Tomato is grown practically in every country of the world in outdoor fields, greenhouses, and net houses. The leading tomato producing countries in the world are China, India, USA, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Italy, Spain, and Brazil.
It occupies an area of about 4.73 million hectares with a production of 163.96 million tonnes in the world (FAO, 2016). It is the world’s 3rd largest vegetable crop after potato and onion
Tomato is the most widely cultivated crop in India. Tomato is a very important vegetable crop regarding both income and nutrition. Tomatoes are predominantly summer crops, but it can be cultivated throughout the year.
In its fruit contain vitamins like ‘A’ and ‘C’ and antioxidant in abundance quantity. Due to the unique properties contained in its fruit, tomato demand remains almost the same throughout the year.
Tomatoes are also used as fresh fruits, and they are cooked and cooked in pickles, chutneys, soups, ketchup, sauces, etc.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Its all about the non traditional crops. It includes the the production technology of sun flower its all factors, its area of production and all the necessary aspects of growing the sun flower.
Azolla cultivation guide ( Rich proteins feed for cattle poultry fish and pig)Amar Sawant
Azolla, a wonderful plant and it is a branched free-floating aquatic fern, and it rapidly grows on the surface of the water.
Many farmers due to Limited resources they often struggle to produce sufficient feed for that animals. But Azolla is the right option in front of them.
Azolla is ideal sustainable feed for cattle, fish, pig, and poultry apart from this its also used as biofertilizer in the farm. Hence many farmers attract toward the Azolla cultivation.
Azolla cultivation is popular in countries like China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, etc.
Azolla fixes nitrogen it is an excellent source of nitrogen also it to his high nutrient value.
For Azolla cultivation required less amount of investment hence it is a low-cost alternative for good feed and good biofertilizer.
Mulching means it is a process of covering the soil and make more favorable conditions for plant growth, development.
Mulching is forming the protective layer around the plant. The practice of applying mulch is a very old and effective technique.
It is beneficial for plant health, while it is creating a microclimate around the plant root zone.
The ultimate guide for drip irrigation 2018Amar Sawant
This Guide will teach you everything you need to know about Drip Irrigation.
Components Of Drip irrigation system
Cost of installation
Government subsidy
And Guidelines For Maintenance and much other valuable information that I’ve never shared anywhere else before.
Let’s get started…
The available water for agriculture is decreasing day by day due to increase in population, industrialization, and short rainfall. it has become essential to use modern irrigation technologies like Drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation in agriculture
Drip irrigation means providing the required quantity of water directly to the root zone of Crop plants through a network of small pipes this is also called micro-irrigation or trickle irrigation.
This is the most efficient irrigation technique.
In Drip irrigation system water supplies to plant roots through a collection of plastic pipes, lateral tubes, and valves. These components, controlled with the help of dripper and water pump. with help drip irrigation system it is become easy to provide liquid fertilizer to plant root system.
T ultimate guide for pomegranate farming 2018Amar Sawant
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop grown in India.it is originated in Iran and extensively Pomegranate farming in done in the Mediterranean countries like Spain, Morocco, Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan. It is cultivated to some extort in Myanmar, China, USA, and India.
India ranks first in pomegranate cultivation in the world. In India major pomegranate producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan.
Maharashtra is leading with 90 thousand ha area with annual production of 9.45 lakh Mt tones and productivity of 10.5 Mt/ha. Maharashtra state accounts for 78 percent of the total area in India and 84 percent of the total production in the country.
Pomegranate is one of the most favorite table fruits. The fresh fruits are used for table purpose and also can be used for the preparation of processed products like juice, syrup, squash, jelly, anar rub, juice concentrates, carbonated cold-drinks, anar dana tablets, acids, etc.
Pomegranate fruit is nutritious, rich in minerals, vitamins, and proteins. The juice is useful for leprosy suffering patients.
The ultimate guide for carrot farming 2018Amar Sawant
Carrot is important root crops cultivated throughout the world for its fleshy edible roots. Carrot farming is done in the spring, summer, and autumn in temperate climate countries and during winter in tropical and subtropical regions.
Roots of carrot are used as a vegetable for soups & curries; graded roots are used as a salad, tender roots as pickles also Carrot halwa and jam are famous.
Carrot juice is a rich source of carotene and is sometimes used for colouring buffer and other food articles. Carrot tops are used for extraction of leaf protein, as fodder and also for the poultry feed.
Carrots possess many medicinal properties and are used in Ayurvedic medicine. Carrots are a rich source of b-carotene and contain appreciable amounts of thiamine and riboflavin.
The Carrot crop is the Second most popular vegetable in the world after potato. China ranks first in production followed by Russia.
The major carrot growing states in India are Karnataka, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is important bulb crops grown and used as a spice or a condiment throughout India. It is also an important foreign exchange gaining crop for India. Garlic has higher nutritive value than other bulb crops
India exports fresh and chilled garlic, dried garlic, dehydrated garlic flakes, dehydrated garlic powder and garlic oil to Bahrain, Bangladesh, Germany, Japan.
Garlic farming is mainly in Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
Cauliflower is one of the most important winter vegetables grow in India. It is a European origin probably develop from broccoli. In India, cauliflower cultivation is done in almost all the states, but main states are Bihar, U. P., Orissa, Assam, M.P., Gujarat and Haryana.
The scientific name of cauliflower is Brassica oleracea var botrytis. it has achieved importance as one of the important and popular vegetables in various parts of the world.
Cauliflower plays an important role in the human diet due to its attractive appearance, good taste, and Its nutritive rich value.
It is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamin-B, and C as well as various minerals which are necessary for the human health. Cauliflower is grown for its edible flowering head and consume as a vegetable in curries, soups, and pickles
Bird of paradise cultivation guide 2018Amar Sawant
Bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae Ait.) is an evergreen perennial herbaceous plant and grown in the regions having a moderate subtropical climate. The brilliant colours and unusual appearance of the flowers have made it exceptionally popular as a cut flower.
Therefore, the Bird of paradise cultivated in many parts of the world to produce cut flowers for both domestic and international markets. The major producing countries of a bird of paradise on a commercial scale are America, Israel, and South Africa In temperate areas like Netherlands, Poland, China, Japan etc. this plant is being grown in greenhouses with heating facilities.
In India, Bird of Paradise is grown in sub-temperate and sub-tropical regions like Himachal Pradesh, Kalimpong and Darjeeling in West Bengal, Nilgiri hills and the Western Ghats, Bangalore and adjoining areas in Karnataka etc.
Anthurium is tropical ornamental plant and Anthurium cultivated for its colourful, long-lasting flowers or the attractive foliage. They have Gained importance as major cut flowers of the modern world.
Anthurium is a native of Central and South America and the genus Anthurium, with over 700 species.
The word anthurium is taken from the Greek ‘anthos’, flower and ‘aura’ tail, referring to the spadix.
The major countries importing anthurium cut flowers are in the USA. Canada. Germany. Europe and Japan.
The popularity of growing anthurium as cut flowers has risen tremendously in the past few years and it has now become an important export-oriented crop.
In India, Anthurium industry is still in its starting phage. There are very a few growers from Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Kerala Andhra Pradesh North -Eastern states who send their flower to big cities like Mumbai and Delhi.
In India, a marginal farmer and small manufacturing units produce Fifty percent of mushroom and the remaining mushroom produce by industrial institutions.
There are two chief forms of mushroom growers in India, seasonal farmers and commercial mushroom framer who take production continue entire year.
Mostly both develop white button mushroom to your domestic market and export.
The seasonal button mushroom growers are restricted to temperate regions like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and Kashmir, hilly areas of Uttar Pradesh, hilly areas in Tamil Nadu and North Eastern areas where farmers take 2-3 plants of button mushrooms at a year
To commercial mushroom farming, required heavy expenditure on the building infrastructure, purchase of machinery and equipment, raw materials, labor, and energy.
Carnations are great for cut flowers Due to its excellent keeping quality, a wide range varieties selection, and Carnations can withstand long-distance during transport qualities farmer attract towards Carnation cultivation
They are especially the demand for Valentine’s day, Easter, Mother’s day and Christmas. India has the excellent prospect of developing good quality carnation. Places having cold climate such as Shimla, Kulu, Manali, Kalimpong, Ooty, Kodaikanal, Bangalore, Pune, Nasik, etc. are most appropriate places for the production of Carnation cut flowers.
Rose is a famous and very beautiful flower; the rose flower is a symbol of love all over the world. In Greenhouse mostly dutch rose variety cultivated, Dutch rose has high demand in national and international markets. Therefore Dutch rose cultivation is increasing day by day also Indian government promoting dutch rose farming by providing the subsidy.
Direct sunlight affects dutch rose productivity the plant required bright light Hence dutch rose grows very well in the Greenhouse where the climate is in control condition.
Capsicum is an important commercial vegetable crop, also known as sweet pepper, bell pepper or Shimla Mirch. this plants grown throughout the world.
This crop is a cold season crop, but capsicum cultivated through the year using polyhouse.
Gerbera is important commercial cut flower crop, and Gerbera flowers have a wide range of colors including yellow, orange, cream-white, pink, brick red, red color, terracotta and various other intermediate colors. Sometimes in double varieties, bicolour flowers are beautiful; Gerbera flower stalks are long, thin and leafy.
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When listening about building new Ventures, Marketplaces ideas are something very frequent. On this session we will discuss reasons why you should stay away from it :P , by sharing real stories and misconceptions around them. If you still insist to go for it however, you will at least get an idea of the important and critical strategies to optimize for success like Product, Business Development & Marketing, Operations :)
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Michael Economou is an Entrepreneur, with Business & Technology foundations and a passion for Innovation. He is working with his team to launch a new venture – Exyde, an AI powered booking platform for Activities & Experiences, aspiring to revolutionize the way we travel and experience the world. Michael has extensive entrepreneurial experience as the co-founder of Ideas2life, AtYourService as well as Foody, an online delivery platform and one of the most prominent ventures in Cyprus’ digital landscape, acquired by Delivery Hero group in 2019. This journey & experience marks a vast expertise in building and scaling marketplaces, enhancing everyday life through technology and making meaningful impact on local communities, which is what Michael and his team are pursuing doing once more with Exyde www.goExyde.com
1. About the author View All Posts amar sawant Amar Sawant is an entrepreneur, farmer, and writer. He works more than ten
years as agri-entrepreneur. Always busy in farm to find something new.
September 28, 2018
Tomato Cultivation Guide 2018
agricultureguruji.com/tomato-cultivation/
Tomato is grown practically in every country of the world in outdoor fields, greenhouses,
and net houses. The leading tomato producing countries in the world are China, India, USA,
Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Italy, Spain, and Brazil.
It occupies an area of about 4.73 million hectares with a production of 163.96 million
tonnes in the world (FAO, 2016). It is the world’s 3rd largest vegetable crop after potato
and onion
Tomato is the most widely cultivated crop in India. Tomato is a very important vegetable
crop regarding both income and nutrition. Tomatoes are predominantly summer crops, but
it can be cultivated throughout the year.
In its fruit contain vitamins like ‘A’ and ‘C’ and antioxidant in abundance quantity. Due to the
unique properties contained in its fruit, tomato demand remains almost the same
throughout the year.
Tomatoes are also used as fresh fruits, and they are cooked and cooked in pickles,
chutneys, soups, ketchup, sauces, etc.
Table of Contents
Climate
Land
1/10
2. Nursery making for T0mato cultivation
Advanced varieties
Improved Verity:
Hybrids Verity:
Transplanting :
Fertilizers and manure
Supporting Tomato plants (staking)
Irrigation for Tomato Crop
Weed control
Harvesting
Production:
Crop protection
Pest
1) Fruit Borer: – ((Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)
2 ) Whiteflies –
3) Leafminer
4) Root-knot Nematodes
Disease
1) Alternaria Blight
2) powdery mildew
3) Late Blight
4) Leaf Curl Complex
Climate
The tomato is warm season crop. The temperature of 20-25 °C is considered to be ideal for
tomato cultivation, and the excellent quality red color is developed in tomatoes at 21-24 °C
temperature.
Due to intense heat (temperature above 43 °C), the plants get burnt, and flowers and small
fruits also fall, whereas less than 13°C and greater than 35 °C decreases the fruits and the
red color production ratio.
Land
Tomato grows very well on a wide range of soils, but it grows well on deep, well-drained
soils with good drainage ability. Sandy loam to medium black soils is considered to be best
suitable for Tomato cultivation.
For Tomato farming soil PH must be at 6-7 with soil with excellent drainage property.
Nursery making for T0mato cultivation
2/10
3. Seedlings are raised during May-June, September October and December-January months
for kharif, rabi and summer crops, respectively.
Before preparing a nursery, select the land destroyed in harmful bacteria and fungi and
larvae of pests etc.
Prepare the 3 -4 meter long and 120 cm in width raised the bed and about 15 cm in height.
Mark the lines on the bed and sow the seeds in it and cover with loose soil.
Subsequently, sprinkle the water and cover the beds with organic mulch paddy straw or
green leaves and kept, as its until the seeds germinate.
Generally, Seedlings are ready for transplanting within 30 to 45 days under open field
condition Irrigate the nursery as and when required.
When nursery raising in the open field is not possible, then it can be raised in naturally
ventilated polyhouses that too within 25 to 30 days.
3/10
4. Advanced varieties
Improved Verity:
Pusa Ruby, Pusa- 120, Pusa shital, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Early Dwarf, Arka Saurabh,Arka Ahuti
,Arka Vikas,Arka Meghali, HS101, HS102, HS110,Hisar Arun,Hisar Lalit, Hisar Lalima, Hisar
Anmol,Co-1, CO 2, CO 3, S-12,PKM 1,Punjab Chhuhara,Pant Bahar, Pant T3 and Solan Gola
Hybrids Verity:
Pusa Hybrid 1, Pusa Hybrid 2, Pusa Hybrid 3 , Arka Abhijit, Arka Vishal, Arka Shresta, Arka
Vardan, Vaishali, COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato, Rashmi, MTH 4, Naveen, Rupali, Avinash 2,
Sadabahar, Sonali and Gulmohar.
Transplanting :
Before transplanting plant in the felid treat with a fungicide like bavistin and humic acid.
If transplanting is done in the rainy season then maintain spacing 75 x 60 cm and summer
season, 75 x 45 cm.
If you are using drip irrigation method for tomato crop, then transplanting is to be done in
paired row system with the spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm.
Fertilizers and manure
At the time of land preparation, broadcast and thoroughly mix the well-decomposed FYM at
20 to 25 t/ha in the soil
Then add a basal fertilizer dose Nitrogen – 60 kg, Phosphorus – 80 kg and Potash -60 kg
Potash per hectare.
After 30 to 45 days of planting, give 30 kg amount of nitrogen to the crop.
Supporting Tomato plants (staking)
4/10
5. The long growing varieties of tomatoes need to be specially supported. At the time of plant
growth, plants should be staking with the help of string or wire.
With the help of this support, fruits cannot expose to soil and water; hence there is no
problem of tomato fruit rotting so that more production can be obtained.
Irrigation for Tomato Crop
To get maximum yield from tomato crop, use drip irrigation method. During summer give
water 6-7-day intervals and in winter season give water after of 10-15 days.
If possible, use drip irrigation. With the help of this irrigation method, you can able to save
about 60-70 percent of the water and increase 20%-25% more production.
Weed control
First weeding operation star after 20 to 25 days of transplanting. Always maintain clean
and weed free farm because weed competes with crop also they provide shelter to the
various harmful insect.
Mulching is also good option control weed after black plastic (50 microns) mulching is
mostly used which controls about 95% weeds.
Alternatively, you can use organic mulch like sugar cane trash, which controls about 60% of
weeds.
Harvesting
5/10
6. The first harvesting of plants usually starts in 75 to 90 days from planting.
While Considering the market distance and transport mode, tomato fruits should be
harvest as follows.
1) Green stage:
If you are sending tomato fruit for long distant market, then harvest at Maturity stage with
green colour .
2) pink stage:
The tomato should be harvested by changing the color of the green color to the pinkish
appeared. It is better to send such fruits to nearby markets.
3) Maturity stage:
To sell tomato in the local market, harvest after the fruit is reddish on the tree.
4) Full maturity:
In this state, the fruit is fully reddish and slightly red on the tree. Such fruits are useful to
make durable materials such as ketchup, sauce, soup, chutney, etc.
After removing the fruit, grading the fruit, packing it in the corrugated boxes.
Production:
The average hectare production of tomatoes is 250 to 400 quintal. The production of up to
750-800 quintals of hectare can be achieved due to excellent cultivation.
6/10
7. Crop protection
Pest
1) Fruit Borer: – ((Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)
Female kite lay eggs on flowers. After leaving
the egg, the larvae start to eat leaves. After
that, they start to eaten fruit. The larvae put
holes in the fruit and put half of the body in the
fruit. This pest could damage 40%-50%of
fruits production
Management
Marigold as a trap crop with the help of
this trap early pest attack detection is possible which is very helpful for the Effective
management
sprays of Ha NPV viruses after 42 days of transplanting.
At periodic intervals (3-4 times) mechanical collection and destruction of Fruit Borer
2 ) Whiteflies –
Whitefly is a very harmful pest on tomato; it is responsible for transmits leaf curl virus.
It sucks food form leave, so deformation of young leaves observes. Whiteflies also excrete
honeydew, causing sooty mold.
Management
use yellow stick trap for early attack detection
After transplanting give need-based sprays of Imidacloprid 20 SL (0.3ml/l) after 15
days of planting and do not repeat after the fruiting stage as this may leave harmful
residues in fruits.
If the traps indicate the whitefly activity, spray Dimethoate 30EC at 2ml/liter
3) Leafminer
It is a serious and a polyphagous pest
of the tomato crop. Maggot ( larva)
form mines between two epidermal
layers of the leaf and make serpentine
mines. Extensive leaf mining activity
reduces the photosynthetic process of
plants, resulting in defoliation and
produce unmarketable fruits.
Management
observe and remove infected leaves at the time of planting or within a week of
7/10
8. transplanting
Apply neem cake in the field 250 kg/ha at planting and repeat this operation after 25
days.
Spray neem seed powder extract 4%
if the incidence is high, then remove infected leaves and spray Triazophos 40 EC
(1ml)
4) Root-knot Nematodes
This affects the uptake capacity of nutrition and water of the plants. This causes stunted
plants with yellow foliage resulting in yield reduction.
Management
Use nematode resistant variety
Follow crop rotation with marigold crop
use seed treatment
if possible soil carried out soil solarisation process.
Apply Carbofuran 3G at 1 kg ai/ha at transplanting.
Disease
1) Alternaria Blight
Symptoms
Irregular leaf spots mostly appear from the marginal portion of leaves. Mostly these
disease appears in the vegetative growth phase of the plant and before flowering.
Symptoms of early blight appear on all above ground parts of the plant
Management
Always use healthy and certified seeds collected from the disease-free area.
Infected crop debris and fruits must be collected from the field and burnt.
Summer plowing to increase the desiccation of pathogen and infected plant parts.
Minimize relative humidity in plant canopy for preventing the infection.
sprays of Chlorothalonil at 0.2% at 8 days interval
8/10
9. 2) powdery mildew
powdery mildew infection appeared as white, chalky spots on leaves. They spread rapidly
on infected leaves. The leaves turned yellow, died and drop off.
Management
If the disease occurs, then 0.25% sulphur mixed with water spray 25 gm in 10 liters of
water 2-3 times in intervals in 10 days.
To control it, spray 10 grams of Bavistin mixed in 10 liters of water
3) Late Blight
Disease on leaves, appear as pale green irregular spots that turn into purplish brown and
later become nearly black. Margins of the spots were pale green to water soaked.
Infected fruits showed characteristic brown to purple discoloration, often concentrated on
the sides or upper fruit surface
Management:
Use and planting material from the disease-free area.
maintain field Sanitation.
Staking of plants which reduce Fruit touches chance to the ground
In cloudy condition take Preventive sprays of Mancozeb 75% WP at 0.25% (2.5 gm
per liter water) take this spray after 5 to 7 days interval.
4) Leaf Curl Complex
9/10
10. Virus-transmitted by whitefly as well
as by mechanical injury. this Disease
mostly appears in September to
November month. Plants show
stunted growth with downward
rolling, curling, twisting and chlorosis
leaves
Management:
maintain field Sanitation don’t
all to grow weeds.
Use of yellow sticky cards to
evacuate whitefly attack
Spray Dimethoate 30% EC at 396 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre
Spray Imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 60-70 ml in 200 l of water/acre or Thiamethoxam 25
WG at 80 g in 200 l of water/acre.
5) Damping-off
In pre-emergence phage, the young seedlings die before they reach the surface of the soil
and post-emergence Infection usually occurs near to the soil level and the infected plant
tissues appear soft and water-soaked.
As the disease In advances stage the stems become weak and collapse.
Management:
Avoid poorly drained soil for tomato cultivation
Use raised beds technique for better water drainage alsouse plastic -trays for raising
seedlings
Seed treated with captan 75% WP at 20-30 g/Kg seed
Drench solution of Metalxyl 8% and Mancozeb 64% WP at 2 g/ liter of water in the
nursery.
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