urban and its regional dev't intger - Copy (3).pptx
1. course content
Hawassa University Institute of Technology
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
– Course Title : -Urban &its Regional Integrated development.
– EtCTS Credits : 4
– Course Code : URPL4061
– Program: BSc. in URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (REGULAR)
– Instructor: Bayou B.
• Objects of the course:- students are expected to have a horizon of a
national urban development strategy knowledge’s in relation to growth
centuries development .
•
• COURSE OUTLINE
1. OVERVIEW OF URBAN AND REGIONAL DEV’T
2. Effective Approaches for Urban and Regional Development
3. Theories of local economic growth
4. PRINCIPLES FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
5.Financing urban and regional development
6.Urban and regional development policy
2. Course content…
• LEARNING -TEACHING METHODS
• Lectures,
• Class works/discussion’s
• Group work/projects
• Assignments,
• Presentations
• ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
• Continuous assessment (Attendance, Assignments, term papers, presentations and Mid-Exam) …5 0%
• Final Exam ……………………….………………… 50%
• ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS
• Attendance is crucial.
• Minimum of 80 % attendance during lectures and 100 % attendance during Presentation is required to earn
credits.
• IA is awarded if the student is failed to do so.
• Punctuality is equally important.
• COMPETENCIES
• Students shall develop good technical report and paper/thesis writing skills, analysis and data interpretation
techniques, and research methodologies
• EXPECTATION
• Attend all lectures
• Try to study the materials before class
• Good conduct
• And,
• Please be considerate to other classmates and the lecturer by coming to class on time.
• NO PERMIT TO LATE COMERS!
• REFERENCES
•
•
3. Hawassa University
Institute of Theology
Department of Urban & Regional
Planning
Urban and Its Regional Integrated
Development(4061)
Year-4 2015E.C
First semester
4. Chapter 1- OVERVIEW OF URBAN AND REGIONAL DEV’T
(1)The progression of urbanization
Total global population was 6.1 billion in the year 2000,
having increased by a factor of 2.4 times over a 50 year
period.
Urbanization rate (the number of people living in cities as a
proportion of total population) also rose 17.3 % points,
from 29.7% in 1950 to 47.0% in 2000
These figures mean that almost half of the world’s
population lives in urban areas.
Based on United Nations estimates of urban population,
the global urbanization rate is predicted to reach 60% in
the year 2030.
5. Contd…
In developing countries in particular, the degree of
population increase and the progression of
urbanization is large,
and although nearly 40% of the world’s urban
population was concentrated in developing
countries in 1950, this figure is predicted to reach
80% in 2030, indicating that rapid urbanization can
be expected to continue in these countries.
6. The Rapid Advance of Urbanization in Developing Countries
The main factors giving rise to the progression of
urbanization are:-
1) Natural growth in urban populations;
2) The flow of population from rural to urban areas; and
3) The urbanization of rural areas.
Urbanization itself produces both positive and negative
effects, and these are influenced by the maturity of the city,
economic and social conditions, the level of social
infrastructure, and natural characteristics.
In developed countries, there are numerous examples
where the development of cities leads to development of
the whole country, and also of localities following on from
the experience of urbanization and actively taking on the
creation of appealing bases.
7. The Emergence of Various Urban Problems due to Rapid Urbanization
However, when appropriate land use and
improvements in urban infrastructure and facilities are
unable to keep up, rapidly progressing urbanization
gives rise to various problems, including:-
the deterioration of urban residential environments,
heavy traffic,
the deterioration of public safety, and
the emergence of squatters and slums.
The emergence of these urban problems creates a
situation where the decline and paralysis of urban
functions and services further leads to stagnating
economic and industrial development in regional
society and on a national level.
8. Contd…
In short, there exist cases where urban problems
expanded into relatively wide scale problems affecting
whole areas surrounding cities,
There also exist cases where adverse effects on urban
areas were brought about by regional economic decay
and lagging improvement in social infrastructure in
regional areas and the peripherals areas around cities.
The circumstances of stagnating regional areas aside,
further escalations of stagnation in regional areas
create a situation that gives rise to adverse
environmental and other effects.
There is also the risk of regional stagnation progressing
to a national level.
9. Concentration and expansion’ in urban areas, and
‘outflow and stagnation’ in regional areas are
intimately related
It is important to be aware of this, and move to solve
problems with a regional view point.
Urban and regional areas do not exist independent of each
other, but rather are interrelated and affect one another.
Therefore, it is essential that urban problems and regional
problems are not seen as individual matters, but that a
problem solving approach that encompasses both,
in other words, a comprehensive and integrated approach
built on a regional framework, is followed.
10. Contd…
In recent years, many developing countries have
pursued regional decentralization in order to more
effectively deal with regional needs and problems,
and an important task will be to promote
developments that aim to create equilibrium in
regional expansion.
the above idea will consider urban and regional
development as one of the development issues,
and describe views on the cooperation activities.
11. Definition of Urban and Regional Development
The definitions and interpretations of “city,” or
“urban,” and “region” vary across countries and
societies, but they can be thought of as boundaries
that indicate a particular place or area.
In particular, cities may be taken as ‘areas in which
large numbers of people gather and reside, resulting in
a very high population density,’ or as ‘economic,
political, and cultural centers, and the focal point of
major traffic routes.’
A definition for the term “regional area” that contrasts
it with cities to indicate rural areas (including fishing
and mountain villages” are therefore defined as ‘wide
areas that encompass both urban and rural area
12. Definition of urban and regional development…
Various urban and regional problems are occurring
within certain cities and regions, and the issues
involved are complex and interrelated.
Further, as regional needs diversify, there exist many
matters that cannot be dealt with through cooperation
on an individual problem solving basis alone, and these
problems must be faced and dealt with from an overall
city or regional perspective.
Cities and regions of developing countries are diverse in
terms of tradition, culture, religion, and ethnic
composition, and an important task moving forward
will be to provide cooperation that is sensitive to the
unique characteristics of individual cities and regions.
13. Contd…
• The aim of city and regional development is ‘to
create more plentiful living environments,’ and
compared to other development objectives:-
1) it requires a cross sector approach involving a wide
range of issues such as economy, society, the
environment, and systems; and
2) it is essential that consideration is given to the
existence of the various stakeholders, such as
government (central and local), private businesses,
private citizens, and NGOs.
Further, the implementation of development
assistance should focus on the people involved
regions, or of the country as a whole.
14. Contd…
The beneficiaries of urban and regional development
are the residents of the particular cities or regions, and
also those in surrounding areas that realize positive
effects as development progresses
In this respect, urban and regional development does
not aim to solve problems through individual and
unrelated facilities upgrades,
but rather it looks at the various problems that cities
and regions face from an overall city or regional
perspective, mobilizing the hidden potential of the
people involved.
Through an integrated approach that realizes greater
economic and social development, it brings about an
improved standard of living, greater security, and may
even contribute to the progress of the surrounding
15. International Trends in Assistance
With the acceleration of urbanization in developing
countries, and the further escalation of urban problems,
the United Nations has taken a central role and established
a set of international development objectives.
Significant international conferences and declarations
pertaining to the issue of urban and regional development
are described below.
The conference, focusing on urban human settlements,
was held in June 1996 in Istanbul, Turkey, and resulted in
the adoption of the Habitat Agenda document, a
comprehensive declaration on the issues, policies, and
efforts required to deal with the problems arising.
16. 1.HabitatII
Its aim is to ‘offer a positive vision of sustainable
human settlements, and to build together a world
where everyone can live in a safe home with the
promise of a decent life of dignity, good health, safety,
happiness and hope.’
A review session was held in New York in June 2001,
and this reconfirmed the importance of the Habitat
Agenda.
World poverty has long been an issue, and urbanization
had further progressed since Habitat II.
It was also decided that reviews would be undertaken
on a continuous basis
17. 2) Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Declaration, setting out the goals of
international society for the 21st century, was
adopted by Member States of the United Nations in
New York, in September 2000.
The document contains 8 development goals that
should be fulfilled by the year 2015.
Goal 7 is to “Ensure Environmental Sustainability,”
and part of this goal is Target 11: “By 2020, to have
achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at
least 100 million slum dwellers.”
18. 3) The World Summit on Sustainable Development
The WSSD was held over August and September,
2002, in Johannesburg, in the Republic of South
Africa.
This summit resulted in the adoption of the
Johannesburg Declaration,
the essential aim of which is to share limited
available resources effectively and fairly,
and to strengthen responses to the problems faced
by large cities so that both environmental
protection and development can progress
together.
19. International Program
Based on these international declarations, the United
Nations and several other donors are providing many
programs related to urban and regional development.
1) The Cities Alliance :- CDS and CWS Formed in 1999
with central members such as UN-HABITAT, the World
Bank and others,
the Cities Alliance engages in knowledge dissemination
activities such as conferences, workshops, and studies.
Over the past 4 years the Cities Alliance has supported
80 cities in 25 countries,
aiming to improve the living environments of city slum
dwellers,
and to promote the socioeconomic vitality of
environmentally sound cities through alignments
between each city and their development partner
nations.
20. International programe…
The Cities Alliance defines two strategies.
1.CDS (City Development Strategies) is an approach
aimed at raising the technology, skills, and awareness
of governments through support and guidance of
local government activities,
with the goals of improving city governance and
management,
achieving economic growth,
increases in employment and investment,
and the reduction of poverty.
21. International programe
2.CWS (Cities Without Slums) is based on one of the
targets of the Millennium Development Goals:-
“By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement
in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.”
The program focuses on upgrading slums, and
formulates Slum Upgrade Action Plans.
22. Urban Management Program (UMP)
Established in 1986 through the efforts of UN-
HABITAT, the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank,
this is an international technical support program
for cities and towns.
Its main fields of activity are the support of policies
for urban poverty alleviation, urban environmental
management, and participatory urban governance.
With a network covering 140 cities in 58 countries,
it provides participants with a platform for
conferences and information sharing on urban
management themes.
23. Trends in Japan’s Assistance
(1) Japan’s assistance policies :-Japan’s assistance has
been conducted according to the “Official
Development Assistance Charter (former ODA
Charter)” (1992), the “MediumTerm Policy on Official
Development Assistance” (1999), and the “Official
Development Assistance Charter (new ODA Charter)”
(2003).
These documents do not define a particular direction
for assistance in
1) poverty reduction,
2) sustainable growth,
3) addressing global issues, and
4) peace-building.
24. Japanese Assistance…
A new “Medium-Term Policy on Official
Development Assistance”7 was announced in
2005.
Mention is first of all made of Japan’s perspective
of “human security.”
It then identifies as priority issues,
poverty reduction,
sustainable growth,
the addressing of global issues, and
peace-building, and finishes with “measures to
ensure the efficient and effective implementation
of assistance.”
25. Japanese Assistance…
The following aspects of these approaches and specific
actions for dealing with priority issues are particularly
related to the issue of urban and regional
development.
“Approach and specific actions regarding poverty
reduction”:- balanced development that expands basic
social services.
“Approach and specific actions regarding sustainable
growth”:- improvements in economic and social
infrastructure, policy formulation, and institution
building.
“Peace-building”:- post-conflict restoration assistance,
mid- to long-term development assistance, coherent
assistance, combination of assistance to governments
and local communities
26. Trends in JICA’s assistance JICA
It has conducted international assistance in
accordance with these national policies,
with the main activities being
Technical Cooperation Projects,
Development Studies,
and Technical Training.
Technical cooperation in the area of urban and
regional development has also taken place under
this framework.
27. Technical Cooperation Projects
Between 1993 and 2003 JICA undertook 616
technical cooperation projects, a small proportion
of which, 11 in total (1.8%), corresponded to urban
and regional development themes.
Most prominent among these projects were the 7
Integrated Area Development Projects.
On a region by region basis, Asia had the most
projects with a total of 7, followed by Africa which
had 5.
On a country by country basis, projects in Indonesia
and Kenya were most numerous, with 3 for each.
28. Development Studies
1,976 studies were conducted over the period from
1980 to 2003,
and 1258 (6.3%) of these fell into the category of
urban and regional development.
A further 598 studies were closely related to urban
and regional development, with 141 of these
relating to roads, and 98 to ports and harbors.
The most prominent urban and regional
development related studies are surveying and
mapping studies (34%), followed by Integrated
Regional Development Planning Studies (31.2%).
29. Development Studies…
All of the surveying and mapping studies are for
gathering basic data, and most of the Integrated
Regional Development Planning Studies are Master
Plan (M/P) Studies.
On a region by region basis, the greatest number of
these, 50% in total, are in Asia, followed by Africa
(17%), and Central South America (17%).
On a country by country basis, Indonesia had 14,
Thailand 11, and the Philippines 11 studies.
30. Technical Training Programs
21,963 Development Training Programs were
undertaken over the period from 1988 to 2003, with
4.9%, or 1,087 of those programs in the area of urban
and regional development.
Category by category, most fell under Integrated
Regional Development Planning (23.7%), followed by
Basic Social Infrastructure (20.1%).
Grant Aid
There were no particular urban and regional
development grants over the period from 1999 to
2003, however some related grants, for roads (120
grants) and water supply (107 grants), warrant a
mention.
31. Project one
Give the appropriate answers.
1.Why urbanization must and continuous process?
And why the development gap between developed
and developing countries?(not less than five gages )
2.Discuss the negative and positive products
urbanization in relation economic, social ,cultural and
political cause and by mechanisms to solve the
problems?(not less than eight pages)
32. Chapter Two
Effective Approaches for Urban and Regional Development
Urban and regional development can be broadly divided into
“Urban Development” and “Regional Development.”
The areas covered by and the issues inherent in each differ,
and therefore the approaches to development also naturally
differ.
Because “Regional Development” covers wide areas where
several cities and rural areas have organically combined,
It needs to tackle integrated problems such as regional
disparities, depopulation problems, and regional economic
stagnation.
Therefore, the various structures within the region (the
structure of spaces, industry structure, social structure, etc.)
must be properly understood,
and the resolution of development issues must be addressed
from a more macro perspective.
33. Effective approaches for Urban and Regional Development…
On the other hand, although various issues are also
involved in “Urban Development,” compared to
“regional development,” it covers relatively limited
areas,
and a more concrete set of problems such as
infrastructure improvements and the upgrading of
residential environments.
The approach required here is one that utilizes the
know-how of each individual sector.
Different approaches have been taken for the
“urban development” and “regional development,”
34. Setting Development Objectives
The strategies and approaches for “regional
development” and “urban development” differ
depending on the development issues that must be
resolved.
In other words, there are as many development
strategies as there are issues to be faced, and
breaking down all the development strategies into a
number of types, and setting objectives for them is a
difficult task.
By breaking strategies down into simple patterns,
one may lose sight of the essence of the problems,
and this is seldom conducive to solving fundamental
issues or stimulating development.
35. Setting Development objectives…
Regional Development” and “Urban Development”
concern multifaceted and integrated problems.
It is therefore necessary to combine the various
“elements” required for problem resolution in a way
that is suitable for each issue,
and to design comprehensive programs that are the most
appropriate given the particular circumstances of each
city or region.
Therefore, both of the “regional development” and
“urban development” are designated as “Development
Objectives.”
The set of approaches possible for achieving these
objectives are broken down into “Mid-term Objectives”
and “Sub-targets of Mid-term Objectives” as
components.
36. Regional Development policy
Regional policy according to bottom-up approach,
focuses on neo endogenous growth and mobilizes all
the resources of the region, with the possible support
of the center.
This assumes that funds are better spent on
investments in local physical and social
infrastructure - i.e. local transport and
communications, technical services, education,
training and housing,
with the aim of encouraging innovation and new
technologies and products, and generally improving
the quality of work and life in the area.
37. Regional …
The duty of each central government is to care
about the balanced development
because it contributes to political and social
stability and creates conditions for a more dynamic
economic development of all territorial units.
The development of the region is closely connected
with the still-living and balanced spatial-functional,
socioeconomic and demographic development.
Local communities in the regions are gaining
importance in their efforts to prevent existing urban-
centered tendencies.
38. Regional..
The incentive policy, as a sort of development compaction, failed to
prevent further lagging behind the underdeveloped regions.
Such an approach inevitably led to the deepening of regional
&structural development problems in most states & an increase in the
so-called “ vulnerable regions.
Based on indicators of development (population density, migration,
per capita income, production volume, growth rate & unemployment,
productivity, access to local & state services), four groups of
vulnerable regions are most often identified:
1.Rural underdeveloped regions with high unemployment;
2.Regions with the decadent industry, underdeveloped technology and a
slow orientation towards new models of the economy;
3.Overcrowded and contaminated regions with high concentrations of
production and
4. Marginal, neglected regions (Đorđević et al., 2009).
39. Regional …
Management of regional development was necessary to be
institutionalized,
redefine the role of the state in order to promote
regional development through the application of new
concepts of development policies.
Different factors have influenced the level of
unemployment, decline in household income, the
privatization process and capital investments: such as
1.attractiveness for investments,
2.network of corridors,
3. technological innovations,
4.social opportunities,
5. large investments in a certain location.
40. Project Two
1. Discuss in detail the development approaches and
strategies of urban and regional development
2. why we use population density, migration, per capita
income, production volume, growth rate & unemployment,
productivity, access to local & state services as the
development indicators?
3. What we mean marginal or neglected region ?
41. Chapter 3-Concept of Growth poles and Growth Centers
The propulsive industries that drive this dynamic concept
are seen as having distinctive characteristics and
developmental effects involving:
1) A high degree of concentration;
2) High income
3) Strong multiplier and polarization effects through input
linkages;
4) An advanced level of technology and managerial expertise
promoting local diffusion through demonstration effects;
5) Promotion of a highly developed local infrastructure and
service provision; and
(6) The spread of `growth-mindedness' and dynamism through
the zone of influence
42. Concept of Growth poles…
Growth poles and growth centers are sites of knowledge
and information that are as a consequence sources and
diffusers of new technology and innovation.
In essence, local growth in this model is dependent on
three sets of processes that are also measurable traits:
1.Large firms- large firms are interpreted as vehicles of
dynamic change
2.knowledge creation and transfer, and
3. new technology-fostering new technologies of
production and organization,
and initiating spread and demonstration effects in
regional and national economies, and beyond into a
globalized world.
43. The product-cycle model
As an explanatory framework for regional economic
change, the product-cycle model began as a
framework to explain patterns of international trade
rather than as a model of differential regional
growth.
The central focus of the model is technological
change in the context of multinational corporations
and multinational capital, and the progressive
maturing, standardization, and obsolescence of
products.
44. Contd…
Fundamentally, although the availability of external
economies of scale predisposed firms to locate centrally in
metropolitan areas ,
the maturing of production & technology was accompanied
by the relocation & `deconcentration' of firms to suburban.
As Vernon, explained, growth reduced a firm's: -
(1) reliance on the indivisible inputs of labor and capital;
(2) reliance on subcontractors as it is able to take on more
`indivisible costs'; and
(3) uncertainty in terms of space, inventory, and labor needs.
What is clear from these analyses is that it is the large &
expanding firm, & its propensity to shift production to less
central locations, that is central to processes of differential
45. Contd…
Notwithstanding its spatial and enterprise ambiguities,
the product-cycle model has been very influential in
shaping views on the dynamics of local economies.
At the heart of the model are technological change and
the lead brokerage role played by large, powerful
corporations in the spread of new technologies.
The generation of those technologies in specific places
is attributed to local skills and human resources coupled
with locally available knowledge.
Together with the extent and nature of local demand,
these variables are seen in the product-cycle model as
generating spatial variations in local economic growth
46. Flexible Production and Flexible Specialization
For explaining regional economic development, the
flexible-production is an explicitly spatial approach
to the issue of differential regional growth.
The essential elements of this model derive from a
characterization of capitalism.
``Capitalism is an arrangement in which commodity
producers combine the physical means of
production and labor in order to bring forth sellable
outputs which generate profits.
47. Contd…
This general form, however, varies in its specific social
configuration from time to time and from place to
place;
it emerges in practice as a series of historically and
geographically specific technological-institutional
systems which involve:
a) an evolving technological and organizational structure
of production;
b) labor markets and industrial relations, including
industrial politics and mechanisms of the socialization of
labor;
c) managerial cultures and norms;
d) market structures and forms of competition;
e) regulatory institutions at sectoral, regional, national and
international levels.
48. Contd…
Thus, the putting-out systems of early capitalism were
replaced by the mills and small enterprises of the mid-
nineteenthcentury that, in turn, gave way to Fordist mass
production.
Now Fordism, with its particular regulatory regime and
characteristic large-scale urbanization,
is said to be giving way to flexible production that is typified
by strong vertical disintegration and the incorporation of
producers into tight-knit networks in new industrial districts.
Again,Scott quote: ``... groups of industrial establishments
with especially dense interrelations tend to locate close to one
another to facilitate exchanges of goods and information, and
to take advantage of external economies in labor markets and
infrastructure''
Reduced transaction costs lie at the heart of these external
economies .
but firms in these districts also have distinctive characteristics.
49. Contd…
such charachtertics are :
(1) produce essentially for the same end-market;
(2) are embedded in a common cultural milieu;
(3) are related through stable, informal, cooperative links
based on trust and reciprocity;
(4) compete on quality rather than price;
(5) have broad and constantly changing product ranges;
(6) use the latest technologies;
(7) are supported by regional institutions that stimulate
permanent innovation; and
(8) are highly specialized within an extreme division of labor.
50. Contd…
According to the theory, the new technological and
institutional system of flexible production makes new
locational demands with the result that new industries
create their own spaces away from established centers
of production and agglomerations of old industries,
Indeed, three forms of re agglomeration are said to have
been developed in this most recent transition within
capitalism:
(1) craft-based, design-intensive centers ;
(2) high technology centers ; and
(3) advanced producer and financial service
agglomerations
51. Contd…
These industrial districts are, in turn, seen as being
incorporated into a ``global mosaic of regional
economies''
Each regional production system is ``its own dense
system of intra-regional transactional arrangements
and local labor market activities.
As a model of local economic development the
flexibility model is technologically driven and
hinges on the local integration of firms through the
exchange of goods and information.
52. Contd…
This integration affords local external economies of
scale and scope, minimizing transaction costs .
Within the framework, place-based technological
leadership is driven by the trust and reciprocity
involved in those buyer and supplier relationships,
coupled with institutional support and the
potentialities of the human resource base of the
local labor market.
53. Learning Regions and Innovative Milieus
The concepts of `learning regions' and `innovative
milieus' significantly extend and refine the flexible-
production, flexible-specialization model.
Here the place-based roles of information,
knowledge, and `learning' are emphasized as
promoters of local economic growth.
The focus of the framework is on relatively
immobile human capital, intensive interconnection
between agents, and the shared cultural,
psychological, and political backgrounds of network
participants (Maillat, 1996).
54. Contd…
Technological change and leadership are still central to the
framework but are seen more in terms of incremental
innovation fostered by the local exchange of tacit knowledge.
Theories of Local Economic Growth.
The role of information and knowledge is, in a dynamic
sense, pushed to the fore in the model by the process of
`ubiquification' in factor markets.
At the core of the ubiquification argument is the contention
that larger, more efficient, and less intensively competitive
factor markets have made many factors of production
increasingly geographically ubiquitous.
They have, in consequence, ceased to act as forces of spatial
uneven development.
The availability of knowledge, especially tacit knowledge, is
now seen as one of the strongest remaining spatially
differentiated factors of production.
55. Contd…
An Innovative Milieu is a segment of territory that is
characterized by a certain coherence based on common
behavioral practices as well as a `technical culture 'a way to
develop, store and disseminate knowledge, technical know-how,
norms and values linked to a certain type of economic activity''.
Such milieus, they argue, have four basic characteristics:
(1) A group of actors (firms and institutions) that are relatively
autonomous in decision making and strategy formulation;
(2) A specific set of material, immaterial, and institutional
elements combining firms, infrastructure, knowledge, know-
how, authorities, and legal frameworks;
(3) Interaction between actors based on cooperation; and
(4) A self-regulating dynamic that leads to learning.
Localities and communities are, in these terms, environments
that facilitate the evolution of institutions, common language,
social bonds, norms, and values, which all add to the process
of accumulated learning .
56. Competitive Advantage
competitive-advantage model is the processes operating in the
globalizing political &economic environment that endow some
regions, places, and nations with more success than others.
It is very much a summative eclectic model but with particular
emphasis on the business enterprise and managerial decision-making.
Competitive success and local growth in this model is judged to hinge
on processes that combine to enhance productivity, with ``location
competitive advantage through its influence on productivity and
especially on productivity growth''
The approach focuses on factor conditions, demand conditions, related
and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry,
while placing less emphasis on the institutional, political, and cultural
components of the commercial environment.
The more recent elaboration of this model revolves around processes
of `clustering', and dralearning regions models, and from work on
agglomeration in economic geography in general.
57. Contd…
Factor conditions are :-
human resources (quantity, skills, cost),
knowledge resources (technical, scientific, and
market knowledge),
capital resources (types, access, deployment),
and infrastructure (physical and social).
The nature of home demand is likewise interpreted
as endowing places with dynamic advantage.
Domestic buyer needs and sophistication can
sensitize local producers and instill confidence
58. Contd…
Dynamic home markets can allow firms to anticipate
international demands and the size of local demand
can act as a reinforcing advantage.
Specialization is recognized as a source of potential
competitive advantage.
Complementing ideas on flexible production,
innovative milieus, and learning regions, the
competitive advantage afforded by related and
supporting industries recognizes the external
economies afforded by agglomeration and the less
tangible benefits of `locational integration' in terms
of knowledge, learning, technology, and innovation.
59. Contd…
However, by recognising that firm strategy,
structure, and rivalry can create regional competitive
advantage,
Porter reinforces the nature of the business
enterprise and its internal workings (managerial
attitudes, motivation, and commitment) as a source
of differential growth.
60. Contd…
According to Porter's analysis of `clustering', productivity in a
place can be enhanced, according to the competitive
advantage model, by:
(1) Local specialization which affords reduced transaction costs
in assembling inputs and human resources;
(2) The strength of local demand which brings advantages in
interregional trade;
(3) Greater access to information;
(4) Complementarities between firms that result from local or
locational integration;
(5) Institutional support, both public and private, turning costly
inputs into public and quasi-public goods; and
(6) Technological leadership built on the ease with which
opportunities can be identified locally.
It is, then, the social capital that these processes create that has
the potential to trigger productivity growth in a locality or
economic cluster.
61. Project three
1. Explain An Innovative Milieu with it own characteristics
2. What are the focusing areas Competitive Advantage ?
3. What is the central focus of the product-cycle model in local
economy?
62. Chapter four:- Principles for Regional Development
Regional planning should include a comprehensive
assessment of the impact on the natural environment
and of the suitability of land for construction.
The assessment should also address climate change
risks to the development, including long-term
changes in water supply, extreme heat, increased
flooding, and sea-level rise.
Land development and construction activities shall
avoid preserved area recognized in urban and rural
planning, such as ecological red lines, ecological
corridors (urban greenbelts, green wedges, and
biodiversity corridors), engineering or geological
hazards, and significant cultural heritage sites.
63. Contd…
Development activities shall assess and minimize
their impact on urban and regional air quality, while
limiting the expansion of the urban heat island
effect.
To comply with national, provincial and city carbon
emission targets, regional development should
preserve local natural areas with high forest
coverage , and conserve protected areas such as
wetlands, maintaining the forest coverage rate
above requirements determined in urban and rural
planning.
Urban ventilation channels could be incorporated
after taking into consideration local air circulation
and weather patterns.
64. Contd…
To safeguard environmental quality, meet sponge city
standards, and comply with climate change policy
goals, regional planning should include a variety of
environmental protection and ecological restoration
activities.
These should include ecological restoration of rivers
and lakes, rehabilitation of mountainous or vegetated
ecologically sensitive areas, restoration of polluted soil,
preservation of urban ventilation channels, and
reclamation or repurposing of abandoned construction
or mining sites.
Land development shall conform to standards of energy
and water consumption per unit GDP set in urban and
rural master plans.
65. Contd…
Urban planning should involve a comprehensive
economic impact assessment including estimates of
the project’s total employment creation and impact
on economic growth.
The plan should consider job placement programs
for local relocated households.
Renovation of areas with shantytowns shall take into
consideration local characteristics.
66. Sustainable Development
• sustainability is a buzzword these days.
• That's because there's concern that future
generations may not have access to the same
resources we do now.
• The motivation for sustainable living is motivating
many governments and businesses to change their
practices.
• But what does that mean exactly? And how does
sustainability work in a city? Let's dive into what
sustainable urban development is and successful
examples and projects.
67. Sustainability…
• Sustainability has many definitions but it is
understood as maintaining the demands of the
current population without compromising on the
demands of future populations.
• Sustainable living is meeting our needs now in a
way that people in the future can also meet their
needs.
• This huge goal requires attention at the
environmental, societal, and economic levels.
68. Sustainability…
• Sustainable urban development is then a city’s use of
resources and space in a way that meets the needs of its
residents in the present without negatively impacting
residents' needs in the future.
• This method of urban development aims to minimize
damage to the environment while preserving as much of
our resources as possible and transitioning to renewable
resources where possible.
• The main components of sustainable urban
development are environmental, social, and economic.
• The characteristics of each of these components are
made of a city's unique challenges and solutions
• However, by focusing on these components, a city can
achieve sustainable conditions.
69. Sustainability…
• But why is sustainable urban development important?
• Cities and towns consume many resources, especially if
they experience rapid Urbanisation and urban growth.
• As a result, the ecological footprint of cities is very
high.
• A higher ecological footprint means the use of more
resources and greater emissions.
• This has the possibility of impacting future generations
by using up valuable and finite resources that could
lower their quality of life.
• There are also many Urban issues and challenges
associated with development, including issues with
access to affordable housing, urban pollution, and
urban inequality.
70. Sustainability…
• Sustainable urban development can address some of
these challenges, particularly in regard to urban
pollution.
• Urbanization is the process of a greater proportion of
the population living in urban areas.
• This can occur as a result of migration and natural
increase.
• Urban growth is the rate of the population increasing
in urban areas.
• Ecological footprint is the impact a country has on the
environment.
• This is usually through the consumption of resources
such as land, water, and food from nature.
• A high ecological footprint is usually not sustainable.
71. Environmental Development
• There are many environmental development projects that cities can
invest in.
• Conservation schemes provide the opportunity to use natural
resources like water and energy in a more sustainable way.
• The expansion of green spaces within the city can improve the air
quality (by reducing the effects of air pollution) and quality of life.
• Planning for more sustainable transportation such as public
transport, walking, and/or cycling and accessible services can also
improve air quality as fewer emissions enter the atmosphere.
• Conservation schemes or projects are ways to use natural
resources efficiently and minimizing waste.
• Natural resources are renewable (e.g. sun, water) and non-
renewable (e.g. coal, minerals) resources created from the earth.
• Humans need them to survive.
72. Water Conservation
• Water conservation schemes serve to reduce water
usage and loss.
• This is done by using only as much water as can be
naturally replenished in the environment.
• Water conservation is needed because only 1% of the
world's water is drinkable for humans.
• There is pressure to conserve this natural resource
especially as the global population grows and more
people rely on water sources.
• Conserving water includes reducing wastewater (e.g.
fixing old pipes to prevent leakages), encouraging less
water use (e.g. installing water meters), and recycling
grey water (e.g. harvesting rainwater).
73. Energy Conservation
• Energy consumption is also a growing global
problem.
• The 3 main sources of energy in the world come
from coal, oil, and natural gas.
• These are all non-renewable resources, meaning
they will run out in the future.
• In addition to that, the CO₂ emissions from using
non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and natural
gas are harmful to the air and are accelerating the
effects of climate change.
• However, there are other sources of energy such as
hydropower (from water), solar, and wind which are
renewable resources and will not run out.
74. Energy cons…
• These forms of energy are preferable because they pollute the
environment less and can be used by the population without
negatively affecting future generations.
• With a growing global population, we must therefore take care
to conserve energy.
• Energy conservation is then defined as reducing energy use
, using more efficient technology (e.g. low-energy appliances),
and using more renewable energy (e.g. solar panels and wind
turbines).
• Many UK power companies are investing in renewable
energy.
• The UK benefits from a lot of wind, especially offshore wind
around the coasts.
• The UK has built some of the biggest offshore wind farms in
the world, making it a leader in offshore wind farms.
75. Green Spaces
• Green spaces in urban areas are areas covered in grass, trees or other
kinds of vegetation, e.g. parks and gardens.
• The benefits of creating and expanding green spaces are that they
improve the local air quality, lower urban temperatures, and provide
opportunities for recreation.
• The vegetation, especially trees, store and convert CO₂ into oxygen.
• Vegetation lowers urban temperatures by also absorbing heat from the
sun while concrete reflects it back, increasing temperatures.
• Some examples of green spaces include greenbelts, parks, or gardens
where building construction is restricted.
• There are also new kinds such as green roofs which are allowing
plants and vegetation to grow on the rooftop of buildings.
• This can also lower temperatures within buildings, allowing for better
energy conservation.
• In the UK, they are protected by law & so building on them is illegal.
76. Sustainable Transportation and Accessible Services
• Traffic congestion pollutes the local air
environment, clogs up streets, and creates a lot of
noise.
• A solution to reducing traffic congestion is making
sure to plan cities in a way that using public
transportation, walking, or cycling is possible.
• This means creating areas in cities that are
connected to a bus or metro system and where
services like stores and restaurants are close and
easy to reach.
77. Social Development
• The social component of urban sustainability deals with
society's access and availability of all benefits from the
city.
• Thankfully, much of the environmental development
benefits society through improving air quality, access to
green spaces, and transport links.
• However, in addition to having access to positive
environmental changes, affordable housing, education,
and health services are also important.
• This ensures an active and healthy society that feels
supported and equal in decision-making.
• Government engagement with the community is also an
important aspect of this.
• These are necessary for a city to be sustainable not just
environmentally but economically and socially.
78. Economic Development
• The economic sector of the city should be based on the
good of the city which can be resilient and self-reliant.
• This means a city doesn't have to rely on help from
other countries or major corporations.
• Addressing economic inequality is a component of this,
by building a sustainable economic city, residents have
access to better-paying jobs not just in the present but
also in the future.
• Production of businesses and jobs which take
responsibility for their impact on the environment
provides more benefits than just an income for
residents.
• Businesses with renewable energy and research and
development have proven to fit within this dimension.
79. Contd…
• Investment in the green industry can generate both
jobs (economic benefit) and more positive effects
on the environment (environmental benefit).
• The green industry is products and services made
for preserving or minimising the impact on the
environment.
• A company that produces solar panels falls within
the green industry.
• A sustainable city is a city that has a high quality
of life for most residents without compromising
future generations.
• They are usually very green and have a lower
ecological footprint.
80. Project Four
1. What are the causes for urban Ecological
footprint ?
2. Write summarized note of Conservation projects
on the ways of resources use efficiently.
3. Write the concept of green industry and green
roofs in relation to urban planning
4. What are the contributions of healthy society in
development?
81. Chapter Five-Regional policy
Regional Development Policy
Economic polarization is a process that is present at global,
national and regional level.
Economic activity is extremely spatially concentrated.
Cities and developed regions use the agglomeration effect to
attract labor and capital, thus achieving more favorable
economic conditions than the agrarian region.
Regional development is a complex process that involves a
multidisciplinary approach.
Regional development is a process that needs to be adapted
to specific conditions.
Each region has its own identity and unique characteristics.
82. Regional policy…
Key factors of development include:
1.natural and human resources,
2.level of technological development,
3.capital, knowledge, institutional and legislative framework,
values, ethics and commitment.
The prevailing opinion today is that regional development is
closely linked to the use of endogenous capacities.
The region can achieve long-term progress only if it uses its
specific properties and endogenous / internal capacities.
The challenge for each region is to use its endogenous
resources that will make it competitive and attractive to the
market.
The progress of one region depends to a large extent on the
circumstances and networking of different sectors at the local
level.
83. Regional policy…
Regional or cohesion policy is an important
mechanism for sustainable economic development.
Regional policy aims to reduce underdevelopment.
The main motive for countries to adopt regional
policies is to help poor and backward regions, for
whose development and recovery the state itself
does not have enough strength.
Regional development in a comprehensive way
defines regional development priorities and ways of
their realization.
84. Regional policy…
Regional development is under influence of global
processes such as the diffusion of high technology
innovations, accelerated population growth, the
consumption of goods and the deepening of imbalances
in the distribution of wealth and available natural and
human resources.
Cities and developed regions use the agglomeration
effect to attract labor and capital, thus achieving more
favorable economic conditions than the agrarian region.
Globalization is caused by deepening existing
interregional and intraregional differences.
Economic policy often focuses only on macroeconomic
conditions and targets such as reducing budget deficits,
reducing inflation and liberalizing trade and prices.
85. Regional policy.,.
Economic policies & strategies often ignore regional
& local specifics that can represent significant development
potential.
Ultimately, the national economic & social development
itself is a sum of all local achievements.
There is an increasing consensus that regional institutions
and actors can play a significant role in promoting economic
development.
They can launch bottom-up initiatives in order to
strengthen the regional economy.
Among the benefits of policy-making at the regional level
compared to central policy-making is the possibility of close
coordination between different actors, efficient use of
resources, knowledge of regional problems and recognition
of a certain regional advantage
86. Regional Development Goal
Regional development is a complex process that
involves a multidisciplinary approach.
Regional development is a process that needs to be
adapted to specific conditions.
Each region has its own identity and unique
characteristics.
In this respect, there is no entrepreneurial regional
policy that can be directly applied to other regions .
So, regional development is a dynamic process in
which we cannot simply make an imitation or a copy
of other successful cases of regional development.
87. Contd…
However,it is possible to use some successful regional
development strategies from one region and apply them to
another region that has similar geographical, institutional,
organizational and cultural characteristics.
Key factors of development include: -
a. natural and human resources,
b. level of technological development,
c. capital, d. knowledge,
e. Institutional & legislative framework,
f. values, ethics and
g. commitment.
Regarding the pace and nature of regional development,
institutional structures can play a key role.
88. Contd…
In other words, the nature of the relationship b/n the state
and the region, b/n regional SMEs (small & medium-sized
enterprises) & other companies, but also between university
or research centers & regional firms, can be the main factor
for the positive economic development of the region.
The objectives of regional development are:-
to improve the development of endangered (agricultural and
industrial) regions,
encourage employment (through retraining and combating
structural unemployment),
encouraging youth employment and more.
Therefore, regional programs support the development of
entrepreneurial culture, entrepreneurship and local
economic development, encouraging different innovations.
89. Contd…
Four main objectives of regional development are:
1.endogenous,
2. balanced,
3.sustainable and
4. comprehensive.
1.Endogenous development implies the region’s
efforts to mobilize as much as possible their own
resources in order to achieve the independence and
diversity of economic activities.
In doing so, this model of development does not
prevent external financial support and investments,
as well as cooperation with other regions.
90. Contd…
2.Achieving balanced development means that various
territorial units, i.e. neighboring local governments and
regions coordinate their activities with their mutual
benefit in order to promote social cohesion.
3.Regional development should be sustainable, i.e. not to
jeopardize the needs of future generations.
4.Comprehensive development involves not only
quantitative (growth rate, employment), but also
qualitative goals (broad participation in decision-making,
national and gender equality, preserved environment).
Realization of the goals of regional development of a
state depends not only on the performance of one
region, but also on the functioning of other units, the
general socioeconomic development of the state and a
larger spatial unit.
91. Contemporary concept of Regional Development
The prevailing opinion today is that regional development is
closely linked to the use of endogenous capacities.
The region can achieve long term progress only if it uses its
specific properties and endogenous / internal capacities .
The challenge for each region is to use its endogenous
resources that will make it competitive & attractive to the
market.
Entrepreneurial spirit is one of the key factors of regional
development .
The region can create a comparative advantage by
specializing in an industrial branch .
Regions can use their existing local resources &potentials
to present their specific &different products on the global
market.
92. Contd…
Also, the nature of social interactions between
individuals living in a particular region is crucial to
the development and progress of the region.
This has even greater significance and weight if we
take into account that new approaches to regional
development do not look at the economy and society
in particular.
That is, some scientists argue that regional
development can not be based solely on economic
calculations, that is, pure pragmatic approaches
without taking into account the important roles of
social capital and citizen associations.
93. Contd…
The widespread participation of citizens and the spatial
proximity of regional entrepreneurs is an important
factor for cross-networking, and therefore also for
regional development (Asheim, 1985; Amin, 1999).
The sense of local identity, trust among local actors,
close social relationships, significantly contribute to
cooperation and transfer of knowledge and innovation,
as well as the exchange of human and material
resources between regional enterprises (Biggiero and
Sammarra, 2001).
A sense of belonging to an individual in a region is
often a strong motivating force that contributes to
regional progress.
94. Contd…
The neo-endogenic development model, as a modern perception of
the endogenous model,
focuses on the use of local natural and socioeconomic resources,
as well as on dynamic interactions between the local level and its
wider political, institutional, market and natural environment .
According to this model, the key to successful local development
lies in institution building and the mobilization of internal human
resources that need to be adapted to external influences.
The main means of achieving this goal is related to the
participation of individuals and social groups and local
partnerships, as well as the active participation of local
stakeholders (local government, entrepreneurs, volunteers) in
development processes at local and higher levels (Shucksmith,
2000).
According to this model, the function of (economic) development
includes more and more factors that were previously regarded as
“non-economic” .
95. Contd…
The modern concept of neo-endogenous development
implies integral and sustainable development of the
region, which includes the harmonization of economic,
social and ecological goals.
It combines the spatial, temporal and multisectoral
dimension and emphasizes “the reciprocal of local and
external forces in the control of development
processes.”
Undeveloped, mainly rural regions are no longer just
territories that provide food and are not identified
exclusively with the agrarian environment.
Rural environments in developed European countries
are increasingly becoming places suitable for the quality
of life of the population (unlike the environment that
was once abandoned by the departure of able-bodied
people in the city).
96. Contd…
Some peripheral regions take up the function of the place for
rest and recreation.
In this way, these and other functions are increasingly
transforming traditional agricultural regions into spending
regions (Јанковић, 2007).
Agricultural production in the context of integral
development, in addition to the traditional role, also affects the
formation of territorial identity (Modern brands).
Under these conditions, the economy is diversified and
exceeds the boundaries of primary production by linking it
with the services sector (Bogdanov, 2007).
Although agriculture can be a competitive and leading activity
in peripheral regions, in most cases the development of
complementary activities should be considered
Some agricultural regions continue to show successful self-
sustaining growth due to the effective valorization of
complementary advantages.
