This document discusses unsafe injection practices and their prevention. It defines a safe injection as one that does not harm the recipient, expose healthcare workers to risks, or create dangerous waste. Unsafe injections are a major issue, putting patients, providers and communities at risk of diseases. Over 16 billion injections occur annually in developing countries, with many being unnecessary. Unsafe practices like reusing syringes can transmit hepatitis B, C and HIV. Proper injection safety, waste management and use of single-use syringes and needles are crucial to prevent disease transmission and protect public health.
This focuses on the Consensus Recommendations on the Prevention and Management of Surgical Site Infections in the Philippine Setting by Saguil, Bermudez, Antonio and Cochon, PJSS 2017.
This focuses on the Consensus Recommendations on the Prevention and Management of Surgical Site Infections in the Philippine Setting by Saguil, Bermudez, Antonio and Cochon, PJSS 2017.
The more injections that are given, the more people are exposed to needles and syringes. Also, if the number of injections given exceeds the supplies of sterile injection equipment, re-use of syringes and needles is likely to occur. Therefore, the greater the use of injections, the higher the risk to the patient and the community at large.
Corna virus detail And corona virus in pakistanEmaan Uppal
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019Avoiding close contact with sick individuals; frequently washing hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in some of the most problematic areas of patient safety.
International-Patient-Safety-GoalsGoal 1: Identify patients correctly
Goal 2: Improve effective communication
Goal 3: Improve the safety of high-alert medications
Goal 4: Ensure safe surgery
Goal 5: Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections
Goal 6: Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls
Under-nutrition is one of the modifiable threats to global health and child survival especially in poor and underdeveloped settings .Over the past 20 years there has been little change in the prevalence of malnutrition in the population despite more food availability and an overall increase in caloric intake per capita. The purchasing power of people is decreasing day by day. In Pakistan, large family size forced to expense 46 percent of the family income on food while food expenditures in India are 35 percent.
The nutritional status of an individual is often the result of many inter-related factors. It is influenced by food intake, quantity & quality, & physical health. The spectrum of nutritional status spread from obesity to severe malnutrition
The more injections that are given, the more people are exposed to needles and syringes. Also, if the number of injections given exceeds the supplies of sterile injection equipment, re-use of syringes and needles is likely to occur. Therefore, the greater the use of injections, the higher the risk to the patient and the community at large.
Corna virus detail And corona virus in pakistanEmaan Uppal
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019Avoiding close contact with sick individuals; frequently washing hands with soap and water; not touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands; and practicing good respiratory hygiene.
International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG) help accredited organizations address specific areas of concern in some of the most problematic areas of patient safety.
International-Patient-Safety-GoalsGoal 1: Identify patients correctly
Goal 2: Improve effective communication
Goal 3: Improve the safety of high-alert medications
Goal 4: Ensure safe surgery
Goal 5: Reduce the risk of health care-associated infections
Goal 6: Reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls
Under-nutrition is one of the modifiable threats to global health and child survival especially in poor and underdeveloped settings .Over the past 20 years there has been little change in the prevalence of malnutrition in the population despite more food availability and an overall increase in caloric intake per capita. The purchasing power of people is decreasing day by day. In Pakistan, large family size forced to expense 46 percent of the family income on food while food expenditures in India are 35 percent.
The nutritional status of an individual is often the result of many inter-related factors. It is influenced by food intake, quantity & quality, & physical health. The spectrum of nutritional status spread from obesity to severe malnutrition
Nutrients are the substances found in food which drive biological activity and are essential for the human body. They are categorized as proteins, fats, carbohydrates (sugars, dietary fiber), vitamins, and minerals, and perform the following vital functions.
According to Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2012–13, 56% of married women of reproductive age intended to use family planning services but only 35% of them were actually using these services.
19.1% percent of adults (age 15+) currently use tobacco in any form (men 31.8%; women 5.8%).1
12.4% of adults smoke tobacco
7.7% use smokeless tobacco
3% use waterpipes (hookah or shisha)
Unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event which may involve injury.
• In 1956 WHO advisory group defined accidents as – Unpremeditated event resulting in recognizable damage.
• Occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produce unintended injury, death or property damage.
Unsafe Injections, Hazards and its Prevention.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
To Understand injection safety.
Describe hazards of Unsafe injections and its prevention.
To understand the role of health education in prevention of blood born disease.
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCEPT OF SAFE INJECTION
3. ISSUES IN MISUSE AND OVERUSE OF IINJECTION
4. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM OF UNSAFE INJ
5. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
6. WAY FORWARD
7. MANAGEMENT OF NEEDLE STICK INJURY
8. CONCLUSION
Sampling Variability And The Precision Of A Sample by Dr Sindhu Almas copy.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
What use is all this stuff about variability?
Sampling – the big idea
Sampling In Practice
Sampling – the big idea
Need For Sampling
Disadvantages Of Sampling
Types Of Sampling
Factors Affecting Sample Size
Sampling Distribution
Calculating A Confidence Interval Using Software
Spectrum of health & Iceberg Phenomenon of disease.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
1- Understand the spectrum of health in relation to health and sickness
2- Define; health, disease, illness and wellbeing
3- Define and understand the determinants’ of health; biological, behavioural, socio and cultural, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, and ageing and gender
4- Understand the concepts of “right to health “ and “health for all”
5- Ice-berg phenonmenon of disease
Health Delivery System of Pakistan.pptxDrSindhuAlmas
1. To understand determinants of health with special focus on social determinants of health(SDH).
2. To define responsibility for Health.
3. To learn about health delivery system of Pakistan.
Principles and theories in curriculum developmentDrSindhuAlmas
What Is Curriculum
A Curriculum Will Answer
Difference Between Syllabus & Curriculum
Aims And Objectives
Curriculum Framework
Common Elements Of A Curriculum Framework
The Role Of Curriculum
What Is Curriculum
Characteristics Of Coherent Curriculum
6-step Approach To Curriculum Development
Problem Identification & General Needs Assessment
Components Of Curriculum Document
5 Perspective of Curriculum
At the end of lecture students will be able to understandable:
Semantic Differential Scale
Summated Rating Scale
Anecdotal Record
Attitude Scales Measurements
Direction Degree Intensity
Critical Incident Technique
It is a chart that contains information about:
the topics of your specialty
the level you want each topic to be taught , i.e. whether you want a particular topic to be assessed at C1, C2 or C3
the total of these topics along with this total expressed in percentage. (Note: the level at which you assess should be similar to the level at which something is taught).
Food PoisoningNutritional Problems In Pakistan: Their Control And PreventionDrSindhuAlmas
According to WHO, foodborne diseases are mounting up at an alarming rate, causing significant impediment to socio-economic development of a country. Food based outbreak causes mortality of 2.2 million that contributes 4% of all deaths each year worldwide.
Food additives; its health hazardsFood AdulterationDrSindhuAlmas
Food additives; its health hazards
What is Food Adulteration, who does it n why
When is food said to be adulterated ?
Types of adulteration
Common food adulteration
Legislation regarding control of food adulteration
58% of the households are food insecure.
18% of Women aged 15-49 years are under weight.
31% of children are underweight.
Nutrition status of <5 years children has shown no improvement from last 46 years
Anemia has worsened among both pregnant and non-pregnant women and pregnant women in urban areas are having more iron deficiency anemia.
Pakistan may be witnessing the double burden of under nutrition and obesity within rural and urban women of reproductive age.
RESEARCH
Assessment Methods For Nutritional StatusDrSindhuAlmas
By the end of this lecture the you should be able:
To know the different methods for assessing the nutritional status To understand the basic anthropometric techniques, applications, & reference standards
Food Processing And Preservation: Methods And LegislationDrSindhuAlmas
Understanding that What is food processing, preservation and its method
Understanding that What is canning, refrigeration and other methods for food preservation
Duties of food inspector
Legislation and food laws covered in previous lecture in detail.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
1. UNSAFE INJECTIONS; HAZARDS AND ITS
PREVENTION
DR SINDHU ALMAS
MBBS, MPH (PHD)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCES
LUMHS
2. CLASSROOM RULES
• NO CROSS TALK
• RAISE HAND IF YOU HAVE QUESTION
• CELLPHONE: SWITCH OFF OR PUT ON SILENT MODE
3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• TO UNDERSTAND INJECTION SAFETY.
• DESCRIBE HAZARDS OF UNSAFE INJECTIONS AND ITS PREVENTION.
• TO UNDERSTAND THE ROLE OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN PREVENTION OF BLOOD
BORN DISEASE.
4. INJECTION SAFETY
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONCEPT OF SAFE INJECTION
3. ISSUES IN MISUSE AND OVERUSE OF IINJECTION
4. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM OF UNSAFE INJ
5. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
6. WAY FORWARD
7. MANAGEMENT OF NEEDLE STICK INJURY
8. CONCLUSION
5. INTRODUCTION
INJECTED MEDICINES ARE COMMONLY USED IN HEALTHCARE
SETTINGS FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT OF
VARIOUS ILLNESSES
UNSAFE INJECTION PRACTICES PUT PATIENTS, HEALTHCARE
PROVIDERS AND THE COMMUNITY AT RISK OF INFECTIOUS AND NON-
INFECTIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS AND HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH A
WIDE VARIETY OF PROCEDURES AND SETTINGS. THIS HARM IS
PREVENTABLE.
SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES ARE PART OF GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
AND STANDARD PRACTICES IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY AIMED AT
MAINTAINING BASIC LEVELS OF PATIENT SAFETY AND PROVIDER
PROTECTION
6. CONCEPT OF SAFE INJECTION
AS DEFINED BY THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO), A SAFE INJECTION
DOES NOT HARM THE RECIPIENT, DOES NOT EXPOSE THE PROVIDER TO ANY
AVOIDABLE RISKS AND DOES NOT RESULT IN WASTE THAT IS DANGEROUS FOR
THE COMMUNITY(WHO, 2005).
SYRINGES WITH A REUSE PREVENTION FEATURES OFFER THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF
INJECTION SAFETY TO RECIPIENTS
7. • A SAFE INJECTION DOES NOT HARM THE RECIPIENT, DOES NOT
EXPOSE THE HEALTH WORKERS TO ANY AVOIDABLE RISK AND DOES
NOT RESULT IN WASTE THAT IS DANGEROUS FOR THE COMMUNITY
• THE SAFE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF USED SHARPS (NEEDLES,
SYRINGES WITH FIXED NEEDLES) IS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE LIFE
CYCLE OF INJECTION DEVICE
• THE COLLECTION OF SHARPS WASTE IN SAFETY CONTAINERS
(SAFETY BOXES) AT THE POINT OF USE AND THEIR SAFE AND
ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE DISPOSAL PROTECT HEALTH CARE
WORKERS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC FROM NEEDLE STICK INJURIES
8. • A FIRST STEP TOWARD EVALUATING THE
FREQUENCY OF UNSAFE INJECTION PRACTICES
IN COUNTRIES IS AN INJECTION SAFETY
ASSESSMENT
• THREE MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS ARE
ESPECIALLY RELEVANT IN THE ASSESSMENT OF
POTENTIAL UNSAFE INJECTIONS-
• THE SAFETY OF THE RECIPIENT
• THE SAFETY OF THE HEALTH WORKERS
9. ISSUES IN MISUSE & OVERUSE OF
INJECTION
INJECTION IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON
HEALTH CARE PROCEDURES
EACH YEAR AT LEAST 16 BILLION INJECTIONS ARE
ADMINISTERED IN DEVELOPING & TRANSITIONAL
COUNTRIES (WHO,2005).
THE VAST MAJORITY, ABOUT 95% ARE GIVEN IN
CURATIVE CARE, IMMUNIZATION ACCOUNTS FOR
ABOUT 3% OF ALL INJECTIONS, THE REMAINDER
FOR OTHER INDICATIONS INCLUDING USE OF
INJECTIONS FOR TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD/BLOOD
PRODUCTS & CONTRACEPTIVES
10. • MAJORITY OF THERAPEUTIC INJECTIONS IN DEVELOPING AND
TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES ARE UNNECESSARY.
• IN SOME SITUATION, AS MANY AS 9 OUT OF 10 PATIENTS
PRESENTING TO PHC PROVIDERS RECEIVE AN INJECTION, OVER
70% OF WHICH ARE UNNECESSARY OR COULD BE GIVEN IN AN
ORAL FORMULATION.
11. REASONS FOR INJECTION MISUSE &
OVERUSE
1.PATIENTS TEND TO PREFER INJECTIONS BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE
THESE TO BE STRONGER AND FASTER.
2.THEY ALSO BELIEVE THAT DOCTORS REGARDS INJECTIONS TO
BE BEST TREATMENT.
3. IN TURN, DRS OVER PRESCRIBED INJECTIONS BECAUSE THEY
BELIEVE THAT THIS BEST SATISFIES PATIENTS.
4.IN ADDITION, PRESCRIPTION OF INJECTION SOMETIMES
ALLOWS THE CHARGING OF HIGHER FEE FOR SERVICE.
BETTER COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PATIENTS & PROVIDERS CAN
CLARIFY THESE TYPES OF MISUNDERSTANDINGS & HELP TO
REDUCE INJECTION OVERUSE!
12. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
• IN GENERAL, THE ASSESSMENTS UNDERTAKEN HAVE SHOWN
THAT REUSE OF RECONSTITUTED SYRINGE IS COMMON. SO
THERE IS NEED FOR ADVOCACY FOR POLICY CHANGE WHICH
WILL LEAD TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFE INJECTION
PRACTICES
• EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES INDICATE THAT A PERSON WHO
EXPERIENCES ONE NEEDLE-STICK INJURY FROM A NEEDLE USED
ON AN INFECTED SOURCE PATIENT HAS RISKS OF 30%, 1.8%,
AND 0.3% RESPECTIVELY TO BECOME INFECTED WITH HBV, HCV
AND HIV
13. DUMPING HOSPITAL WASTE IN OPEN AREAS IS A
PRACTICE THAT CAN HAVE MAJOR ADVERSE
EFFECTS ON THE POPULATION. THE
«RECYCLING» PRACTICES THAT HAVE BEEN
REPORTED, PARTICULARLY, THE REUSE OF
SYRINGES IS CERTAINLY THE MOST SERIOUS
PROBLEM IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES.
THE WHO ESTIMATES THAT OVER 23 MILLION
INFECTIONS OF HEPATITIS B, C AND HIV OCCUR
YEARLY DUE TO UNSAFE INJECTION PRACTICES
(REUSE OF SYRINGES AND NEEDLES IN THE
ABSENCE OF STERILIZATION)(WHO, 2005).
14. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
UNSAFE INJECTIONS OR UNSAFE PRACTICES IN RELATION TO
IMMUNIZATION ARE NOT ONLY-
• RESPONSIBLE FOR CASES OF HEPATITIS B,C,HIV/AIDS, ETC
• AND OTHER SERIOUS POTENTIALLY LETHAL SIDE EFFECTS SUFFERED BY
VACCINE RECIPIENTS
• MAY POSE AN OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD TO HEALTH PROVIDERS
• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS TO THE COMMUNITY (SOIL , AIR & WATER)
• UNSAFE INJECTION PRACTICES CAN SERIOUSLY IMPEDE THE PROGRESS
MADE BY IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMMES LEADING TO SUBSTANTIAL
NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON GLOBAL IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE
15.
16.
17. WAY FORWARD
SAFE & APPROPRIATE INJECTIONS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY ADOPTING A 3 PART
STRATEGY-
1. CHANGING BEHAVIOUR OF HEALTH WORKERS AND PATIENTS
2. ENSURING AVAILABILITY OF EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
3. MANAGING WASTE SAFELY AND APPROPRIATELY
18.
19. MANAGEMENT OF NEEDLE STICK
INJURY
IN THE EVENT OF A SHARP OR NEEDLE STICK INJURY
• ENCOURAGE BLEEDING FROM THE WOUND- DO NOT SUCK OR RUB
• WASH AREA THOROUGHLY WITH SOAP AND WATER
• COVER WITH A WATER –PROOF DRESSING
• IF KNOWN, NOTE THE NAME OF THE PATIENT
• REPORT TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH UNIT
• NOTIFY LINE MANAGER AND DOCUMENT THE ACCIDENT
• IF PATIENT IS THOUGHT TO BE HIV +, POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS
(PEP) MAY BE REQUIRED. THIS SHOULD BE GIVEN AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
AFTER INJURY.
STAFF SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH LOCAL PEP GUIDELINES!
20. RECOMMENDATIONS: ASSURE POLICIES AS
PER THESE POINTS.
• ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES SHOULD BE APPLIED TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OF STERILE
INJECTION EQUIPMENT
• USED-SYRINGES, NEEDLES AND CANNULAS MUST BE DISCARDED AT THE POINT OF
USE, IN AN APPROVED CONTAINER IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE.
• SINGLE USE SYRINGES SHOULD BE USED AND NEVER USE THE MULTI-DOSE VIALS
WHICH INCREASES THE RISK OF CONTAMINATION AND CROSS-INFECTION
• FLUID INFUSION AND ADMINISTRATION SETS ( DRIP SETS, INTRAVENOUS BAGS,
CONNECTORS AND TUBES) SHOULD BE USED ONLY ONE TIME AND NEVER AGAIN.
• ONCE I/V BAGS HAVE BEEN SPIKED, ADMINISTRATION MUST BEGIN WITHIN ONE
HOUR.
• PROPER WASTE MANAGEMENT IS NECESSARY AFTER USE OF SYRINGES/INFUSION
MATERIALS.
21. CONCLUSION
THE SAFE USE OF INJECTIONS,
COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION AND
DISPOSAL OF USED SHARPS (NEEDLES,
SYRINGES WITH FIXED NEEDLES) IS AN
INTEGRAL PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE
OF INJECTION DEVICE.
ALL HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY, SO
ENSURE THAT IS DONE PROPERLY!