The document discusses several historical theories about the structure and origin of the universe, including that: 1) the universe expanded from an initial single point containing all matter; 2) it was composed of indivisible atoms; 3) early models placed Earth at the center surrounded by celestial spheres; and 4) later models correctly placed the Sun at the center with Earth and planets orbiting it.

2.  universe including the
sun, moon and planets
and all of space
expands out of a
single concentrated
point.

3.  mixture of all
ingredients,
which existed, in
infinitesimally
small fragments
of themselves.

4.  universe was
composed of very
small, indivisible
and indestructible
building blocks
known as atoms.

5.  geocentric
universe in which
fixed, spherical
Earth is at the
center surrounded
by concentric
celestial spheres of
planets and stars

6.  universe is like a
giant living body,
with its leading part
the stars and the
sun which all parts
are interconnected.

7.  placing the sun, not
Earth, at the center
 Earth as rotating
daily on its axis and
revolving annually
about the sun in a
circular orbit along
with a sphere of
fixed stars.

8. ◦the planets and
the rest of the
universe orbit a
stationary
circular
epicycles.

9. universe is finite in time

10.  Sun is at the center
of the universe
 Considered as the
landmark in the
history of modern
science

11. – described that
the universe is a
static steady
state infinite
universe

12.  Rene Descartes
– outlined the
model
 - the vacuum of
space was not
empty at all but
was filled with
matter swirled
around

13. – it was static,
dynamically
stable universe
which was neither
expanding nor
contracting

14.  describes the
universe as
originating in an
infinitely tiny,
infinitely dense
point between 13 to
14 billion years ago

15. Universe
expanded
but did not
change its
density