Topic 1. Country studies as a scientific discipline.
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Country studies are interdisciplinary fields that research particular geographical regions. They typically involve history, political science, sociology, and other related disciplines focused on a specific area. Country studies examine regions at the macro level of global regions, the mezo level of individual countries, and the micro level of sub-regions within countries. They utilize a variety of resources like electronic and print texts, statistics, and analytical sources to understand places and spatial relationships between locations.
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This document defines key elements of regional geography, including the natural environment, human geographies, political geographies, and economic geographies. It discusses topics like global climate change, languages, types of governments, and economic sectors. The natural environment section covers weather, natural hazards, and natural resources. The human geographies section focuses on language and religion. Political geographies examines different forms of government. Finally, economic geographies defines the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors.
WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
The document provides an overview of key concepts in world regional geography. It discusses both physical geography such as natural environment, climate change, weather, natural hazards and resources. It also discusses human geography including language, religion, politics and economics. For politics, it outlines different forms of government like monarchy, democracy and totalitarianism. For economics, it defines the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors of the economy.
Geographic Concepts
This document introduces five key concepts in human geography: place, region, scale, space, and connections. It defines each concept and provides examples. Place refers to unique locations on Earth defined by location, site, and situation. Region describes areas that are uniform (formal), nodal (functional), or perceptual. Scale examines levels of analysis from local to international. Space considers absolute vs relative spatial distributions and patterns. Connections analyzes relationships between places through spatial interaction, diffusion, and globalization.
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Topic 1. Country studies as a scientific discipline.
- 1. Topic 1. Country studies as a scientific discipline.
- 2. Country studies • are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. • Typical area study programs involve history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines.
- 3. Object of country studies 3 main levels: •Macro- •Mezo- •Micro -
- 4. Object of country studies (examples) •Macro- (global regions): Western Europe or Caribbean America
- 5. Object of country studies (examples) • Mezo- (countries): Burkina-Faso, Honduras, Tonga, etc.
- 6. Object of country studies (examples) • Micro (regions of the country): Atoll Funafuti of Tuvalu, Greenland, etc.
- 7. Resources for the country study The shape of storage: • Electronic • Print • Proper field (handwritten)
- 8. Resources for the country study The nature of the information presented: • Text descriptions • Statistical features (information) • Analytical texts
- 9. Resources for the country study By content: • Reference sources • Scientific or academic sources • Statistical sources • Analytical • Scientific periodic source • Scientific - popular sources (NG, GEO) • Unverified information
- 10. •Usually, we deals with two basic areas of inquiry about the world around us: place and space.
- 11. Place and Space • Places are points of presence. • A place exists and has a location. • Places exist in geographic space – typically some location on the surface of the earth.
- 12. Place and Space •Non-geographic places also exist. These are mostly fictional places, but can also be virtual places.
- 13. Place and Space • Place location (where is it?) is fundamental to understanding a place’s characteristics. • Place description (what is it like?) is part of the art of country studies ( regional geography).
- 14. Place and Space • Space is another central theme of country studies. Besides knowing where a place is and what it is like, geography seeks to determine the reason places are located where they are and why they develop the characteristics that they have.
- 15. Place and Space Examples of spatial relationships between places include: • transportation routes and communication linkages, • ethnic ties (as people migrate from one place to another), • political associations (which often involve complex historical processes).
- 16. Place and Space • The distribution of something over an area is called its spatial pattern or spatial organization. • Geographic space is the three- dimensional space that encompasses the livable surface of the earth.
- 17. Regional Geography and Regions • The difference between a region and a place is dependent on scale and perception. • A metropolitan area (comprising many cities that grow into one another) can be considered a place, at a national or international scale, or a region, at a local scale.
- 18. Regional Geography and Regions • Another definition of a region is an area of land that is larger than a place and which contains a common characteristic, such as the growing of a particular crop or the market area of a product.
- 19. Core Area and Transition Zone • The core area is the place where the shared characteristics that are used to define a region are most predominant. • Transition zones are areas between two regions that share characteristics of both to some extent.
- 20. Homogeneous Regions • Homogeneous regions contain a common characteristic that is found throughout an area in equal degree. Island nations, such as Japan, tend to be more homogeneous than continent- based nations. • Also known as uniform and formal regions, homogeneous regions have more clearly defined boundaries than do nodal regions.
- 21. Nodal Regions (вузлові ) • Also known as functional and focal regions (координаційні), nodal regions have a central point at which the characteristic defining the region is most predominant.
- 22. A Priori Regions • An a priori region is one that is arbitrarily drawn (умовно зображені) on the surface of the earth. Political units, such as states, provinces and countries, are the most common type of a priori region. •