the agenda for what the public thinks about through selection, emphasis, and framing of issues.
Peace journalism
This document provides an overview of peace journalism. It defines peace journalism as focusing on analyzing conflicts, transforming them to promote non-violence, and building awareness of non-violent responses. The document traces the origins of peace journalism to 1973 and Johan Galtung. It discusses how media can help peace processes by influencing stakeholders and public discourse. The document contrasts peace journalism with war journalism and notes peace journalism aims to de-escalate conflicts by presenting all sides in a balanced manner. It concludes that while peace is difficult, journalism can help bridge divides and influence policymakers when it adopts a balanced approach.
Development journalism 1
The document discusses the history and goals of development journalism. It began in the 1960s with a focus on critically analyzing government development projects and their impact. Today, development journalism aims to improve conditions in developing countries by investigating and reporting on issues like poverty, healthcare, education, and sustainability. Journalists uncover overlooked stories and empower citizens by bringing attention to important issues and proposing solutions. The document also discusses different eras in development communication theory, from modernization to participatory models emphasizing local voices.
Framing Theory By Dilawar Dar
Erving Goffman was a highly influential Canadian-American sociologist known for his studies of everyday social interactions and symbolic meaning. His most famous work was Frame Analysis (1974) which introduced the concept of "framing" to describe how people interpret situations based on social expectations and cues. According to framing theory, people make sense of situations through mental frameworks or "frames" informed by past experiences and media messages. These frames can be resistant to change and arouse strong emotions. Framing theory provides insights into how social interactions and media representations reinforce societal norms and power structures through subtle cues.
News Values
The document discusses several news values that help determine how newsworthy a story is, including impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, bizarreness, conflict, and currency. Impact refers to the number of people affected by an event. Timeliness means recent events are prioritized over older ones. Prominence gives more value to stories involving famous people. Proximity favors local stories over distant ones. Bizarreness makes unusual events newsworthy. Conflict, such as strife, also increases newsworthiness. Currency refers to topics currently in the public spotlight.
An introduction to news values
This document discusses various factors that influence what stories are deemed newsworthy and selected for publication in the news media. It explores how both media organizations and audiences impact news selection. Key determinants of newsworthiness include whether a story signals risk or threat, contains elements of change and uncertainty, and is relevant to the security of individuals or social groups. The media act as gatekeepers by deciding what information passes through to the public based on potential biases. Dominant ideologies also shape which news stories are given more or less attention and prominence.
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Media Economics
Media economics is a field that has grown over the past 40 years as scholars have applied economic theories and principles to study media industries and companies. It involves microeconomic analysis of media firms as well as macroeconomic analysis of media policies and regulations. Key developments in media economics include early studies in the 1950s examining industry structures and competition. The field draws on microeconomic theories like the industrial organization model but could be expanded by incorporating more macroeconomic theories and developing new theories to analyze the dynamic media landscape. Issues going forward include improving methods of measuring competition and developing broader theoretical frameworks.
Two step flow of information
This document discusses several models and theories related to the flow of information and influence. It describes the two-step flow of communication model developed by Lazarsfeld, which found that personal influence from opinion leaders is more impactful than direct media influence. It also discusses Kurt Lewin's concept of gatekeeping, in which individuals control the flow of information by deciding what should pass through or be blocked. News editors are provided as an example of gatekeepers who determine what news items to publish based on their organization's policies.
Dominant paradigm and the criticisms
The document discusses the dominant paradigm of development from the 1960s. It viewed development as increasing standards of living through economic growth. Key aspects included prioritizing industry, education to grow the workforce, healthcare, and mass media to diffuse information. However, critics argue it failed to consider social impacts and was often inefficient. Problems included unemployment, urbanization without proper support, and countries being unprepared for resulting social changes. This led to evolving new development paradigms.
Media Two Step Flow Theory
The Two-Step Flow Theory proposes that the influence of mass media on public opinion occurs in two stages. First, media messages are received by opinion leaders in social groups who influence and filter information for their networks. These opinion leaders interpret and discuss the media's content with other group members, acting as the primary influencers. This second stage of interpersonal communication among ordinary group members ultimately shapes public opinion more so than direct exposure to the media. The theory helped explain how mass media influences audiences indirectly through social relationships and informal discussions within people's networks.
Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda-setting theory posits that the news media determines the issues the public thinks are important by focusing attention on specific topics and influencing perceptions. Research by McCombs and Shaw showed strong correlations between the media agenda and public agenda on election issues, indicating the media influences what the public thinks about even if not what to think. The media sets its agenda through gatekeepers and influences those with high needs for orientation the most.
News source
This document discusses the importance of sources in journalism and provides guidance on working with different types of sources. It notes that sources provide timely information to reporters and are essential to creating reports. However, reporters must be careful in protecting source identities and maintaining objectivity. The document cautions about types of unreliable sources like liars seeking publicity, hoaxsters spreading misinformation, and promoters pushing agendas. It advises reporters to verify information from multiple sources and be skeptical of leaks and online information. Finally, it outlines different types of sources reporters may use, including other reporters, primary witnesses, documents, and secondary sources like police, while being wary of anonymous tips.
Power point presentation of journalism Hard News And Soft News
Hard news focuses on recent factual events involving politics, crime, disasters or other high-impact topics reported in an objective, event-oriented manner. Soft news covers more human interest or lifestyle topics like entertainment or less serious crime through a more interpretive, analytical style. Journalism is important as it informs citizens, acts as a bridge between authorities and people, and upholds freedom of expression and democratic values by giving voice to all members of society. News sources can include firsthand accounts, but reporters should cross-check facts from multiple authoritative sources.
Political economy of the media and regulation
This document outlines key concepts from the critical political economy tradition for analyzing media and communications. It discusses concerns with ownership concentration, constraints on media messages, and the tension between private interests and public ideals of the media. The critical political economy perspective examines how economic forces shape cultural production and representations in ways that can perpetuate inequality in society. It is interested in the appropriate roles of the state, market, and public sphere in media and communications.
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The document discusses the functions and purposes of news reporting. It explains that news should inform, educate, and entertain people. The main functions of news are to provide information and interpretation of events, help shape public opinion on issues, educate readers on various topics, and entertain through features and stories. News reporting also plays an important role in creating awareness on topics like current affairs, laws and regulations, and natural disasters. A key part of news is beat reporting, where journalists specialize in and regularly report on a particular topic, issue, or organization to build expertise and sources in that area. Common news beats include politics, business, health, science, and sports. The document also outlines how news affects students by educating them and providing
Agenda setting theory
The document discusses agenda setting theory in mass communication. It states that media have the ability to determine which issues are important to the public by influencing what people think about rather than what to think. It provides background on the origins of the theory from Lippmann and Cohen and empirical research by McCombs and Shaw. Later research identified features like vividness, positioning and priming. The document also discusses agenda building, influences on media agendas, framing, and criticisms of agenda setting theory with examples of how Pakistani media practices it.
Beat reporting
This document provides guidance for beat reporters on how to effectively cover specific areas or "beats" on a regular basis. It defines what a beat is and lists common beats such as government, education, police, and business. The document advises reporters to be familiar with the background of their beat, know the relevant language, ask the right questions, recognize newsworthy information, and write understandable stories. It also provides tips for beat reporters such as doing regular follow-up coverage, building relationships with sources, asking clarifying questions, and getting out of the office to observe events firsthand. The overall document offers practical strategies for beat reporters to cultivate news on their assigned area and communicate information clearly to readers.
The Two-Step Flow Of Communication
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis Elihu Katz (1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
- Impact of Personal Influence
- Flow of Personal Influence
Types of journalism
The top information source providing details on MBA, Engineering, Medical, Architecture, Hotel Management, Law, Commerce, Science, Arts, Diploma courses and Vocational training courses, institute data, related articles, educational videos, education projects and online tests, forum and student discussion board
Newcomb model
Newcomb’s Model In 1953
*About Model
Theodore M. Newcomb is one of the principal pioneers in the establishment of social psychology as an area for the study at the periphery between the traditional disciplines of psychology and sociology (Converse, 1994).
Theodore M. Newcomb’s Model, unlike any other models takes the shape of the triangle.
The main significance of this model is that, it makes an attempt to provide explanation regarding the role of communication in the society and in social relationships.
According to this model, communication processes renders a significant contribution in maintaining equilibrium within the social system.
In this model, the communication among the individuals is focused upon the social environment. Within the social environment.
There are number of aspects, in terms of which communication processes can be facilitated among individuals.
This model is regarded as significant in the light of the individuals increasing needs and requirements. In fact, when the individuals are residing in the democratic country.
it is vital for them to generate awareness and augment their understanding in terms of factors of the social environment.
This information would be assisting to them in providing solutions to their problems and in enriching their lives.
Through this model the individuals are able to understand, how important it is for them to form effective communication terms within the social environment
In order to enhance one’s living conditions and meet all the needs and requirements, it is vital for the individuals to establish effective communication terms with each other.
When the individuals will communicate with each other in a suitable manner within the social environment .
Then they will be able to work efficaciously towards the generation of desired outcomes and in sustaining one’s living conditions in an appropriate manner.
Therefore, it can be stated that understanding of this model has proven to be beneficial to the individuals .
A Propaganda Model
The document summarizes Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, which argues that mass media is influenced by five filters - size and profit orientation of media corporations, reliance on advertising, sourcing from elite sources, managing negative responses ("flak"), and anticommunist ideology. These filters shape media in ways that are favorable to the interests of powerful groups and the state. The model was applied to show how propaganda campaigns have historically aligned with elite agendas.
Agenda Setting Theory.
The document discusses agenda setting theory in communication. It was developed in 1972 by Dr. Max McCombs and Dr. Donald Shaw based on the 1968 US presidential election. The core assumption of agenda setting theory is that media influences public perception of what issues are important by how frequently and prominently they cover certain issues. While media may not reflect reality directly, it filters and shapes public perception of what issues are salient. The theory focuses on how media sets the agenda for what the public thinks about through selection, emphasis, and framing of issues.
Peace journalism
This document provides an overview of peace journalism. It defines peace journalism as focusing on analyzing conflicts, transforming them to promote non-violence, and building awareness of non-violent responses. The document traces the origins of peace journalism to 1973 and Johan Galtung. It discusses how media can help peace processes by influencing stakeholders and public discourse. The document contrasts peace journalism with war journalism and notes peace journalism aims to de-escalate conflicts by presenting all sides in a balanced manner. It concludes that while peace is difficult, journalism can help bridge divides and influence policymakers when it adopts a balanced approach.
Development journalism 1
The document discusses the history and goals of development journalism. It began in the 1960s with a focus on critically analyzing government development projects and their impact. Today, development journalism aims to improve conditions in developing countries by investigating and reporting on issues like poverty, healthcare, education, and sustainability. Journalists uncover overlooked stories and empower citizens by bringing attention to important issues and proposing solutions. The document also discusses different eras in development communication theory, from modernization to participatory models emphasizing local voices.
Framing Theory By Dilawar Dar
Erving Goffman was a highly influential Canadian-American sociologist known for his studies of everyday social interactions and symbolic meaning. His most famous work was Frame Analysis (1974) which introduced the concept of "framing" to describe how people interpret situations based on social expectations and cues. According to framing theory, people make sense of situations through mental frameworks or "frames" informed by past experiences and media messages. These frames can be resistant to change and arouse strong emotions. Framing theory provides insights into how social interactions and media representations reinforce societal norms and power structures through subtle cues.
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An introduction to news values
This document discusses various factors that influence what stories are deemed newsworthy and selected for publication in the news media. It explores how both media organizations and audiences impact news selection. Key determinants of newsworthiness include whether a story signals risk or threat, contains elements of change and uncertainty, and is relevant to the security of individuals or social groups. The media act as gatekeepers by deciding what information passes through to the public based on potential biases. Dominant ideologies also shape which news stories are given more or less attention and prominence.
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The document discusses various news values that influence what stories local newspapers choose to cover, including immediacy, familiarity, amplitude, frequency, unambiguity, predictability, surprise, continuity, elite nations or people, personalization, negativity, exclusivity, visual impact, and balance. Local papers prioritize news that is very recent, relates directly to the community, involves many people, occurs regularly or annually, is clear and unambiguous, is expected or predictable, is unexpected or surprising, has ongoing developments, relates to important countries or people, has a personal human interest angle, is negative or "bad news," can exclusively be reported on, has strong images, and achieves a balanced perspective.
7 NEWS VALUES
Gatekeepers such as news editors and journalists decide which stories are featured in the news based on criteria of newsworthiness. Crime stories are very attractive to gatekeepers because they sell papers and increase market share. News is not simply discovered, but is a social construction where only stories that will make people buy newspapers are selected and printed. Key news values that influence the selection of crime stories include immediacy, dramatization, personalization of individuals, focusing on higher status people or celebrities, simplification of issues, novelty or unexpected angles, highlighting risk and victimization, and prioritizing violent or spectacular acts.
Types of news
This document outlines several factors that determine newsworthiness: impactful events that greatly affect audiences, negative or catastrophic news that draws more attention than positive news, recent events and current people that are deemed more newsworthy, proximity of news to a local audience, stories featuring conflict that are more compelling, ongoing stories that maintain interest, unusual oddities that grab attention, and human interest stories about ordinary people that elicit emotions.
News Sources
The document discusses sources for news and source considerations for journalists. It identifies two types of news sources: primary definers like politicians and experts who frame issues, and secondary definers like the public who comment on issues. Journalists rely on a limited number of reliable sources they contact regularly through calls or their contact books. They have power to choose sources and perspectives but news also comes from a wide range of organizations and events.
Hard news vs soft news
News stories are divided into two types: hard news and soft news. Hard news refers to up-to-the-minute news and events reported immediately after they occur, and typically involve serious topics like politics, economics, war, and crime. Soft news aims to entertain or advise readers, and may include gossip about celebrities, fashion tips, or new technology releases, with a lighter tone compared to hard news which takes a more serious, factual approach.
What is news?
News must be factual, recent, and interesting to readers. It should provide balanced coverage of important events and prominent figures while avoiding subjective opinions. Different types of news can appeal to readers through elements like proximity, consequence, prominence, drama, conflict, emotions, and impact on people's lives. Accuracy, objectivity, conciseness and clarity are important principles for journalists.
News Writing
News Writing for Campus Journalism
Presented by:
Mary Grace B. Arroyo
Professor
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite
Effect of Framing - Secrets of Psychology -part 6
Learn about the secrets of Psychology with the effect of framing. See WebPayload.com for full interactive video and notes
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This document discusses different types of leads used in journalism, including conventional leads that focus on who, what, when, where, why and how as well as unconventional leads like questions, quotations, contrasts, punches, staccato statements, epigrams, direct addresses, and pictures. It provides examples of each type of lead, with topics ranging from piracy to natural disasters to political speeches. The goal is to grab readers' attention in different ways at the beginning of a news story through these varied lead styles.
The Framing Effect
This document presents a coursework on the framing effect. It begins with an introduction describing the framing effect as how the way options are presented can influence people's decisions, even when the objective information is the same. It then describes the framing effect in more detail over several sections, including its history and phases. It also presents results from two experiments demonstrating the impact of framing - people are more motivated to avoid losses than gain equivalent gains. The document concludes that framing is a strong cognitive bias and outlines Kahneman's system 1 intuitive thinking that is more susceptible to framing effects.
News values
This document discusses several factors that influence what stories and events are deemed newsworthy and selected for coverage in the news media. It examines concepts like news values, audience interests, gatekeeping, bias, ideology and consensus.
News values that determine newsworthiness include frequency, negativity, unexpectedness, personalization, reference to elite nations/persons, conflict and continuity. The audience also influences the news through their interest in stories that signal risk, threat or relevance to their security, prosperity or well-being.
The media acts as a gatekeeper by deciding what information gets published or broadcast. Coverage can be affected by political, religious or personal biases of journalists and media organizations. Ideology refers to the
Inverted pyramid ppt
The document discusses the inverted pyramid principle of journalism, which states that news articles should present the most important information at the top, with each subsequent paragraph providing progressively less essential details. It originated with 19th century wartime reporters transmitting stories by telegraph, who wanted crucial facts to transmit first in case the connection failed. The principle remains relevant today because busy readers expect the most significant details up front, or they will stop reading. The inverted pyramid guides writers to start with the key points and facts of the story before adding any additional context or background.
Inverted pyramid style of news writing
The inverted pyramid is a structure used by journalists to prioritize and organize information in a news story by presenting the most important details at the top, with each subsequent paragraph containing less essential information. It follows a who, what, when, where, why structure and allows readers to understand the key points even if they do not read the entire story. This format also makes it easy for editors to cut less important details from the bottom for space or time. While it developed alongside the telegraph, the inverted pyramid structure did not become widely adopted for several decades.
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Mark Willes, CEO of Deseret Media Company, will give a presentation on fairness, balance, and bias in the media. He will discuss how news organizations can be trusted voices that promote an informed citizenry. The document examines perceptions of media bias and how to determine if a news story or outlet exhibits unfairness or bias. It explores the differences between balance, fairness, and bias, and discusses cognitive biases that can influence perceptions of media bias.
Traditional News Values
Traditional news values that determine if a story is newsworthy include timeliness, proximity, prominence, conflict, impact, novelty, and human interest.
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News values!
- 1. News Values!
- 2. Impact Has a significance to the society, community and great effect on the listeners.
- 3. Negativity This is bad news which always makes good news for the editor.
- 4. Ordinary Is taken for granted this is news that's not something special and the ordinary.
- 5. Timelessness Is Events that happened recently or people who are current and tend to generally be more newsworthy. Its what hot/ trendy/ new right now!
- 6. Proximity Any story that's close to you geographically or personally.
- 7. Conflict Events and people that feature conflict tend to be more newsworthy.
- 8. Currency Is newsworthy and about an issue in the public eye.
- 9. Oddity Is news that is weird or unusual and not the norm.
- 10. Human Interest Is stories that play to human emotions that can be newsworthy about ordinary people.