The document outlines the 9 steps involved in tooth preparation for class II amalgam restorations. The steps include: 1) establishing the initial outline and depth, 2) creating primary resistance form with box shape and rounded internal angles, 3) developing primary retention form with converging walls, 4) extending for convenience if needed, 5) removing infected dentin and old material, 6) applying pulp protection with liners if needed, 7) adding secondary retention locks and grooves, 8) finishing external walls with 90 degree angles, and 9) final cleaning, inspection, and optional sealing of the preparation.
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Bevels and flares are very important components of resin restoration procedure. This presentation focuses on bevels and flares in restorative procedure.
this contains the steps for the class 1 cavity preparation for amalgam in detail. also contains the difference between composite and amalgam cavity preparation.
A concise and brief presentation on cleaning and shaping of root canals. Colorful and well pictured. Ideal for UG students and PG students to get a good understanding of BMP techniques.
Bevels and flares are very important components of resin restoration procedure. This presentation focuses on bevels and flares in restorative procedure.
this contains the steps for the class 1 cavity preparation for amalgam in detail. also contains the difference between composite and amalgam cavity preparation.
The pediatric dentistry in the restorative to the damaged tooth by the caries and the prevention for the further shedding and erupting of the permanent tooth.
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Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. CLASS II AMALGAM
TOOTH PREPARATION
• Class II Restorations are the
Restorations on the proximal surfaces of
posterior teeth.
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental
Education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2. The stages and steps in tooth preparation are:
• Initial Tooth Preparation Stage
Step 1: Outline form and initial depth
Step 2: Primary resistance form
Step 3: Primary retention form
Step 4: Convenience form
• Final Tooth Preparation Stage
Step 5: Removal of any remaining infected dentin &/or
old restorative material, if indicated
Step 6: Pulp protection, if indicated
Step 7: Secondary resistance and retention forms
Step 8: Procedures for finishing external walls
Step 9: Final procedures: cleaning, inspecting, sealingwww.indiandentalacademy.com
3. STEP 1: OUTLINE FORM AND INITIAL
DEPTH
• The first step in initial tooth preparation is
determining and developing the outline form while
establishing the initial depth.
• The preparation is extended internally
no deeper than 0.2 mm into dentin for pit &
fissure lesions and
0.2 to 0.8 mm into dentin for smooth surface
lesions
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. • sound external walls should have a pulpal depth
of approximately 1.5 to 2 mm and usually a
maximum depth into dentin of 0.2 mm
• When two pit-and-fissure preparations have less
than 0.5 mm of sound tooth structure between
them, they should be joined to eliminate a weak
enamel wall between them.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. RULES FOR ESTABLISHING OUTLINE FORMS FOR
PROXIMAL SURFACE TOOTH PREPARATIONS
1. Extend the preparation margins until sound
tooth structure is obtained and no
unsupported and/or weakened enamel
remains.
2. Avoid terminating the margin on extreme
eminences such as cusp heights or ridge
crests.
3. Extend the margins to allow sufficient access
for proper manipulative procedures.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. 4.Restrict the axial wall pulpal depth of the proximal
preparation to a maximum of 0.2 to 0.8 mm into
dentin
5.The isthmus width should be as narrow as possible
& should not be more than 1/4th
of the intercuspal
distance or 1-1.5 mm wide
6. Usually, gingival margins of tooth preparations
are extended apically of the proximal contact to
provide a minimum clearance of 0.5 mm between
the gingival margin and the adjacent tooth.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. 7. Likewise, the facial and lingual margins in
proximal tooth preparations usually are extended
into the respective embrasures to provide specified
clearance between the prepared margins and the
adjacent tooth.
The purpose of this clearance is to place the
margins away from close contact with the
adjacent tooth so that the margins can be better
visualized, instrumented, and restored .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
10. Factors that dictate proximal box are :
• Extent of caries
• Adjacent tooth contact
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. PROXIMAL OUTLINE FORM
(PROXIMAL BOX)
The objectives for extension of proximal margins are to:
• Include all caries, faults, or existing restorative
material.
• Create 90-degree cavosurface margins (i.e., butt joint
margins).
• Establish (ideally) not more than 0.5 mm clearance
with the adjacent proximal surface facially, lingually,
and gingivally.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
13. STEP 2: PRIMARY RESISTANCE FORM
• Box shape with a relatively flat floor, which helps
the tooth resist occlusal loading by virtue of being
at right angles to those forces of mastication that
are directed in the long axis of the tooth;
• Enough thickness of restorative material to
prevent its fracture under load
• A slight rounding (coving) of internal line angles
to reduce stress concentrations in tooth structure;
• The reverse curve optimizing the strength of both
the amalgam and tooth structure at the junction of
the occlusal step and proximal box
www.indiandentalacademy.com
14. • Internal and external angles within the
tooth preparation are slightly rounded
(coved) so that stresses in the tooth and
restoration from masticatory forces will not
be as concentrated at these line angles .
• Rounding internal line angles (those with
apices directed internally) reduces the
stress on the tooth, thus resistance to
fracture of the tooth is increased.
• Rounding external angles (those with
apices directed externally [e.g., axiopulpal
line angles]) reduces the stress on some
restorative materials (amalgam and
porcelain), thus increasing resistance to
fracture of the restorative material.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15. • Restorative material thickness affects the
ability of a material to resist fracture.
• Amalgam requires a minimum occlusal
thickness of 1.5 mm for adequate strength
and longevity in relation to wear.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16. STEP 3: PRIMARY RETENTION FORM
• For amalgam restorations in Class II conventional
preparations, the material is retained in the tooth by
developing external tooth facial and lingual walls of the
occlusal portion of the preparation, as well as the
proximal portion converge toward the occlusal surface.
• The cavosurface angle where the proximal facial and
lingual walls meet the marginal ridge is a desirable 90°
because of the occlusal convergence of the preparation.
• In Class II preparations involving only one of the two
proximal surfaces, an occlusal dovetail may aid in
preventing the tipping of the restoration by occlusal
forces.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
17. STEP 4: CONVENIENCE FORM
• On occasion, obtaining this form may necessitate
extension of distal, mesial, facial, or lingual walls
to gain adequate access to the deeper portion of
the preparation.
• Extending proximal preparations beyond proximal
contacts is a type of convenience form.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
18. FINAL TOOTH PREPARATION STAGE
Step 5: Removal of Any Remaining Enamel Pit or
Fissure, Infected Dentin, and/or Old Restorative
Material, if Indicated.
• Large areas of soft caries usually are best removed with
spoon excavators by flaking up the caries around the
periphery of the infected mass and peeling it off in
layers. The bulk of this material is thus easily removed
in a few large pieces.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
19. • Pulpal damage may result from the creation of
frictional heat with the use of a bur while removal
of the harder, heavily discolored dentin.
The ideal method of removing this material would
be one in which minimal pressure is exerted,
frictional heat is minimized, and complete control
of the instrument is available.
• Examination of the area with an explorer
following the removal of infected dentin is
advisable, but should be done judiciously to avoid
perforation into the pulp.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. • Removal of remaining old restorative material,
when indicated, also is accomplished with use of a
round carbide bur, at slow speed (just above stall-
out) with air or air water coolant.
• The water spray (along with high-volume
evacuation) is used when removing old amalgam
material to reduce the amount of mercury vapor.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
21. STEP 6: PULP PROTECTION, IF
INDICATED
• When the thickness of the remaining dentin is
minimal [1.5 mm ], heat generated by injudicious
cutting can result in a pulpal burn lesion, an
abscess formation, or pulpal necrosis. Thus a
water or air-water spray coolant must be used
with the highspeed rotary instrument.
• liners or bases are used to protect the pulp or to
aid pulpal recovery or both.
• Liners and bases in exposure areas should be
applied without pressure.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
22. • Both zinc oxide-eugenol and calcium hydroxide
liners (chemosetting types that harden) in
thicknesses of 0.5 mm or greater have adequate
strength to resist condensation forces of
amalgam and provide protection against short-
term thermal changes.
• As a general rule, it is desirable to have
approximately a 2mm dimension of bulk
between the pulp and a metallic restorative
material.
This bulk may include remaining dentin, liner,
and/or base.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
23. STEP 7: SECONDARY RESISTANCE
AND RETENTION FORMS
• Because many preparation features that improve
retention form also improve resistance form, and
the reverse is true, they are presented together.
• The secondary retention and resistance forms are
of two types:
(1) mechanical preparation features and
(2) treatments of the preparation walls with
etching, priming, and adhesive materials.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
24. Mechanical Features
Retention locks and grooves
• Vertically oriented retention locks and retention grooves
are used to provide additional retention for proximal
portions of some tooth preparations; the locks are for
amalgams and the grooves are for cast metal
restorations
• Retention locks in Class II preparations for amalgam
restorations are generally thought to increase retention
of the proximal portion against movement proximally
due to creep.
• Also, they are believed to increase the resistance form of
the restoration against fracture at the junction of the
proximal and occlusal portions.www.indiandentalacademy.com
26. Pins, slots, steps, and amalgam pins
• The use of pins and slots increases both
retention and resistance forms
Enamel wall etching
• Enamel walls are etched for bonded
restorations that use porcelain, composite,
or amalgam materials.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
27. STEP 8: PROCEDURES FOR FINISHING THE EXTERNAL
WALLS OF THE TOOTH PREPARATION
• Nevertheless, when a preparation has extended onto
the root surface (no enamel present), the root-surface
cavosurface angle should be either 90 degrees (for
amalgam, composite, or porcelain restorations) or
beveled (for intracoronal cast metal restorations).
• The 90-degree root-surface margin provides a butt
joint relationship between the restorative material and
the cementum/dentin preparation wall, a configuration
that provides appropriate strength to both.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
28. • line angles formed by the junction of
enamel walls should be slightly rounded
whether they are obtuse or acute.
• when extending the facial and lingual walls
to remove extensive occlusal caries, tilting
the bur is often indicated to conservatively
extend the margins and provide a 90 to 100
degree cavosurface angle.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
29. • When amalgam is used, bevelling also is
contraindicated, except on the gingival floor of a
Class II preparation when enamel is still present.
• In these instances, it is usually necessary to place
a slight bevel (approximately 15 to 20 degrees)
only on the enamel portion of the wall to remove
unsupported enamel rods.
• This is necessary because of the gingival
orientation of enamel rods in the cervical area of
the tooth crown.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
30. • The degree of desired smoothness or roughness is the
second consideration in finishing external walls.
• Hand instruments such as enamel hatchets and
margin trimmers may be used in planing enamel
walls, cleaving enamel, and establishing enamel
bevels.
• The restorative material used is the primary factor
dictating the desired smoothness or roughness of an
enamel wall.
• when using amalgam restorative materials, a more
rough surface prepared wall markedly improves
resistance to marginal leakage.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
31. STEP 9: FINAL PROCEDURES:
CLEANING, INSPECTING, AND SEALING
• Final procedures in tooth preparation
include the cleaning of the preparation,
inspecting the preparation,and applying a
sealer when indicated.
www.indiandentalacademy.com