The document discusses key concepts from structuralism and post-structuralism, including Saussure's ideas of the linguistic sign, signifier and signified. It notes that for Saussure, the relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary and shaped by historical and social forces. Later, it discusses how Foucault moved beyond structuralism by focusing on discourse, power, and how subjects are constructed through different discourses within specific historical contexts. It concludes by summarizing Hall's perspective that representation involves linking the world, concepts, and signs into systems of meaning.