19.1% percent of adults (age 15+) currently use tobacco in any form (men 31.8%; women 5.8%).1
12.4% of adults smoke tobacco
7.7% use smokeless tobacco
3% use waterpipes (hookah or shisha)
It is a slide show about tobacco. It can be used for college seminars & other seminar related to cancer or tobacco......For description you can collect info's from internet of all slides.....A little editing is required as your need....
GPCS organised a short awareness programme on World No Tobacco Day on 31st May 2021. Apart from 31 NCC Cadets, more than 50 senior students were also present. The programme was concluded with Pledge taking movement.
It is a slide show about tobacco. It can be used for college seminars & other seminar related to cancer or tobacco......For description you can collect info's from internet of all slides.....A little editing is required as your need....
GPCS organised a short awareness programme on World No Tobacco Day on 31st May 2021. Apart from 31 NCC Cadets, more than 50 senior students were also present. The programme was concluded with Pledge taking movement.
Coauthors: Dr Christa Maria Joel, Dr Hira Zahid, Dr Michael Oludipe, Dr Qudroh, Dr Gilda Philip, Ms Philo Mary Fernandez
Module: Effects of Lifestyle on Health
Supervisors: Ms Jane Tobias and Dr Daniel Boakye
University of the West of Scotland
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE is a modern epidemic in india. due to changes in living conditions and habits its prevalence is increasing day by day . in this presentation i have explained the various risk factors and innovations in diagnosis of CAD. IT is very useful for primary health care physicians and community medicine specialist
Overview of electronic cigarettes including history, components, safety and adverse events, efficacy in smoking cessation, pharmacokinetics and epidemiology. This presentation was originally delivered to 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a two semester class on pharmacology and toxicology.
An Introduction To Community Medicine (Basic Definitions) | SurgicoMed.comMukhdoom BaharAli
Community Medicine is the new branch of medicine recently added with a concept to provide
health all of the community as it is the basic right of the community. Community Medicine may
be defined as;
“Community Medicine is a system of delivery of comprehensive health care to the people by a
health team in order to improve the health of community.” (WHO Definition)
Cigarette smoking is one of the major preventable causes
of morbidity and mortality all over the world.
• According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2018)
Tobacco is the second major cause of death. It is currently
responsible for the death of 1 in 10 adults.
Presentation about the various causes of smoking.
Additional information :
slide 8 :Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions
slide 12 : Smoking takes its toll from head to toe. And if you think you’re safe because you’re young, guess again.As you tour the body here, keep in mind that this is a list of specific diseases. It doesn’t talk about general health. For example, if you smoke and end up needing surgery for a condition caused by smoking, your ability to heal will be inferior to that of a non-smoker. And if you have pain for any reason – smoking-related or not – it appears that smoking can make that pain worse.
slide 15 : If you smoke, the risk of contracting mouth cancer is also four times higher than for a non-smoker. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips.
slide 17 : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a collective term for a group of conditions that block airflow and make breathing more difficult, such as: Emphysema - breathlessness caused by damage to the air sacs within the lungs
Chronic Bronchitis - coughing with a lot of mucus that continues for at least three months.
slide 21 : The British Medical Association estimates that up to 120,000 men have ED because of smoking.
slide 22 : Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked.
slide 23 : Smoking also affects your looks: smokers have paler skin and more wrinkles. This is because smoking reduces the blood supply to the skin and lowers levels of vitamin A. Nicotine stains on a man’s hand after smoking
slide 24 : SASKATOON,canada – The investigator has determined the cause which lead to two Saskatoon house fires on Thursday was careless disposal of smoking materials.On Thursday afternoon, firefighters responded to a report of a fence and shed on fire, but on arrival the fire had already extended to 615 and 619 Taylor Street.Fire crews started an aggressive attack on the blaze which was brought under control in 25 minutes.Both homes sustained substantial damage estimated at $300,000.No injuries associated with the fire were reported.
slide 25 : If somebody smokes during pregnancy, they not only put the unborn baby’s health at risk but also their own
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of complications, such as: *mentioned in slide*
slide 26 : Secondhand smoke comes from the tip of a lit cigarette and is the smoke that the smoker breathes out.
Coauthors: Dr Christa Maria Joel, Dr Hira Zahid, Dr Michael Oludipe, Dr Qudroh, Dr Gilda Philip, Ms Philo Mary Fernandez
Module: Effects of Lifestyle on Health
Supervisors: Ms Jane Tobias and Dr Daniel Boakye
University of the West of Scotland
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE is a modern epidemic in india. due to changes in living conditions and habits its prevalence is increasing day by day . in this presentation i have explained the various risk factors and innovations in diagnosis of CAD. IT is very useful for primary health care physicians and community medicine specialist
Overview of electronic cigarettes including history, components, safety and adverse events, efficacy in smoking cessation, pharmacokinetics and epidemiology. This presentation was originally delivered to 2nd year pharmacy students as part of a two semester class on pharmacology and toxicology.
An Introduction To Community Medicine (Basic Definitions) | SurgicoMed.comMukhdoom BaharAli
Community Medicine is the new branch of medicine recently added with a concept to provide
health all of the community as it is the basic right of the community. Community Medicine may
be defined as;
“Community Medicine is a system of delivery of comprehensive health care to the people by a
health team in order to improve the health of community.” (WHO Definition)
Cigarette smoking is one of the major preventable causes
of morbidity and mortality all over the world.
• According to World Health Organization (WHO, 2018)
Tobacco is the second major cause of death. It is currently
responsible for the death of 1 in 10 adults.
Presentation about the various causes of smoking.
Additional information :
slide 8 :Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content, and are less likely to be filtered, potentially increasing vulnerability to tobacco-related disease in these regions
slide 12 : Smoking takes its toll from head to toe. And if you think you’re safe because you’re young, guess again.As you tour the body here, keep in mind that this is a list of specific diseases. It doesn’t talk about general health. For example, if you smoke and end up needing surgery for a condition caused by smoking, your ability to heal will be inferior to that of a non-smoker. And if you have pain for any reason – smoking-related or not – it appears that smoking can make that pain worse.
slide 15 : If you smoke, the risk of contracting mouth cancer is also four times higher than for a non-smoker. Cancer can start in many areas of the mouth, with the most common being on or underneath the tongue, or on the lips.
slide 17 : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a collective term for a group of conditions that block airflow and make breathing more difficult, such as: Emphysema - breathlessness caused by damage to the air sacs within the lungs
Chronic Bronchitis - coughing with a lot of mucus that continues for at least three months.
slide 21 : The British Medical Association estimates that up to 120,000 men have ED because of smoking.
slide 22 : Women who smoke have an increased risk for hip fracture than women who never smoked.
slide 23 : Smoking also affects your looks: smokers have paler skin and more wrinkles. This is because smoking reduces the blood supply to the skin and lowers levels of vitamin A. Nicotine stains on a man’s hand after smoking
slide 24 : SASKATOON,canada – The investigator has determined the cause which lead to two Saskatoon house fires on Thursday was careless disposal of smoking materials.On Thursday afternoon, firefighters responded to a report of a fence and shed on fire, but on arrival the fire had already extended to 615 and 619 Taylor Street.Fire crews started an aggressive attack on the blaze which was brought under control in 25 minutes.Both homes sustained substantial damage estimated at $300,000.No injuries associated with the fire were reported.
slide 25 : If somebody smokes during pregnancy, they not only put the unborn baby’s health at risk but also their own
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of complications, such as: *mentioned in slide*
slide 26 : Secondhand smoke comes from the tip of a lit cigarette and is the smoke that the smoker breathes out.
Here is a tobacco awareness ppt on detailed powerpoint presentation slides (ppt on tobacco and its effects) on smoking.
View here smoking ppt. This smoking ppt presentation free download helps you in getting about Tobacco awareness.
Under-nutrition is one of the modifiable threats to global health and child survival especially in poor and underdeveloped settings .Over the past 20 years there has been little change in the prevalence of malnutrition in the population despite more food availability and an overall increase in caloric intake per capita. The purchasing power of people is decreasing day by day. In Pakistan, large family size forced to expense 46 percent of the family income on food while food expenditures in India are 35 percent.
The nutritional status of an individual is often the result of many inter-related factors. It is influenced by food intake, quantity & quality, & physical health. The spectrum of nutritional status spread from obesity to severe malnutrition
Nutrients are the substances found in food which drive biological activity and are essential for the human body. They are categorized as proteins, fats, carbohydrates (sugars, dietary fiber), vitamins, and minerals, and perform the following vital functions.
According to Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012–13, 56% of married women of reproductive age intended to use family planning services but only 35% of them were actually using these services.
Unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event which may involve injury.
• In 1956 WHO advisory group defined accidents as – Unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable damage.
• Occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produce unintended injury, death or property damage.
Unsafe Injections, Hazards and its Prevention.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
To Understand injection safety.
Describe hazards of Unsafe injections and its prevention.
To understand the role of health education in prevention of blood born disease.
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCEPT OF SAFE INJECTION
3. ISSUES IN MISUSE AND OVERUSE OF IINJECTION
4. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM OF UNSAFE INJ
5. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
6. WAY FORWARD
7. MANAGEMENT OF NEEDLE STICK INJURY
8. CONCLUSION
Sampling Variability And The Precision Of A Sample by Dr Sindhu Almas copy.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
What use is all this stuff about variability?
Sampling – the big idea
Sampling In Practice
Sampling – the big idea
Need For Sampling
Disadvantages Of Sampling
Types Of Sampling
Factors Affecting Sample Size
Sampling Distribution
Calculating A Confidence Interval Using Software
Spectrum of health & Iceberg Phenomenon of disease.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
1- Understand the spectrum of health in relation to health and sickness
2- Define; health, disease, illness and wellbeing
3- Define and understand the determinants’ of health; biological, behavioural, socio and cultural, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, and ageing and gender
4- Understand the concepts of “right to health “ and “health for all”
5- Ice-berg phenonmenon of disease
Health Delivery System of Pakistan.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
1. To understand determinants of health with special focus on social determinants of health(SDH).
2. To define responsibility for Health.
3. To learn about health delivery system of Pakistan.
Principles and theories in curriculum developmentDrSindhuAlmas
What Is Curriculum
A Curriculum Will Answer
Difference Between Syllabus & Curriculum
Aims And Objectives
Curriculum Framework
Common Elements Of A Curriculum Framework
The Role Of Curriculum
What Is Curriculum
Characteristics Of Coherent Curriculum
6-step Approach To Curriculum Development
Problem Identification & General Needs Assessment
Components Of Curriculum Document
5 Perspective of Curriculum
At the end of lecture students will be able to understandable:
Semantic Differential Scale
Summated Rating Scale
Anecdotal Record
Attitude Scales Measurements
Direction Degree Intensity
Critical Incident Technique
It is a chart that contains information about:
the topics of your specialty
the level you want each topic to be taught , i.e. whether you want a particular topic to be assessed at C1, C2 or C3
the total of these topics along with this total expressed in percentage. (Note: the level at which you assess should be similar to the level at which something is taught).
Food PoisoningNutritional Problems In Pakistan: Their Control And PreventionDrSindhuAlmas
According to WHO, foodborne diseases are mounting up at an alarming rate, causing significant impediment to socio-economic development of a country. Food based outbreak causes mortality of 2.2 million that contributes 4% of all deaths each year worldwide.
Food additives; its health hazardsFood AdulterationDrSindhuAlmas
Food additives; its health hazards
What is Food Adulteration, who does it n why
When is food said to be adulterated ?
Types of adulteration
Common food adulteration
Legislation regarding control of food adulteration
58% of the households are food insecure.
18% of Women aged 15-49 years are under weight.
31% of children are underweight.
Nutrition status of <5 years children has shown no improvement from last 46 years
Anemia has worsened among both pregnant and non-pregnant women and pregnant women in urban areas are having more iron deficiency anemia.
Pakistan may be witnessing the double burden of under nutrition and obesity within rural and urban women of reproductive age.
RESEARCH
Assessment Methods For Nutritional StatusDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of this lecture the you should be able:
To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
Food Processing And Preservation: Methods And LegislationDrSindhuAlmas
Understanding that What is food processing, preservation and its method
Understanding that What is canning, refrigeration and other methods for food preservation
Duties of food inspector
Legislation and food laws covered in previous lecture in detail.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. TOBACCO AND HEALTH
DR SINDHU ALMAS
MBBS, MPH (MHPE), (PHD)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH
SCIENCES
LUMHS
2. CLASSROOM RULES
• NO CROSS TALK
• RAISE HAND IF YOU HAVE QUESTION
• CELLPHONE: SWITCH OFF OR PUT ON SILENT MODE
3.
4. PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS ARE
RELATED TO SMOKING?
• THE AVERAGE PERSON WHO SMOKES WILL DIE
ABOUT EIGHT YEARS EARLIER THAN A SIMILAR
NON-SMOKER
• THIS MEANS THAT ABOUT 15% OF GLOBAL DEATHS
ARE ATTRIBUTED TO SMOKING. IN SOME
COUNTRIES IT'S MORE THAN 1-IN-5 DEATHS.
SMOKING DEATHS TYPICALLY AFFECT OLDER
POPULATIONS: MORE THAN HALF OF DEATHS
OCCURRED IN PEOPLE OVER 70 YEARS OLD; 93%
WERE OVER 50 YEARS.
5. WHICH COUNTRY HAS THE MOST
SMOKERS 2021?
• NAURU HAS THE HIGHEST SMOKING RATES IN
THE WORLD AT 52.1%. ODDLY, WOMEN SMOKE
SLIGHTLY MORE THAN MEN IN NAURU (52.6%
TO 51.7%), WHICH IS SOMEWHAT OF AN
OUTLIER. THE SECOND-HIGHEST RATE
BELONGS TO KIRIBATI, WHOSE (52.0%) TOTAL
CONSISTS OF 68.6% OF MALES AND 35.5% OF
FEMALES, WHICH IS A MORE TYPICAL
DISTRIBUTION.
• SMOKING RATES BY COUNTRY 2022 - WORLD POPULATION REVIEW
• HTTPS://WORLDPOPULATIONREVIEW.COM › COUNTRY-RANKINGS › S...
6. TOBACCO-RELATED CANCERS
• SMOKING CAUSES CANCER OF THE:
• LUNG (80-85 % OF CASES), ORAL CAVITY, PANCREAS, LARYNX,
KIDNEY, ESOPHAGUS, BLADDER (30-40 % OF CASES)
• SMOKING LINKED TO CANCER OF THE LARGE
INTESTINE & SOME FORMS OF LEUKEMIA
• SMOKELESS TOBACCO (CHEW TOBACCO, SNUFF
ETC.) IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF CANCER OF THE MOUTH
• BPG REFERENCE (APPENDIX C.2): PG. 57
7. RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER
• RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER INCREASES WITH:
• DURATION OF SMOKING
• NUMBER OF CIGARETTES PER DAY
• DEGREE OF INHALATION
• RISK OF LUNG CANCER IS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED
WITH SMOKING CESSATION
• BPG REFERENCE (APPENDIX C.2): PG. 57
8. THE TOLL OF TOBACCO IN
PAKISTAN
• 19.1% PERCENT OF ADULTS (AGE 15+)
CURRENTLY USE TOBACCO IN ANY
FORM (MEN 31.8%; WOMEN 5.8%).1
• 12.4% OF ADULTS SMOKE TOBACCO
• 7.7% USE SMOKELESS TOBACCO
• 3% USE WATERPIPES (HOOKAH OR
SHISHA)
• 1PAKISTAN GLOBAL ADULT TOBACCO SURVEY (GATS): FACT
SHEET. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION; 2014. AVAILABLE
FROM: WWW.EMRO.WHO.INT/TOBACCO/TFI-NEWS/GATS-PAK-
RESULTS.HTML.
9. • AMONG YOUTH (AGES 13-15):2
• 10.7% USE ANY TOBACCO PRODUCT (BOYS
13.3%; GIRLS 6.6%)
• 7.2% SMOKE TOBACCO, AND 5.3% USE
SMOKELESS TOBACCO
• AMONG YOUTH WHO HAVE EVER SMOKED,
NEARLY 40% FIRST TRIED A CIGARETTE
BEFORE AGE 10
• 2 PAKISTAN GLOBAL YOUTH TOBACCO SURVEY (GYTS). WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION; 2013. AVAILABLE
FROM: WWW.EMRO.WHO.INT/IMAGES/STORIES/TFI/DOCUMENTS/GYTS_FS_PAK_
2013.PDF?UA=1.
10. SECOND-HAND SMOKE EXPOSURE
• THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF SECOND-HAND SMOKE.3
• 72.5% OF ADULTS (16.8 MILLION PEOPLE) WHO WORK INDOORS
ARE EXPOSED TO TOBACCO SMOKE AT THE WORKPLACE.1
• 86% OF ADULTS WHO VISITED RESTAURANTS IN 2014 (49.2
MILLION PEOPLE) WERE EXPOSED TO SECOND-HAND SMOKE, AND
76.2% OF ADULTS WHO USED PUBLIC TRANSPORT WERE EXPOSED
TO SECOND-HAND SMOKE.1
11. • 37.8% OF YOUTH (AGES 13-15) ARE
EXPOSED TO SECOND-HAND SMOKE
IN PUBLIC PLACES, WHILE 21% OF
YOUTH ARE EXPOSED TO SECOND-
HAND SMOKE IN THEIR HOMES.2
• 3 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TOBACCO
EPIDEMIC 2009.
12. HEALTH RISKS OF
SECOND-HAND SMOKE
EXPOSURE TO SECOND-HAND SMOKE CAUSES THE FOLLOWING
DISEASES AND CONDITIONS:
◦ IN ADULTS:
HEART DISEASE
LUNG CANCER
NASAL SINUS CANCER
◦ IN CHILDREN:
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)
FETAL GROWTH IMPAIRMENT
BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA & OTHER LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
ASTHMA EXACERBATION
MIDDLE EAR DISEASE
RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS
13. HEALTH RISKS OF SECOND-HAND
SMOKE
ALSO LINKED TO:
◦ IN ADULTS:
STROKE
CERVICAL CANCER
BREAST CANCER
MISCARRIAGES
◦ IN CHILDREN:
• ADVERSE IMPACT ON COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR
• DECREASED LUNG FUNCTION
• ASTHMA INDUCTION
• EXACERBATION OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS
16. HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
• TOBACCO USE IS DEADLY. SMOKING KILLS
UP TO HALF OF ALL LIFETIME USERS.4
• TOBACCO KILLS OVER 163,600 PEOPLE
EACH YEAR IN PAKISTAN. ALMOST 31,000
OF THESE DEATHS ARE DUE TO EXPOSURE
TO SECOND-HAND SMOKE.5
• TOBACCO CAUSES ABOUT 16.0% OF ALL
MALE DEATHS AND 4.9% OF FEMALE
DEATHS. OVERALL, 10.9% OF ALL DEATHS
ARE CAUSED BY TOBACCO.5
• 4 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. TOBACCO: KEY FACTS. UPDATED MAY 27, 2020.
17. • TOBACCO CAUSES 66.5% OF ALL
DEATHS FROM TRACHEAL, BRONCHUS,
AND LUNG CANCER, 53.2% OF DEATHS
FROM CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE, 21.9% OF
DEATHS FROM ISCHEMIC HEART
DISEASE, 15.2% OF DEATHS FROM
DIABETES MELLITUS, AND 16.8% OF
DEATHS FROM STROKE.5
• 5 GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE (GBD) 2019. SEATTLE, WA: INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH METRICS
AND EVALUATION (IHME), UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON; 2021. AVAILABLE
FROM: VIZHUB.HEALTHDATA.ORG/GBD-COMPARE/.
18. TOBACCO INDUSTRY
• INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES HOLD ALMOST
ALL OF THE CIGARETTE MARKET IN PAKISTAN.
IN 2017, BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO LED
WITH 65.6% OF THE RETAIL VOLUME MARKET
SHARE, AND PHILIP MORRIS INTERNATIONAL
FOLLOWED WITH 30%. IN PAKISTAN, 52 BILLION
CIGARETTES WERE SOLD IN 2017.8
• 8 EUROMONITOR INTERNATIONAL 2018.
19. EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• SMOKING:
• IS A DOMINANT CAUSE OF HEART DISEASE, STROKE & DISEASES
OF THE BLOOD VESSELS
• CAUSES ABOUT 30% OF ALL HEART DISEASE DEATHS
• ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT ¾ OF ALL CASES OF PERIPHERAL
VASCULAR DISEASE
• AS A RESULT OF SMOKING, EACH YEAR IN CANADA:
• MORE THAN 17,600 CARDIOVASCULAR DEATHS
• MORE THAN 2,000 DEATHS FROM STROKE
• MANY OF THESE DEATHS OCCUR PREMATURELY
(BEFORE AGE 70)
20. EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• INCIDENCE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE
(CHD) IS 2 TO 4 TIMES GREATER IN SMOKERS
• SMOKING IS A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR HEART ATTACKS AND
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
• SMOKING ACTS SYNERGISTICALLY WITH OTHER RISK FACTORS
(HIGH CHOLESTEROL & BLOOD PRESSURE) TO INCREASE THE RISK
OF CHD
• QUITTING SMOKING SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES THE RISK OF CHD
AND STROKE
21.
22. PULMONARY DISEASES
RELATED TO TOBACCO USE
• SMOKING IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE THAN 8,000 DEATHS
FROM RESPIRATORY DISEASES PER YEAR IN CANADA
• SMOKING DEPRESSES THE BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM & OTHER
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• SMOKERS ARE AT INCREASED RISK FOR RESPIRATORY
INFECTIONS COMPARED TO NON-SMOKERS
• SMOKING MAY INCREASE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE COMMON
COLD
23. COPD
• CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
• CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• CHRONIC AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
• EMPHYSEMA & RELATED DISORDERS
• SMOKING ACCOUNTS FOR 80% – 90% OF ALL COPD DEATHS
24. EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON PREGNANCY,
NEWBORNS AND BREASTFEEDING
• BLEEDING DURING PREGNANCY
• ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
• FERTILIZED EGG IMPLANTS OUTSIDE OF UTERUS
• MISCARRIAGE
• PREMATURE DELIVERY
• STILLBIRTH
• ABNORMALITIES OF THE PLACENTA
25. EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON PREGNANCY,
NEWBORNS AND BREASTFEEDING
• BABIES BORN WITH LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LESS THAN 2500 G)
• BABIES RECEIVE NICOTINE & CARBON MONOXIDE FROM
MOTHER’S BLOOD
• MAY CONTRIBUTE TO SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
(SIDS)
• NICOTINE & OTHER CHEMICALS GET INTO BREAST MILK
• DECREASED QUANTITY OF BREAST MILK
26. EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON
EARLY CHILDHOOD
• INCREASED RISK OF ALLERGIES
• HIGHER BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDHOOD
• INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF OBESITY
• STUNTED GROWTH
• POORER LUNG FUNCTION
• INCREASED LIKELIHOOD OF ASTHMA
27. EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON
CLIENT/PATIENT RECOVERY
• SMOKING CAN AFFECT RECOVERY FROM ILLNESS & SURGERY
• EXP. INCREASED RECOVERY TIME FOR PATIENTS WHO SMOKE
• EXAMPLES:
• SMOKING INCREASES THE RISK OF RECURRENCE IN PERSONS WHO
HAVE SURVIVED A HEART ATTACK
• ULCERS HEAL LESS READILY AND ARE MORE LIKELY TO RECUR
28. OTHER HEALTH RISKS
• Gastrointestinal problems
- Ulcers
- Chronic Bowel Disease
- Crohn’s Disease
• Type 2 diabetes
- 50 % increased likelihood
of getting Type 2 diabetes
• Rheumatologic conditions
- Rheumatoid arthritis
• Cataracts
• Orthopedic conditions
- Osteoporosis
• Skin conditions
- Contact allergies
•Kidney damage
- Worsens kidney
problems for
patients/clients with
diabetes, high blood
pressure etc.
• Tooth and gum problems
- Oral cancer
- Tooth loss, decay
- Periodontal (gum)
disease
29. ADDITIONAL HAZARDS
• FOR MEN:
• ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
• FERTILITY MAY BE IMPAIRED
• FOR WOMEN:
• RISK FOR CERVICAL CANCER
• EARLY MENOPAUSE
• INCREASED MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
• FERTILITY MAY BE IMPAIRED
• SMOKING AND THE USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES GREATLY
INCREASES THE RISK OF STROKE, HEART ATTACK AND OTHER
VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
30. COSTS TO SOCIETY
• TOBACCO EXACTS A HIGH COST ON SOCIETY.
• THE ECONOMIC COST OF SMOKING IN
PAKISTAN IS RS 615.07 BILLION (US$3.85
BILLION), EQUAL TO 1.6% OF PAKISTAN'S GDP.6
• IN 2019, THE ECONOMIC COST OF SMOKING
WAS ABOUT FIVE TIMES GREATER THAN THE
REVENUE FROM THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY.
• 6 NAYAB D, NASIR M, MEMON JA, ET AL. THE ECONOMIC COST OF TOBACCO-
INDUCED DISEASES IN PAKISTAN. PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMICS, ISLAMABAD. 2021. AVAILABLE
AT: HTTPS://TOBACCONOMICS.ORG/RESEARCH/THE-ECONOMIC-COST-OF-
TOBACCO-INDUCED-DISEASES-IN-PAKISTAN/
31.
32. • MONEY SPENT ON TOBACCO REDUCES
HOUSEHOLDS' SPENDING ON FOOD, HEALTH,
EDUCATION, HOUSING, AND HOUSEHOLD
DURABLES.
• IN PAKISTAN, TOBACCO-CONSUMING
HOUSEHOLDS SPEND ON AVERAGE 2.7% OF
THEIR MONTHLY BUDGET ON TOBACCO.7
• POOR HOUSEHOLDS SPEND 3.0% OF THEIR
BUDGET ON TOBACCO. THIS IS MORE THAN
THEY SPEND ON EDUCATION (1.8%).7
• 7 SALEEM W, IQBAL MA. THE CROWDING OUT EFFECT OF TOBACCO SPENDING IN
PAKISTAN. SOCIAL POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE. MARCH 2021.
AVAILABLE AT: HTTPS://SPDC.ORG.PK/PUBLICATIONS/THE-CROWDING-OUT-
EFFECT-OF-TOBACCO-SPENDING-IN-PAKISTAN
33. STRATEGIES TO INCLUDE TOBACCO USE
IN HEALTH ASSESSMENT
• Expand the area where vital signs are recorded to
include tobacco use or use an alternative universal
identification system.
Example:
• Simply ask all patients, "Do you smoke, or have you ever
smoked?, Are you exposed to secondhand smoke at home?"
and note their response in the chart.
34. STRATEGIES TO INCLUDE TOBACCO USE
IN HEALTH ASSESSMENT
• EXPAND THE AREA WHERE VITAL SIGNS ARE RECORDED TO
INCLUDE TOBACCO USE OR USE AN ALTERNATIVE UNIVERSAL
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM.
• SIMPLY ASK ALL PATIENTS, "DO YOU SMOKE, OR HAVE YOU EVER SMOKED?,
ARE YOU EXPOSED TO SECONDHAND SMOKE AT HOME?" AND NOTE THEIR
RESPONSE IN THE CHART.
Example:
35. PAKISTAN
TOBACCO CONTROL POLICIES
• PAKISTAN BECAME A PARTY TO THE WHO
FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL
ON FEBRUARY 27, 2005.
• SMOKE FREE PLACES: SMOKING IS PROHIBITED IN
ALL PLACES OF PUBLIC WORK OR USE, AND ON ALL
PUBLIC TRANSPORT. SMOKING IS PERMITTED IN
HOTEL GUEST ROOMS. WITH RESPECT TO OUTDOOR
AREAS, SMOKING IS PROHIBITED IN OUTDOOR
WAITING AREAS FOR BUSES AND TRAINS. SUB-
NATIONAL JURISDICTIONS MAY ENACT SMOKE FREE
LAWS THAT ARE MORE STRINGENT THAN THE
NATIONAL LAW.
36. • TOBACCO ADVERTISING, PROMOTION AND
SPONSORSHIP: MANY FORMS OF TOBACCO
ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ARE PROHIBITED,
INCLUDING ADVERTISING ON DOMESTIC TV, RADIO,
PRINT MEDIA, BILLBOARDS, POINT OF SALE
ADVERTISING AND PRODUCT DISPLAY, DIRECT
TARGETING OF INDIVIDUALS, AND RETAILER
INCENTIVE PROGRAMS. MOST OTHER FORMS OF
ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ARE ALLOWED.
THERE ARE SOME RESTRICTIONS ON TOBACCO
SPONSORSHIP AND THE PUBLICITY OF SUCH
SPONSORSHIP.
37. • TOBACCO PACKAGING AND LABELLING: THE MINISTRY OF
HEALTH HAS ISSUED ONE WARNING CONTAINING BOTH A
PICTURE AND TEXT THAT MUST BE PLACED ON ALL CIGARETTE
PACKS. THE WARNING MUST OCCUPY 60 PERCENT OF THE
PACK AND BE PLACED ON THE FRONT TOP OF THE PACK IN
URDU AND ON THE BACK TOP OF THE PACK IN ENGLISH. (THE
INCREASES IN SIZE ANNOUNCED IN SRO 127(E)/2017 (TO 50
PERCENT AND, SUBSEQUENTLY, 60 PERCENT) REPLACE THE
2015 NOTIFICATION (SRO 22(KE)/2015) THAT WOULD HAVE
INCREASED THE SIZE TO 85 PERCENT OF PACKAGING. THIS
NOTIFICATION, HOWEVER, WAS DELAYED SEVERAL TIMES AND,
ULTIMATELY, NEVER IMPLEMENTED.) HEALTH WARNINGS ARE
NOT REQUIRED ON SMOKELESS TOBACCO PRODUCTS.
38. • TOBACCO TAXATION AND PRICES: THE
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
RECOMMENDS RAISING TOBACCO
EXCISE TAXES SO THAT THEY
ACCOUNT FOR AT LEAST 70 PERCENT
OF RETAIL PRICES. TOBACCO EXCISE
TAXES IN PAKISTAN ARE WELL BELOW
THESE RECOMMENDATIONS.
• HTTPS://WWW.TOBACCOCONTROLLAWS.ORG/LEGISLATION/FACTSHEET/POLICY_ST
ATUS/PAKISTAN
Editor's Notes
BPG Reference (Appendix C: Health Risks of Second-hand Smoke): pg. 59
BPG Reference (Appendix C: Health Risks of Second-hand Smoke): pg. 59
Note: explain that these adverse health effects are LINKED to second-hand smoke exposure (rather than caused by second-hand smoke exposure). The relationships may be causal.
American Journal of Medicine:Volume 93, Issue 1, Supplement 1, Pages S32-S37 (15 July 1992):The effects of smoking on postoperative recovery:David S. Handlin, M.D., Thomas Baker, M.S.
Examples:
Guideline Reference (Appendix C.1): pg. 56; (Appendix C.5):pg. 58
eLearning.rnao.ca
Module: Brief Intervention Ask
Try brainstorming other strategies as a class, individually or in small groups (ex. place tobacco-use status stickers on all client charts, indicate tobacco use status using electronic medical records or computer reminder systems)
eLearning.rnao.ca
Module: Brief Intervention Ask
Try brainstorming other strategies as a class, individually or in small groups (ex. place tobacco-use status stickers on all client charts, indicate tobacco use status using electronic medical records or computer reminder systems)