The document discusses trade policies in developing countries, including import substitution industrialization (ISI). ISI aims to reduce dependence on developed nations by protecting and developing domestic industries to compete with imports. While ISI initially saw some success, problems emerged such as inefficient production scales and governments slow to remove protections. Most developing countries rejected ISI in the 1980s-1990s due to unsustainability and pressure from IMF/World Bank for more open trade policies.
Chapter 5 How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213Do.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: How Managers Use Balance of Payments Data – p.213
Do some research on the items in the table below and see if you see a pattern with the various country’s economies:
1. What is the G7?
2. What is the E7?
G7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
NOTE: When you find the GDP (Gross National Product) note the year – you may not have 2018 statistics. That is okay –find the latest data available. You may need to search for the Ranking of Ease of Doing Business – and then find the countries that make up the G7 or the E7.
NEXT PAGE!
E7 Countries
Continent where the country lies
GDP
Ease of Doing Business
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A. Compare the 2 groups of countries – explain your findings.
Globalization Effects on Country Institutions, People and Business
Chapter 3
Key Points for the Chapter
Economic development comprises positive economic growth and entails changes in a country’s political, economic, and cultural institutions, as well as in individual values, attitudes, and behaviors.
Economic development requires resources from public and private sectors, both internal and external.
Technology transfers by international corporations comprise manufacturing technologies, management organizations, and marketing know-how.
Intro: The Economic Development Process
Economic development is the progress countries make in living standards as they experience positive economic growth and the changes occurring in societal and cultural institutions and values as nations move toward more advanced stages of industrialization.
Economic progress demonstrates human progress, and more pragmatically, it keeps politicians in power, companies busy, and consumers (and voters) optimistic about the future.
Technology Transfers
International trade, investments, and global media have opened world markets up to a variety of modernizing influences.
In general terms, technology transfers occur as corporations enter new markets with products, technologies, lifestyles, and business methods developed in their home and other international markets.
Technology transfers first affect urban segments of developing countries where there are developed infrastructures and pocket of economically significant customers.
As media become commercialization and distribution channels are built into rural areas, greater proportions of developing-country populations come into contact with modernization influences.
4
Positive Effects
Positive effects occur as societies are exposed to broad varieties of products that make lives easier.
Convenience products such as packaged foods, and consumer durables such as refrigerators, radios, televisions, and stoves have positive effects on consumer lifestyles.
New technologies in manufacturing and distribution make products cheaper and more widely available. They provide employment opportunities for lo.
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Economic Environment - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Economic conditions, economic policies and the economic system are the important external factors that constitute the economic environment of a business. The economic conditions of a country-for example, the nature of the economy, the stage of development of the economy, economic resources, and the level of income, the distribution of income and assets, etc- are among the very important determinants of business strategies.
Theories of Population: 1. The Malthusian Theory of Population 2. The Optimum...Vaibhav verma
The following points highlight the top three theories of population. The theories are:
1. The Malthusian Theory of Population
2. The Optimum Theory of Population
3. The Theory of Demographic Transition.
What Is Demography? Introduction to DemographyVaibhav verma
What Is Demography?
Demography is the scientific study of human populations.
The term itself was coined in 1855 by Achille Guillard, who used it in the title of his book Éléments de Statistique Humaine ou Démographie Comparée.
The word he invented is a combination of two Greek words: demos, which means people, and graphein, which means to write about a particular subject (in this instance, population).
Modern demography is the study of the determinants and consequences of population change and is concerned with virtually everything that influences or can be influenced by these following factors.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
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when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
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If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Introduction
There is a great diversity among the developing countries in
terms of their income per capita.
•– the key to economic development was
creation of a strong manufacturing sector.
•– The most important economic - infant
industry argument.
3. Trade Policies in Developing Countries
•Focus on exporting primary products
•Attempt to raise the world prices of primary
products that are exported
•Protect and encourage new industries that
produce products sold into the local market
•Encourage new industries that produce
products that are exported
4. Which Trade Policy for Developing Countries?
•Exports of goods and services are about 37% of GDP in
developing countries, vs. 28% for developed countries
•Developing countries are the source of about 46% of
all world exports
•About 42% of exports by developing countries go to
industrialized countries, but these are only about 38%
of industrial-country imports
5. Challenges Faced by Developing Countries
• Capital markets work less efficiently in many developing countries in
channeling money to the most productive uses.
• Labor markets work less efficiently in many developing countries
where the wage gap between expanding and declining sectors are
greater than in high-income countries, providing a clue that some
labor is kept from moving to its most productive use.
• Many developing countries have exports concentrated in one or a few
primary products like petroleum, coffee, cotton, gold, sugar, timber,
diamond, and bauxite/aluminum.
• Raul Prebisch and others have argued that adverse price trends for
primary products trap these developing countries into declining
incomes relative to incomes in industrialized countries.
6. Are the Long-Run Price Trend Against Primary Producers
Forces depressing primary product prices:
1. Engel’s law: Income elasticity of demand for food is less than 1. As global per
capita income rises, demand shifts toward luxury goods and away from
staples. If world’s supply expands at the same rate for all products, the relative
price of foods (and other primary products) are expected to fall.
2. Synthetic substitutes: The more technology advances, the more likely to
discover ways to replace minerals and other raw materials with new man-
made substitutes. Again, demand shifts away from primary products.
Forces raising the price of primary products:
1. Nature’s limits. The supply of primary products grows relatively slowly,
tending to raise primary product prices.
2. Relatively slow productivity growth in the primary sector vs. the
manufactured sector. Again, the supply of primary products tends to grow
relatively slowly.
7. What Is Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a theory
of economics typically adhered to by developing
countries or emerging market nations that seek to
decrease their dependence on developed countries.
The approach targets the protection and incubation of
newly formed domestic industries to fully develop
sectors so that the goods produced are
competitive with imported goods. Under ISI theory, the
process makes local economies, and their nations, self-
sufficient.
8. Import-Substituting
• The Infant Industry Argument
•– Potential comparative advantage Protect and
Nurture
Example: The U.S. and Germany had high tariff rates
on manufacturing in the 19th century, while Japan had
extensive import controls until the 1970s.
9. Support for Import-Substituting Industrialization : Market Failure
Industrialization – Market Failure Arguments in favor of Infant
Industry Protection
• – Two market failures are identified as reasons why infant industry
protection may be a good idea:
• Imperfect capital markets justification
– financial institutions: growth of new industries will be restricted.
• • Appropriability argument
– Firms in a new industry generate social benefits for which they are not
compensated (e.g. start-up costs of adapting technology).
• Underdevelopment of other adjoining Sectors
10. Against - Import-Substituting Industrialization
• Industrialization Problems with the Infant Industry Argument
• 1. Timing
Example: In the 1980s South Korea became an exporter of
automobiles, whereas in the 1960s its capital and skilled labor were
still very scarce
• 2. Wrong Assumption Protecting manufacturing does no good
Example: Pakistan and India have protected their heavy
manufacturing sectors for decades and have recently begun to
develop significant exports of light manufactures like textiles.
• 3. Small Domestic Market (Demand) Inefficient Scale of production
of import competing sector.
11. Actual experience with ISI
• Deadweight losses from resource misallocation.
• Governments often are slow to stop protecting
local industries that remain inefficient (“do not
grow up”).
• Developing countries shifting to more outward
oriented or freer-trade policies have grown more
quickly. Examples include the Four Tigers (South
Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong), China, and
India
12. Dual Economy
•Most developing countries are characterized by economic
dualism.
• A high-wage, capital-intensive industrial sector coexists with a
low-wage traditional sector.
•Dualism is associated with trade policy for two reasons:
• Dualism is probably a sign of markets working poorly (market
failure case for deviating from free trade).
• The creation of the dual economy (an economy that is
characterized by economic dualism) has been helped by import-
substitution policies.
13. Problems of the Dual Economy
•The Symptoms of Dualism
•Development often proceeds unevenly and results in a
dual economy consisting of a modern sector and a
traditional sector.
• The modern sector typically differs from the traditional sector
in that it has:
• Higher value of output per worker
• Higher wages
• Lower returns to capital
• Higher capital intensity
• Persistent unemployment (especially in urban areas)
14. Problems of the Dual Economy
•Dual Labor Markets and Trade Policy
•The symptoms of dualism are clear signs of an economy
that is not working well, especially in its labor markets.
•Wage differentials argument
• The wage differences between manufacturing and agriculture
is a justification for encouraging manufacturing at agriculture’s
expense.
• When there is a wage differential, the manufactures wage
(WM) must be higher than the food wage (WF).
15.
16. Developing countries began to reject ISI policy in the 1980s and 1990s
Nevertheless, developing countries slowly began to reject ISI
in the 1980s and 1990s after the rise of global market-driven
liberalization, a concept based on the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank's structural adjustment programs.
ISI was gradually abandoned by most developing countries in
the 1980s and after the fall of the Soviet Union because its
initial success was ultimately unsustainable and, thereafter,
the insistence of the IMF and World Bank on their structural
adjustment programs aimed at the Global South.