1. Afghanistan is a multiethnic society composed of various ethnolinguistic groups. The largest are Pashtun (42%), Tajik (27%), Hazara (8%), Uzbek (9%), and Aimak (4%). 2. Pashtuns are the dominant ethnic group and practice Pashtunwali customs. Tajiks are Persian speakers concentrated in major cities. Hazaras are Shi'a Muslims living in central highland regions. Uzbeks and Turkmen reside in northern provinces and work in agriculture. 3. Smaller groups include Baloch, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, Arab, and Gujjar peoples, each

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Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
When discussing ethnicity, it often proves difficult to draw clear distinctions between terms
such as social, ethnic and minority groups. For the purposes of this paper we are using the term
ethnic group, which is generally defined as:
A social group of a larger society that is bound together by common ties of race, language,
nationality, culture or other common values.
According to the definition by the Minority Rights Group International (MRG), minorities,
more specifically, are “disadvantaged ethnic, national, religious, linguistic or cultural groups who
are smaller in number than the rest of the population and who may wish to maintain and develop
their identity.”
Ethnic groups
Afghanistan is a multiethnic society, and its historical status as a crossroads has contributed
significantly to its diverse ethnic makeup. The population of the country is divided into a wide
variety of ethnolinguistic groups. Because a systematic census has not been held in the nation in
decades, exact figures about the size and composition of the various ethnic groups are unavailable.
An approximate distribution of the ethnic groups is shown in the chart below:
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic group 2004–2014 estimate
Pashtun 42%
Tajik 27% (of this 1% are Qizilbash)
Hazara 8%
Uzbek 9%
Aimaq 4%
Turkmen 3%
Baloch 2%
Others (Pashayi, Nuristani, Arab, Brahui,
Pamiri, Gurjar, etc.)
4%

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Pashtun
Pashtun people also known as Afghans or Pathans are an Iranian ethnic group belonging
to Afghanistan and Pakistan. They typically speak the Eastern Iranian Pashto language and
practice Pashtunwali; a traditional set of ethics guiding individual and communal conduct. They
are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan and have dominated as the primary ethno-linguistic
group for about 300 years. Pashtun culture is a unique blend of native customs with some
influences from South and Western Asia. Pashtuns celebrate Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr.
The Pashtun social structure is based on the Pashtunwali code of honour and behaviour.
According to research by MRG, the most important principles for Pashtuns are hospitality,
protection of guests, defence of property, family honour and the protection of female relatives.
Although the Pashtuns have been politically dominant in Afghanistan in the past and heavily
involved in governing the country, they have never formed a homogenous political group across
internal divides. According to research by an anthropological think tank, the Tribal Analysis
Center (TAC), divisions and rivalries among subgroupings and interference in each other‟s affairs
have characterized Pashtun group dynamics.

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Tajik
Tajik encompasses a wide range of Persian speaking people of Iranian origin. Tajik people
generally inhabit not only Afghanistan but Tajikistan and Uzbekistan as well. Alternate names for
the Tajik people are Farsi, Farsiwan, and Dihgan which literally means “farmer” or “settled
villager.” Tajiks make up about 27% of the population in Afghanistan. They generally reside in
four of the largest cities in Afghanistan; Kabul, Mazar-e Sharif,Herat, and Ghazni. The majority
of Tajiks follow Sunni Islam. The Tajiks are the second populous ethnic group after the Pashtuns.
Rulers from the Tajik ethnic group led Afghanistan during two brief periods: (i) for nine months
in 1929 under Habibullah Khan and (ii) from 1992 to 1996 under President Burhanuddin Rabbani.
Tajik militias and communities were reportedly targeted by the Taliban. Human Rights Watch
(HRW) profiles one of the most notable instances of violence by the Taliban, the massacre of
Mazar-e Sharif in 1998, where Tajiks comprised a significant proportion of the 2,000 estimated
victims. Since 2001, the situation of Afghan Tajiks has changed considerably according to the
BBC. The Tajik resistance fighters were very influential in the so-called Northern Alliance that
cooperated with US and coalition forces to oust the Taliban.
Hazara
The Hazara people are a Persian-speaking people. They live mostly in central Afghanistan.
They are the third largest ethnic group in the country. Hazara people also reside in neighboring
Pakistan and have reached an estimated 1 million in Iran. They generally speak Hazaragi, an
eastern dialect of the Persian language. They are predominantly Shi’a Muslims of the Twelver sect
and some Ismali. A small number of Hazara are Sunni. Many Hazaras are highland farmers and
have retained many of their own customs and traditions.
The majority of Hazaras live in the Hazarajat, situated in the mountainous central provinces
of Afghanistan. According to MRG, the Hazaras were once the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan,
comprising nearly 67% of the total population prior to the 19th century. More than half of the
Hazara population is thought to have been massacred in 1893 under the reign of Amir Abdur
Rahman Khan. In the late 19th century, many Hazaras settled in western Turkestan, which today
includes Jowzjan and Badghis provinces. Today, the Hazaras constitute roughly 9% of the Afghan
population.
Uzbek
Uzbeks are the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia. While they typically comprise
the majority population of Uzbekistan, they make up almost 9% of Afghanistan. Most Uzbeks
come from a predominantly Sunni Muslim background.
Turkmen
Turkmens are a Turkic people that make up about 3% of the total population in
Afghanistan. They speak a Turkmen language and are typically very conservative in comparison

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to their brethren in Turkmenistan. They follow many traditional Islamic practices that many in
Turkmenistan have abandoned. The Turkens in Afghanistan have remained somewhat of a semi-
nomadic people and traditionally work in agriculture and the animal industry. They are also
involved often times in carpet production.
Uzbeks and Turkmen both live predominantly, though not exclusively, in the northern
provinces of Afghanistan. Together they comprise roughly 12% of the Afghan population.
According to research by Vogelsang, many Uzbeks came to Afghanistan in the late 19th century
and onwards, particularly after the Russan Revolution. The Turkmen stem from the Turkic-
speaking tribes and are closely related to the people of modern Turkey and the Central Asian
countries bordering Afghanistan in the North. The Uzbeks are also a Turkic-speaking ethnic group,
but according to MRG they are also said to be ethnically related to the Iranian people. Uzbeks and
Turkmen are mostly grain and vegetable farmers, and they occupy the greatest share of
Afghanistan‟s arable land in the North. Many supplement their income by producing and selling
crafts, animal by-products and, most importantly, carpets. According to an Afghanistan country
study by the US Library of Congress, many Uzbeks are settled in towns where they are successful
businessmen, silver and goldsmiths and leatherworkers. Due to their relative prosperity and small
size compared to the overall population of Afghanistan, Uzbeks and Turkmen have not pursued
political influence in the past to the same degree as other ethnic groups. However, according to
data from the MAR Project, Uzbeks have more recently been striving for greater political
participation in the central government and greater control over Uzbek-majority areas. Ethnic
Uzbeks have called for a federal Afghanistan and autonomy for the northern provinces. Small-
scale protest activities and clashes with Tajiks and Pashtuns have been occurring on a more regular
basis in recent years, says the MAR Project.
Aimak
The Aimak people are a collection of Persian speaking nomadic and semi nomadic tribes.
They can be found in the West Central highlands in Afghanistan, immediately north of Herat, and
in the Khorasan Province of Iran. They speak a number of different dialects but the majority of the
southern groups speak Pashto. Most are Sunni Muslims. While Hazaras typically live in houses,
the Aimak people generally are tent-dwellers.
Baloch
The Baloch people are a tribal society and make up approximately 2% of Aghanistan. They
speak mainly the Balochi language which is a branch of the Iranian languages. Most men are grain
farmers and cattle herders. Some are also known as superior camel breeders. Only a small
percentage of Balochs are formally educated past high school. Males traditionally will be seen in
a long, loose below-knee length shirt worn over baggy trousers and completed with a turban.
Other Groups
Smaller groups include Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri, Kyrgyz, Arab, and Gujjar.