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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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Cast iron
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities.
History:
Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
The cast-iron is manufactured by re-melting pig-iron with coke and limestone. This re-melting is done in a furnace known as the cupola furnace. It is more or less same as the blast furnace, but it is smaller in size. Its shape is cylindrical with diameter of about 1 m and height of about 5 m.
The working of cupola furnace is also similar to that of blast furnace. The raw materials are fed from top. The cupola furnace is worked intermittently and it is open at top. After the raw materials are placed, the furnace is fired and blast of air is forced through tuyeres. The blast of air is cold as the impurities in pig-iron are removed by the oxidation
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Types of Ores- Building materials and construction
Comparison of :
Types of iron ores
Wrought iron, Cast iron, Steel
Steel – Mild steel and Hard steel
Ferrous and Non – Ferrous
Non – Ferrous metals, its types and uses
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Elements of hindu temple
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Different types of dining typology
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Development of bhitargaon temple
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Cast iron
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities.
History:
Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into molds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
The cast-iron is manufactured by re-melting pig-iron with coke and limestone. This re-melting is done in a furnace known as the cupola furnace. It is more or less same as the blast furnace, but it is smaller in size. Its shape is cylindrical with diameter of about 1 m and height of about 5 m.
The working of cupola furnace is also similar to that of blast furnace. The raw materials are fed from top. The cupola furnace is worked intermittently and it is open at top. After the raw materials are placed, the furnace is fired and blast of air is forced through tuyeres. The blast of air is cold as the impurities in pig-iron are removed by the oxidation
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Types of Ores- Building materials and construction
Comparison of :
Types of iron ores
Wrought iron, Cast iron, Steel
Steel – Mild steel and Hard steel
Ferrous and Non – Ferrous
Non – Ferrous metals, its types and uses
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Different types of dining typology
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Indus valley civilization
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Buddhist Architecture
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
Steel - BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Influence of eating in architecture.
Eating is an activity for living beings in the daily life living. It is necessary to eat food because to get strength and potential to complete our daily tasks and moreover to live life.
Humans eat food by cooking the food in the kitchen in different manner.
After cooking the food humans eat food in the dining room or same various places they may like.
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Acoustics
One of the simplest ways to avoid creating noisy learning rooms is to locate them far enough away from high noise sources such as mechanical equipment, heavy vehicle traffic, music practice rooms, stadiums, or other outdoor spaces that frequently used for noisy activities.
Learning rooms shall be designed to provide adequate acoustical separation from all other interior and exterior noise sources. Meet or exceed the following requirements:
• 50 STC Walls, ceilings, floors, movable or folding partitions
• 40 STC Doors and windows near high noise areas
• 28 STC Doors and windows near low noise areas
WATER CONSUMPTION
Water is considered a fundamental and primary resource, a human right, Water is a resource that is essential for life and its development. We need water to drink, for our personal hygiene, to produce the food we eat, but also for our economic activities and to produce energy. Unfortunately. however, in some parts of the world water is a very scarce resource and only few lucky people have a water supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it is estimated that over a billion people do not have access to drinking water and 40% of the world population lives in very poor hygienic conditions. Many countries have already exceeded what is defined peak water, maximum sustainable water withdrawal.
Energy sources of garbage
Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro- organisms within a reasonable length of time. The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue, food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (food waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/ rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil extraction plant, starch processing and leather industries.
Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics resistant to biological degradation or have a very low degradation rate. This primarily includes woody plants, Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches, discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry waste, bagasse, rice husk etc.
KHAJURAHO GROUP OF MONUMENTS
Overview of temples
The name Khajuraho is derived from its Sanskrit nomenclature ‘Kharjuravahaka’ which is the confluence of two Sanskrit words ‘Kharjur’ meaning date palm and ‘Vahaka’ meaning bearer. There are about 25 temples spread over an area of approximately 6 square Km. The temples are grouped into three categories depending on their orientation – the Western Group of Temples, the Eastern Group of Temples and the Southern Group of Temples. These temples are dedicated to several Hindu Gods and Goddesses along with deities in Jain beliefs. Among the temples that are standing till now, 6 are dedicated to Lord Shiva, 8 to Lord Vishnu, 1 each to Lord Ganesha and the Sun God, while 3 are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras. The largest of the temples is the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple that is dedicated to the glory of lord Shiva. It makes Khajuraho one of the four holy sites dedicated to the glory of Lord Shiva, the other three being Gaya, Kashi and Kedarnath.
Basic design & Visual arts “TRANSFORMATIONS"
Transformations of Forms
Principle of Transformation is about applying changes in a unique
places of a design.
The Transformation of Forms are classified into 3 types
1. Dimensional Transformation
2. Subtractive Transformation
3. Additive Transformation(which is divided into 9 types
- Spatial Tension
- Edge To Edge
- Face To Face
- Interlocking
- Centralised
- Linear
- Radial
- Clustered
- Grid
DIMENSIONAL
TRANSFORMATION
:- This transformation occurs when
one or more of a structures dimensions
are transformed
In this Building, the Curve
of the Roof decreases
from the Centre of the hall
to the Entrance in one
shape divided into
many....
SUBTRACTIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
a portion of it’s volume is
subtracted
In this Building, Negative
spaces are giving the Design
form of the Building a
Subtractive Transformation ...
ADDITIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
elements are added into the design .
Spatial Tension
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is about
object combined while having space
between them...
In this Building, the floor to floor design
change and the gaps between are giving this
building a Spatial Tension between the
Floors....
Edge to Edge
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is where the
forms are sharing a common edge
In this Building, The floors that
are in contact combining and
connecting ....
Face to Face
Transformation
In this Additive Transformation, where the
forms have corresponding surfaces which are
parallel to one another...
In this Building, the roofs of the
rooms are in a similar shape
and order...
Interlocking
Transformation
In this Addition Transformation, where
the forms are inter connected to one
another...
In this Building, the floors of the
adjacent sides are showing
different space(negative &
positive) respectively...
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
North indian temple architecture pdf
North indian architecture
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Planning of Chandigarh
Aimed for a beautiful city based on traditional garden city and neighboorhood unit concept.
Flat site, created street layout avoiding geometric grid in favour of a loosely curving system.
Fan shaped plan
Created super blocks that accommodated nearly 1500 families.
3 superblocks forms a district.
After the death of Nowicki the work was haulted and the contract was handed over to Le Corbusier.
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
An entire zone has been designated as industrial area in the masterplan
Site for the industrial area was chosen according to the prevailing wind direction.
The wind blew away the smoke from the industries and it could never enter the city
Green belt provided along the industry area to maintain the air quality in the vicinity.
The leisure valley (8km) long is the green spaces extending North-East to South-West along a seasonal riverlet gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the LUNGS OF THE CITY.
Apart from botanical gardens and parks these green belts also consist of fitness trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open air exhibitions.
City Beautiful
The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. The planning of the exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase.
Ecocity
ECO-CITY is an ecologically healthy city. The ecocity provides healthy abundance to its inhabitants without consuming more (renewable) resources than it produces, without producing more waste than it can assimilate, and without being toxic to itself or neighboring ecosystems.
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Buddhist Architecture
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
Steel - BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Steel is an alloy of iron and a number of other elements, mainly carbon, that has a high tensile strength and relatively low cost.
Steel is one of the most sustainable construction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to be recycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development.
The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions.
High carbon steel
Mild steel
Medium carbon steel
Stainless steel
high steel
Cobalt steel
Nickel chromium
Aluminium steel
Chromium steel
At its narrow upper end it has an opening through which the iron to be treated is introduced and the finished product is poured out
The wide end, or bottom, has a number of perforations through which the air is forced upward into the converter during operation.
As the air passes upward through the molten pig iron, impurities such as silicon, manganese, and carbon unite with the oxygen in the air to form oxides; the carbon monoxide burns off with a blue flame and the other impurities form slag.
Influence of eating in architecture.
Eating is an activity for living beings in the daily life living. It is necessary to eat food because to get strength and potential to complete our daily tasks and moreover to live life.
Humans eat food by cooking the food in the kitchen in different manner.
After cooking the food humans eat food in the dining room or same various places they may like.
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Acoustics
One of the simplest ways to avoid creating noisy learning rooms is to locate them far enough away from high noise sources such as mechanical equipment, heavy vehicle traffic, music practice rooms, stadiums, or other outdoor spaces that frequently used for noisy activities.
Learning rooms shall be designed to provide adequate acoustical separation from all other interior and exterior noise sources. Meet or exceed the following requirements:
• 50 STC Walls, ceilings, floors, movable or folding partitions
• 40 STC Doors and windows near high noise areas
• 28 STC Doors and windows near low noise areas
WATER CONSUMPTION
Water is considered a fundamental and primary resource, a human right, Water is a resource that is essential for life and its development. We need water to drink, for our personal hygiene, to produce the food we eat, but also for our economic activities and to produce energy. Unfortunately. however, in some parts of the world water is a very scarce resource and only few lucky people have a water supply which is easy to obtain. In fact, it is estimated that over a billion people do not have access to drinking water and 40% of the world population lives in very poor hygienic conditions. Many countries have already exceeded what is defined peak water, maximum sustainable water withdrawal.
Energy sources of garbage
Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro- organisms within a reasonable length of time. The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue, food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (food waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/ rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil extraction plant, starch processing and leather industries.
Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics resistant to biological degradation or have a very low degradation rate. This primarily includes woody plants, Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches, discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry waste, bagasse, rice husk etc.
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Overview of temples
The name Khajuraho is derived from its Sanskrit nomenclature ‘Kharjuravahaka’ which is the confluence of two Sanskrit words ‘Kharjur’ meaning date palm and ‘Vahaka’ meaning bearer. There are about 25 temples spread over an area of approximately 6 square Km. The temples are grouped into three categories depending on their orientation – the Western Group of Temples, the Eastern Group of Temples and the Southern Group of Temples. These temples are dedicated to several Hindu Gods and Goddesses along with deities in Jain beliefs. Among the temples that are standing till now, 6 are dedicated to Lord Shiva, 8 to Lord Vishnu, 1 each to Lord Ganesha and the Sun God, while 3 are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras. The largest of the temples is the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple that is dedicated to the glory of lord Shiva. It makes Khajuraho one of the four holy sites dedicated to the glory of Lord Shiva, the other three being Gaya, Kashi and Kedarnath.
Basic design & Visual arts “TRANSFORMATIONS"
Transformations of Forms
Principle of Transformation is about applying changes in a unique
places of a design.
The Transformation of Forms are classified into 3 types
1. Dimensional Transformation
2. Subtractive Transformation
3. Additive Transformation(which is divided into 9 types
- Spatial Tension
- Edge To Edge
- Face To Face
- Interlocking
- Centralised
- Linear
- Radial
- Clustered
- Grid
DIMENSIONAL
TRANSFORMATION
:- This transformation occurs when
one or more of a structures dimensions
are transformed
In this Building, the Curve
of the Roof decreases
from the Centre of the hall
to the Entrance in one
shape divided into
many....
SUBTRACTIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
a portion of it’s volume is
subtracted
In this Building, Negative
spaces are giving the Design
form of the Building a
Subtractive Transformation ...
ADDITIVE
TRANSFORMATION
:- This Transformation occurs when
elements are added into the design .
Spatial Tension
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is about
object combined while having space
between them...
In this Building, the floor to floor design
change and the gaps between are giving this
building a Spatial Tension between the
Floors....
Edge to Edge
Transformation
This Additive Transformation is where the
forms are sharing a common edge
In this Building, The floors that
are in contact combining and
connecting ....
Face to Face
Transformation
In this Additive Transformation, where the
forms have corresponding surfaces which are
parallel to one another...
In this Building, the roofs of the
rooms are in a similar shape
and order...
Interlocking
Transformation
In this Addition Transformation, where
the forms are inter connected to one
another...
In this Building, the floors of the
adjacent sides are showing
different space(negative &
positive) respectively...
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
North indian temple architecture pdf
North indian architecture
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Planning of Chandigarh
Aimed for a beautiful city based on traditional garden city and neighboorhood unit concept.
Flat site, created street layout avoiding geometric grid in favour of a loosely curving system.
Fan shaped plan
Created super blocks that accommodated nearly 1500 families.
3 superblocks forms a district.
After the death of Nowicki the work was haulted and the contract was handed over to Le Corbusier.
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
The city centre is the heart of Chandigarh’s activities.
It comprises the ISBT, parade ground, district courts etc.. On one hand and the vast commercial and shopping centre on the other side.
There are huge parking areas for the commercial zones so that the parking problems don’t create a havoc on the main roads.
There were ample seating spaces and public amenities (toilets, dustbins, etc) provided at regular intervals
An entire zone has been designated as industrial area in the masterplan
Site for the industrial area was chosen according to the prevailing wind direction.
The wind blew away the smoke from the industries and it could never enter the city
Green belt provided along the industry area to maintain the air quality in the vicinity.
The leisure valley (8km) long is the green spaces extending North-East to South-West along a seasonal riverlet gradient and was conceived by Le Corbusier as the LUNGS OF THE CITY.
Apart from botanical gardens and parks these green belts also consist of fitness trails, amphitheatres and spaces for open air exhibitions.
City Beautiful
The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. The planning of the exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase.
Ecocity
ECO-CITY is an ecologically healthy city. The ecocity provides healthy abundance to its inhabitants without consuming more (renewable) resources than it produces, without producing more waste than it can assimilate, and without being toxic to itself or neighboring ecosystems.
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